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Papers - Oguma, Yuko

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Level and sociodemographic correlates of maximum acceptable physical activity increase among Japanese adults

K Harada, T Tajima, Y Saito, N Takeda, Y Oguma

Global Health Promotion, 17579759251370984 17579759251370984 2025

ISSN 17579759

Background: Goal setting is an important step in planning physical activity promotion strategies. Based on the dose–response relationships between physical activity and health and the goal-setting theory, setting higher goals without exceeding people’s acceptance is desirable. Understanding maximum acceptance of physical activity increases is helpful for enabling such goal setting. Nonetheless, the level of maximum acceptance of physical activity increase and its sociodemographic differences remain unclear. This study examined the level and sociodemographic correlates of maximum acceptable physical activity increase among Japanese adults. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted with 2259 Japanese adults aged 20–64 years. Based on the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior model, the acceptable time for increasing physical activity in a day was examined from three perspectives: capabilities, opportunities and motivations. For motivation, two definitions were employed: definition I regarded unchanged motivation as acceptable, and definition II regarded it as unacceptable. The maximum acceptable physical activity increase was identified by combining the responses of these subcomponents. This study measured sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, current marital status, current working status, educational background, annual household income and current physical activity duration. Results: The means (95% confidence intervals) and standard deviations of maximum acceptable physical activity increase were 17.0 (16.3–17.7) and 16.9 min per day in definition I and 9.0 (8.4–9.6) and 13.9 min per day in definition II. Across both definitions, multiple regression analyses showed that younger age, greater levels of annual household income and longer current physical activity duration were significantly associated with longer maximum acceptable physical activity increases. Conclusions: From the findings, an increase in physical activity of approximately 10–15 min per day might be an important option in goal setting, and setting higher goals would be feasible for younger adults, adults with higher household incomes, and physically active adults.

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Differences In Conditioning Support By Team Size: Internet-based Survey Targeting Japanese Junior Rugby Players

R Mizushima, Y Oguma, C Ota, S Nakajima, Y Yoshizawa, J Wan, ...

MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE 57 (10 S), 345-345 57 ( 10S ) 345 - 345 2025

ISSN 0195-9131

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Cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index on metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Japanese adults under national health guidance: a cross-sectional study

X Zhai, SS Sawada, S Kurosawa, S Koriyama, SA Dimitroff, S Sato, ...

BMC public health 24 (1), 2050 24 ( 1 ) 2050 - 2050 2024.12

Objectives: Poor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and high body mass index (BMI) increased the risk of developing metabolic Syndrome (MetS) mostly in Caucasians. However, the sex-specific combined association of CRF and BMI on MetS considering health-related behaviors has yet to be thoroughly examined in Japanese. This study aims to investigate the sex-specific independent and combined associations of CRF and BMI with MetS in middle-aged Japanese adults. Methods: 421 participants were included in this cross-sectional study. CRF was estimated using a submaximal cycle ergometer. CRF and BMI were respectively divided into three categories according to tertile distribution. MetS was diagnosed based on five risk factors: waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate independent and combined association of CRF and BMI with MetS. Results: Results showed that 154 (57.5%) and 70 (45.8%) of men and women had MetS, respectively. Compared to men with lower CRF or higher BMI, men with middle and higher CRF or middle and lower BMI were less likely to have MetS. Compared with ‘unfit and higher BMI’ group, ‘unfit and lower BMI’, ‘fit and higher BMI’, and ‘fit and lower BMI’ groups in men showed statistically significant decreased prevalences of MetS. However, no significant associations were found in women. Conclusions: This study found significant independent and combined associations of CRF and BMI with MetS only in men, but not in women. However, prospective studies are warranted to confirm sex-specific associations of CRF and BMI with MetS.

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Sustainability of community-based practical research toward extending healthy life expectancy

HARADA Kazuhiro, UEMURA Kazuki, SAITO Yoshinobu, NEMOTO Yuta, OGUMA Yuko

Japanese Journal of Health Education and Promotion (JAPANESE SOCIETY OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION) 32 ( 4 ) 330 - 334 2024.11

ISSN 13402560

Older adults hope to promote good health and extend their longevity, which will contribute to a better-aging society. The 32nd Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society for Health Education and Promotion held a symposium titled “Sustainability of Community-based Practical Research toward Extending Healthy Life Expectancy.” The aim of this symposium was to introduce several studies conducted in community-based practical settings to examine efforts for promoting health and extending longevity among older adults. After a brief introduction by the chairperson, three speakers (Dr. Uemura, Dr. Saito, and Dr. Harada) presented their own researches. Dr. Uemura proposed that health education through active learning (e.g., in-class group work, out-of-class homework and practice) could promote health behavior change and prevent frailty among older adults. Dr. Saito presented a multi-strategic community-wide intervention (e.g., distributing information, providing educational lectures and classes, supporting exercise communities) implemented in collaborations with a local municipal office, university, and local healthcare foundation that could elevate physical activity levels among adults of all ages, including older adults, in a community. Dr. Harada showed that a university-led event-based community program could increase neighborhood social networks; further, an increase in social networks could have a desirable influence on mental well-being among older adults. As the designated speaker, Dr. Oguma referred to the importance of a systems approach for the sustainability of community-based practical research.

Objective Measures of Physical Activity and Frailty in Ambulatory Adults Aged 85–89 Years in Kawasaki, Japan: A Cross-sectional Study

Tajima T., Oguma Y., Saito Y., Abe Y., Lee I.M., Arai Y.

Journal of Frailty and Aging 13 ( 4 ) 413 - 420 2024.11

ISSN 22601341

Background: While physical activity (PA) can reduce physical frailty, the specific intensity and duration of PA required to prevent frailty are yet to be defined. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between objectively measured PA or sedentary behavior (SB) and physical frailty and to explore the theoretical effect of replacing SB with different intensities of PA on the risk of frailty. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Community-based assessments. Participants: Independently living adults aged 85–89 years participating in the Kawasaki Aging and Wellbeing Project. Measurements: PA was measured using a triaxial accelerometer for a minimum of 10 h per day over a minimum of 3 days. Physical frailty was measured using the revised Japanese version of the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. Physical frailty was classified as non-frail, pre-frail, and frail. The relationship between PA and frailty was assessed using analysis of covariance. The effect of replacing SB with light-intensity PA (LPA) or moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) on the risk of frailty was estimated using multinomial logistic regression and an isotemporal substitution model. Results: The analysis included 1004 participants (503 men and 501 women) of whom 242 were classified as frail. The mean step count, MVPA, and LPA were lower, and SB was higher in the frail group than in the non-frail group. SB replacement with MVPA for 10 min/day was associated with a significantly lower odds of frailty (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: pre-frail men, 0.86 [0.77, 0.96]; frail men, 0.70 [0.60, 0.83]; pre-frail women, 0.77 [0.66, 0.90], frail women, 0.59 [0.47, 0.75]). SB replacement with LPA was not significantly associated with frailty odds in men or women. Conclusions: Replacing 10 min of SB with MVPA was associated with lower risk of frailty in adults aged 85–89 years. These findings require confirmation in longitudinal and intervention studies.

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Impact of Housing Conditions on Physical Fitness Changes in College Rugby Players during Team Training Interruptions: A retrospective longitudinal study

HIRATA Akihiro, HOSHINO Yuki, KOHTAKE Naohiko, OGUMA Yuko

Japanese Journal of Athletic Training (Japanese Society for Athletic Training) 10 ( 1 ) 1 - 10 2024.10

ISSN 24326623

The global outbreak of novel coronavirus infection in the winter of 2020 led to city lockdowns and curfews in many parts of the world, forcing university athletes to suspend training. De-training negatively affects athletic performance. In school sports, temporary closures due to infectious diseases often occur yearly. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the differences in the changes in various physical fitness factors between two different residential environments during the suspension of team activities. The observation period was 7 months, from March to September 2020. The baseline period was defined as the period before the voluntary suspension of team activities (March), the de-training period was the timeframe of suspension of team activities (April-May), and the follow-up period was defined as the period after the resumption of team practice (June-September). The study participants included 17 dormitory students and 14 home-schooled students in a university rugby team. The dormitories were equipped with training equipment and space for minimal training. The team staff provided a training program for both dormitory and non-dormitory students, which could be followed at home during periods when team practices were suspended. This study showed sig-nificant differences between dormitory and home-schooled students in the maximum lifting weight measurement of narrow chinning at baseline and after de-training. Other physical fitness factors did not differ significantly between groups or measurement periods. Although this study sample size was small and sufficient power could not be obtained, home weight training could maintain a certain level of maximum muscle strength as in the present study, suggesting that preparation for back exercises that can be performed at home is essential for the back muscles.

The Achievement of the SDGs through Physical Activity and Sports

OGUMA Yuko

Environmental Information Science (Center for Environmental Information Science) 53 ( 3 ) 29 - 33 2024.10

ISSN 03896633

身体活動促進と SDGs 達成を関連づけたシステムズアプローチの重要性について論じた。慶應スポーツ SDGs センターでは，スポーツを通じた地球と人々のウェルビーイング共存を目指す活動が進行中である。世界保健機関の「身体活動に関する世界行動計画 2018?2030（GAPPA）」を基に，身体活動の促進が健康，経済，社会，環境へ多様な効果をもたらすとされる。日本国内では「健康日本 21（第三次）」や地域介入事例「ふじさわプラス・テン」などが推進され，身体的・精神的・社会的健康を統合的に改善する。これらの取り組みが，持続可能な社会の構築に向けて貢献することが期待される。

Efficacy of exercise with the hybrid assistive limb lumbar type on physical function in mobility-limited older adults: A 5-week randomized controlled trial

Y Saito, S Nakamura, T Kasukawa, M Nagasawa, Y Oguma, H Narimatsu

Experimental gerontology 195, 112536 195 112536 - 112536 2024.10

Accepted, ISSN 05315565

Background: Sarcopenia and frailty often worsen in older adults because of declines in activities of daily living and social connections that are associated with chronic diseases and traumatic injuries such as falls and fractures. Exercise intervention for sarcopenia can take >3 months to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and walking speed. Thus, a specialized intervention system for shorter periods of time is needed. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy of an exercise program using the wearable cyborg Hybrid Assistive Limb (HAL) lumbar type in physical function in mobility-limited older adults who do not require transition to long-term care. Methods: This randomized, single-blind, parallel-group study involved 79 community-dwelling older adults with physical frailty or locomotive syndrome assigned to an intervention group (n = 40) with the HAL lumbar type exercise program or a control group (n = 39) without the exercise program. The intervention group underwent trunk training (including trunk and hip flexion, standing and sitting from a single sitting position, and squats) and gait training (treadmill and parallel bars) twice a week for 5 weeks while wearing the HAL lumbar type. The 10-m usual and maximum walking speeds, Timed Up and Go test results, 5-times chair-standing test results, 5-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-5) scores, body-fat percentage, and muscle mass were measured before and after the intervention and analyzed using the intention-to-treat method. Results: The intervention (23 % male; mean age, 74.7 ± 4.7 years) and control (21 % male; mean age, 75.1 ± 4.1 years) groups did not differ significantly in baseline characteristics. Seventy-seven participants completed the program; two withdrew for personal reasons. The mean difference (standard error) between the groups for the primary outcome (usual walking speed) was 0.35 (0.04) m/s; the time-by-group interaction was significant (p < 0.001). Secondary outcomes (maximum walking speed, Timed Up and Go test results, 5-times chair-standing test results, and GLFS-5 scores) significantly improved in the intervention group. Body composition was unchanged in both groups. Conclusions: A 5-week exercise program using the HAL lumbar type is a promising option for community-dwelling older adults with limited mobility who do not require nursing care, resulting in clinically meaningful improvements in most physical functions within a short period.

Goals and realities in local goverments' involvement in PA promotion for diverse populations subgroups - a comparative analysis of municipalities from 5 countries

Sandu, P., Gelius, P., Messing, S., Noel-Racine, A., Oguma, Y., Onatsu, T., Papiu, AP, Saito, Y., Takeda, N., Tuunanen, K., Vuillemin, A., Chereches, RM

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH (Oxford University Press (OUP)) 34 ( Supplement_2 ) 2024.09

ISSN 1101-1262

Abstract

Although cross-sectoral cooperation is important at all levels, in practice it often remains at a declarative level. Different sectoral policies and the resulting measures to promote HEPA are usually disconnected, uncoordinated and without the necessary synergies. This pertains especially to local environments with less financial and expert support, such as small rural communities, where people have few HEPA options that are suitable and attractive for vulnerable groups: children and adolescents, elderly and people with disabilities.

“Development of indicators for the assessment of the provision of settlements with green spaces for outdoor physical activity” is a research project co-funded by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Spatial Planning and implemented at the Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia. The aim of the project is to define indicator(s) for the provision of green spaces for PA and active lifestyles in settlements, which could be used at local level to assess, improve, and monitor the situation. We took a medium-sized city and a small rural community as pilot projects, the latter often being a disadvantaged environment in terms of HEPA in spatial planning compared to larger cities. On the pilots, our objectives have been to establish cooperation at the local level between at least three different sectors and to test methodology and indicators developed in the project to assess the provision of green spaces to promote PA in selected environments, thus enabling more equitable and inclusive spatial conditions for HEPA at the local level.

The presentation will present the approach, results and overall experiences with the work implemented in the pilot project of a rural community. It will highlight the benefits of cross-sectoral cooperation for more effective local level HEPA policies to ensure the inclusive and equitable access to green spaces in settlements.

Funding source

Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency, grant no. V5-2232

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Multiple lines of evidence for disruption of nuclear lamina and nucleoporins in FUS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Okada, K., Ito, D., Morimoto, S., Kato, C., Oguma, Y., Warita, H., Suzuki, N., Aoki, M., Kuramoto, J., Kobayashi, R., Shinozaki, M., Ikawa, M., Nakahara, J., Takahashi, S., Nishimoto, Y., Shibata, S., Okano, H.

BRAIN 147 ( 11 ) 3933 - 3948 2024.09

ISSN 0006-8950

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Epidemiology of adverse events related to sports among community people: a scoping review

A Hirata, Y Saito, M Nakamura, Y Muramatsu, K Tabira, K Kikuchi, ...

BMJ open 14 (6), e082984 14 ( 6 ) e082984 2024.06

ISSN 2044-6055

Objectives Numerous reports have described injuries and illnesses in competitive athletes, but studies on leisure-time physical activity and associated adverse events in the general population have not been adequately reviewed. This study aimed to summarise the previous findings on this topic. Design Scoping review. Data sources PubMed and Ichushi-Web for articles in English and Japanese, respectively (13 April 2023). Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Articles on adverse events related to sports performed by € individuals and groups active in the community' were included, whereas those on elite athletes, exercise therapy and rehabilitation, and school sports were excluded. Terms related to physical activity, exercise, sports and adverse events were used for the search strategies. Results The literature search yielded 67 eligible articles. Most articles were from the USA, Japan and Australia. Running, scuba diving, rugby and soccer were the most commonly reported sports. Adults were the most common age category in the samples. The most commonly reported adverse events were injuries; only 10 articles reported diseases. 13 longitudinal studies reported the frequency of adverse events based on the number of events/participants×exposure. Conclusion Adverse events such as sports trauma, disability and certain diseases occur sometimes during sporting activities by residents; however, the articles identified in this review showed biases related to the countries and regions where they were published and the sports disciplines and types of adverse events reported, and articles reporting the frequency of adverse events were also limited. This highlights the need for more high-quality observational studies on diverse populations in the future.

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SEASONAL PATTERNS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR AND INDOOR THERMAL ENVIRONMENT AMONG ADULTS LIVING IN SUBURBAN RESIDENTIAL AREA

ITO Maki, ANDO Shintaro, UMISHIO Wataru, OGUMA Yuko, SAITO Yoshinobu, IKAGA Toshiharu

Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) (Architectural Institute of Japan) 89 ( 820 ) 340 - 350 2024.06

ISSN 13480685

This study examined the seasonal patterns of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) and the relationship between PA and SB and the indoor thermal environment in each season. 98 of 131 the participants were analyzed.1) Daily moderate-to-vigorous PA was significantly greater in fall than in winter.2) Adjusting the accelerometer wearing time, outdoor PA and SB were not significantly related to season, but indoor moderate-to-vigorous PA were significantly greater in fall and summer than in winter.3) Using a kotatsu in winter was associated with longer SB and less light-intensity PA than using an air conditioner.

特集健康づくりのための身体活動・運動ガイド2023 【参考情報を読み解く】慢性疾患を有する人の身体活動のポイント

小熊祐子

臨床栄養 (医歯薬出版) 144 ( 5 ) 646 - 651 2024.05

ISSN 04851412

【健康づくりのための身体活動・運動ガイド2023】【参考情報を読み解く】慢性疾患を有する人の身体活動のポイント

小熊祐子

臨床栄養 (医歯薬出版(株)) 144 ( 5 ) 646 - 651 2024.05

ISSN 0485-1412

2．慢性有疾患者のガイドライン総論

小熊祐子

Japanese Journal of Clinical Sports Medicine (Japanese Society of Clinical Sports Medicine) 32 ( 2 ) 223 - 227 2024.04

ISSN 13464159

Logic model and action plan for physical activitiy promotion: increasing step counts in daily life

INOUE Shigeru, KIKUCHI Hiroyuki, KAMADA Masamitsu, KITAYUGUCHI Jun, TSUZUKI Aoi, OGUMA Yuko

Japanese Journal of Health Education and Promotion (JAPANESE SOCIETY OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROMOTION) 32 ( Special_issue ) S75 - S84 2024.04

Accepted, ISSN 13402560

Objective: To present a logic model for increasing daily steps in the population and to categorize interventions using a ladder of interventions. Additionally, an example action plan is provided.Methods: Relevant policies and studies were reviewed, and 23 experts were interviewed. The logic model, based on the SLOTH model (Sleep, Leisure, Occupation, Transportation, Household), categorized daily life domains and considered steps during work, transportation, and at home & in the community as intermediate outcomes. Individual interventions were categorized using a ladder of interventions. An example action plan introduced multi-strategic community-wide interventions with evidence of success in promoting physical activity at the community level.Results: The logic model outlined individual interventions categorized by implementing entities (government, workplaces, health insurance associations, schools, related organizations). By envisioning domains of walking, specific measures emerged to increase step counts. The proposed individual interventions included not only information provision and health education but also interventions corresponding to levels 1-6 of the ladder of interventions. Multi-strategic community-wide intervention is an intervention that works on multiple levels of factors from individual to environment in a multifaceted manner, indicating the need for collaboration with various organizations and residents on a long-term basis from the perspective of the target population.Conclusion: Efforts should be directed not only within the health and welfare sector but also across various sectors such as education, sports, urban planning, and urban transportation. Strategies tailored to specific domains of daily life and from the perspective of residents should be considered, and a long-term, systematic approach is needed.

アクティブガイド改訂案

澤田亨, 小熊祐子

Japanese Journal of Clinical Sports Medicine (Japanese Society of Clinical Sports Medicine) 32 ( 2 ) 220 - 220 2024.04

ISSN 13464159

5．安全・安心に身体活動・運動を行うために

平田昂大, 小熊祐子, 黒瀬聖司, 齋藤義信, 佐藤真治, 都竹茂樹

Japanese Journal of Clinical Sports Medicine (Japanese Society of Clinical Sports Medicine) 32 ( 2 ) 228 - 231 2024.04

ISSN 13464159

地域在住高齢者における冬季の室温と年間の住宅内の転倒の関連スマートウェルネス全国調査による横断研究

伊藤真紀, 伊香賀俊治, 小熊祐子, 齋藤義信, 藤野善久, 安藤真太朗, 村上周三

日本老年医学会雑誌 ((一社)日本老年医学会) 61 ( 2 ) 218 - 227 2024.04

ISSN 0300-9173

目的:高齢者の転倒予防は公衆衛生上の重要な課題である.高齢者の転倒は冬季に増加し,約半数が屋内で発生するなどの報告もあるため,本研究は地域在住高齢者における冬季の室温と住宅内の年間の転倒の関連を検討することを目的とした.方法:本研究は地域在住高齢者を対象とした横断研究である.全国の住宅事業者を通して対象者を募集し,964名が参加した.冬季2週間の居間床近傍室温を測定し,覚醒在宅時間帯の平均値から,寒冷群(12℃未満),準寒冷群(12℃以上18℃未満),温暖群(18℃以上)に分類した.過去1年間の転倒経験(つまずき含む)は自記式質問票から把握した.冬季の室温と住宅内の年間の転倒の関連を,ロジスティック回帰分析を用いて検討した.目的変数は年1回以上の転倒有無,説明変数は覚醒在宅時間帯の平均居間床近傍室温とし,年齢,性別,BMI,世帯年収,心身の健康状態,身体活動,住宅環境,地域などを共変量とした.また,年2回以上の転倒有無を目的変数とした副次解析も実施した.結果:転倒と室温に欠損のない907名(平均年齢72.0±6.3歳)を解析対象とした.寒冷群は265名,準寒冷群は553名,温暖群は89名であった.年1回以上の転倒経験者は325名(35.8%)で,そのうち148名(16.3%)が年2回以上の転倒経験者であった.多変量解析の結果,温暖群は寒冷群に比べて年1回以上の転倒のオッズ比は0.49(95%信頼区間:0.26～0.94)と有意に低く,年2回以上の転倒のオッズ比も0.34(95%信頼区間:0.12～0.93)と有意に低かった.結論:冬季の居間の床近傍室温が高い住宅に居住する高齢者は,住宅内で1年間に転倒するオッズ比が有意に低かった.住宅内で長時間を過ごす高齢者にとって,冬季に良好な温熱環境を保つことは,住宅内の転倒予防に寄与する可能性がある.(著者抄録)

【健康日本21(第三次)推進に向けたアクションプランの提案-栄養・食生活,身体活動,たばこの3分野について-】身体活動・運動分野のロジックモデルとアクションプランの例　日常生活における歩数の増加

井上茂, 菊池宏幸, 鎌田真光, 北湯口純, 都築葵, 小熊祐子

日本健康教育学会誌 ((一社)日本健康教育学会) 32 ( 特別号 ) S75 - S84 2024.04

ISSN 1340-2560

目的:国民の日常生活における歩数の増加に向けて,ロジックモデルを示し,個別施策については介入のはしごに基づいてレベル分けを行う.また,アクションプランの例を示す.方法:関連する政策・先行研究の検討,専門家23名へのインタビューを行った.ロジックモデルは,身体活動を場面別にとらえるSLOTHモデル(S:睡眠,L:余暇,O:仕事,T:移動,H:家庭・地域)を参考に,「仕事中の歩数」「移動での歩数」「家庭・地域での歩数」を中間アウトカムとして作成した.また,個別施策を介入のはしごを用いて整理した.アクションプランの例は,地域全体のレベルで身体活動推進に成功したエビデンスがある多面的地域介入を紹介した.結果:ロジックモデルでは事業の実施主体(行政,職域,保険者,学校,関連団体)別に個別施策を示した.歩く場面を想定することで,歩数増加のための具体的な対策が浮かび上がった.提案した個別施策には,情報提供や健康教育のみならず,介入のはしごのレベル1～6に相当する対策も多く含まれた.多面的地域介入は地域全体で身体活動を促進するために,単一のアプローチではなく,個人から環境まで複数のレベルの要因に多面的に働きかける介入であり,対象者の目線で様々な組織や住民と協力して長期的に取り組む必要性が示された.結論:健康・福祉部門だけではなく,教育・スポーツ,都市計画・都市交通といった様々な部門の施策にも着目して対策を進める必要がある.場面ごとの対策,住民目線での対策を考え,長期にわたり計画的に取り組む必要がある.(著者抄録)

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