論文 - 梅田　聡

Anterior insular cortex mediates bodily sensibility and social anxiety

Terasawa Yuri, Shibata Midori, Moriguchi Yoshiya, Umeda Satoshi

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8 （ 3 ） 259 - 266 2013年03月

ISSN  1749-5016

　概要を見る

<p>Studies in psychiatry and cognitive neuroscience have reported an important relationship between individual interoceptive accuracy and anxiety level. This indicates that greater attention to one's bodily state may contribute to the development of intense negative emotions and anxiety disorders. We hypothesized that reactivity in the anterior insular cortex underlies the intensity of interoceptive awareness and anxiety. To elucidate this triadic mechanism, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and mediation analyses to examine the relationship between emotional disposition and activation in the anterior insular cortex while participants evaluated their own emotional and bodily states. Our results indicated that right anterior insular activation was positively correlated with individual levels of social anxiety and neuroticism and negatively correlated with agreeableness and extraversion. The results of the mediation analyses revealed that activity in the right anterior insula mediated the activity of neural correlates of interoceptive sensibility and social fear. Our findings suggest that attention to interoceptive sensation affects personality traits through how we feel emotion subjectively in various situations. © The Author (2012). Published by Oxford University Press.</p>

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It's Not My Fault

Takahata Keisuke, Takahashi Hidehiko, Maeda Takaki, Umeda Satoshi, Suhara Tetsuya, Mimura Masaru, Kato Motoichiro

PLoS ONE 7 （ 12 ）  2012年12月

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<p>Sense of agency refers to the feeling that one's voluntary actions caused external events. Past studies have shown that compression of the subjective temporal interval between actions and external events, called intentional binding, is closely linked to the experience of agency. Current theories postulate that the experience of agency is constructed via predictive and postdictive pathways. One remaining problem is the source of human causality bias; people often make misjudgments on the causality of voluntary actions and external events depending on their rewarding or punishing outcomes. Although human causality bias implies that sense of agency can be modified by post-action information, convincing empirical findings for this issue are lacking. Here, we hypothesized that sense of agency would be modified by affective valences of action outcomes. To examine this issue, we investigated how rewarding and punishing outcomes following voluntary action modulate behavioral measures of agency using intentional binding paradigm and classical conditioning procedures. In the acquisition phase, auditory stimuli were paired with positive, neutral or negative monetary outcomes. Tone-reward associations were evaluated using reaction times and preference ratings. In the experimental session, participants performed a variant of intentional binding task, where participants made timing judgments for onsets of actions and sensory outcomes while playing simple slot games. Our results showed that temporal binding was modified by affective valences of action outcomes. Specifically, intentional binding was attenuated when negative outcome occurred, consistent with self-serving bias. Our study not only provides evidence for postdictive modification of agency, but also proposes a possible mechanism of human causality bias. © 2012 Takahata et al.</p>

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Enhanced repetition blindness with angry emotional faces

Yamaoka Kao, Umeda Satoshi

Psychologia 55 （ 3 ） 161 - 170 2012年

ISSN  0033-2852

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<p>Repetition blindness is defined as difficulty detecting repeated targets within an array of stimuli. However, it is unclear how emotion affects this phenomenon. In the present study, participants were exposed to happy and angry faces, and nonemotional stimuli shown in rapid serial visual presentation. They were required to identify the repeated targets, and the magnitude of repetition blindness was measured to indicate emotional effects. Analysis showed that, while there was no difference in accuracy between happy and angry faces on non-repeated trials, accuracy was significantly lower for angry faces on repeated trials inducing greater repetition blindness. This effect was stronger when the stimulus exposure rate was 150 msec, suggesting its early processes and strong capturing of attention. These results show that repetition blindness effect was stronger with angry faces, which is likely due to enhanced emotional alertness and increase in intensity of the processes inducing greater repetition blindness.</p>

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Neural processing associated with comprehension of an indirect reply during a scenario reading task

Shibata Midori, Abe Jun ichi, Itoh Hiroaki, Shimada Koji, Umeda Satoshi

Neuropsychologia 49 （ 13 ） 3542 - 3550 2011年11月

ISSN  0028-3932

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<p>In daily communication, we often use indirect speech to convey our intention. However, little is known about the brain mechanisms that underlie the comprehension of indirect speech. In this study, we conducted a functional MRI experiment using a scenario reading task to compare the neural activity induced by an indirect reply (a type of indirect speech) and a literal sentence. Participants read a short scenario consisting of three sentences. The first two sentences explained the situation of the protagonists, whereas the third sentence had an indirect, literal, or unconnected meaning. The indirect reply condition primarily activated the bilateral fronto-temporal networks (Brodmann's Areas (BA) 47 and 21) and the dorso-medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). In the literal sentence condition, only the left fronto-temporal network (BA 45 and 21) and the dmPFC (posterior region) were activated. In addition, we found greater activation resulting from comprehension of an indirect reply than from literal sentence comprehension in the dmPFC, the left middle frontal area (BA 9), the bilateral inferior frontal area (BA 9/47), and the right middle temporal area (BA 21). Our findings indicate that the right and left fronto-temporal networks play a crucial role in detecting contextual violations, whereas the medial frontal cortex is important for generating inferences to make sense of remarks within a context. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.</p>

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Deficits in prospective memory following damage to the prefrontal cortex

Umeda Satoshi, Kurosaki Yoshiko, Terasawa Yuri, Kato Motoichiro, Miyahara Yasuyuki

Neuropsychologia 49 （ 8 ） 2178 - 2184 2011年07月

ISSN  0028-3932

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<p>Neuropsychological investigations of prospective memory (PM), representing memory of future intentions or plans, have evolved over the past two decades. The broadly accepted divisions involved in PM consist of a prospective memory component (PMC), a process for remembering to remember, and a retrospective memory component, a process for remembering the content of the intended action. Previous functional neuroimaing studies have provided some evidence that the rostral prefrontal cortex (BA10) is one of areas that is critical for prospective remembering. However, the question of whether damage to part of the prefrontal cortex affects attenuated performance for PMC remains unresolved. In this study, 74 participants with traumatic brain injury (TBI) including focal damage to frontal or temporal lobe areas were administered thirteen standard neuropsychological tests and the PM task. To identify influential areas contributing to PM performance, discriminant function analysis was conducted. The results indicated that the following three areas are highly contributory to PM performance: the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; the right ventromedial prefrontal cortex; and the left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Comparing differences in neuropsychological test scores showed that orientation scores were significantly higher in the greater PM performance group, suggesting that PMC represents an integrated memory function associated with awareness of current status. These data contribute to our understanding of the neural substrates and functional characteristics of the PMC. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.</p>

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Association between interoception and empathy

Fukushima Hirokata, Terasawa Yuri, Umeda Satoshi

International Journal of Psychophysiology 79 （ 2 ） 259 - 265 2011年02月

ISSN  0167-8760

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<p>Physiological bodily states play an important role in affective experiences. This study investigated whether the neural processing of internal body state (interoception) is associated with empathy, the understanding of the affective states of others. We used the 'heartbeat-evoked potential' (HEP), a surface electroencephalography (EEG) pattern, as a neural index of interoceptive processing. The HEP is contingent on the most prominent peak (R-wave) of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and is thought to reflect cortical processing of cardiac afferent input. Twenty-one healthy adults performed empathy and control tasks while EEG and ECG were recorded, where they made judgments based on either the affective or physical aspects of images of human eyes. HEP, ECG and heart rate in each task block were calculated and compared. Results showed that cardiac activity was not significantly different between tasks. In contrast, HEP showed a significant task difference, exhibited as an increased negativity during the empathy task over frontocentral sites at a latency of approximately 250-430. ms. Furthermore, a self-reported measure of empathy was associated with mean HEP amplitude during the period of task-related differentiation. These results suggest that afferent feedback from visceral activity may contribute to inferences about the affective state of others. © 2010 Elsevier B.V.</p>

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Neural substrates of implicit cueing effect on prospective memory

Hashimoto Teruo, Umeda Satoshi, Kojima Shozo

NeuroImage 54 （ 1 ） 645 - 652 2011年01月

ISSN  1053-8119

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<p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine the maintenance of intentions during an ongoing task involving implicit cues. Participants were required to detect target words while engaging in the ongoing task. Cues matched to the target category and cues matched to the action for targets were presented implicitly during the ongoing task. Implicit categorical target cues were found to enhance prospective memory performance, and implicit action cues accelerated responses more than irrelevant implicit cues in the prospective memory task. We found increased caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC) activity during the ongoing task with both implicit target and action cues, suggesting that alertness or preparatory attentional processes were strengthened by implicit cues. Implicit target cues elicited enhanced activity in the lateral anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10), which may be involved in dual processing of the ongoing task and the maintained intention. These results suggest that implicit cues may boost primitive attention toward an intended action and may be accessible to off-line maintenance. The facilitation of prospective target detection and the action execution by target cues were associated with increased supplementary motor area (SMA) activity. In contrast, we found enhanced premotor cortex (PMC) activation with action cue during the prospective memory task, suggesting that the PMC may be involved in stimulus-induced and rather automatic action. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of implicit cues for examining the maintenance of intention. Overall, we found that implicit target cues can facilitate prospective memory performance, and implicit action cues can accelerate responses. The above-mentioned neural underpinnings suggest that attentional and motor control processes are involved in the enhancement of prospective memory. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.</p>

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Autonomic reactivity of hypothesis-testing in decision-making

Terasawa Yuri, Umeda Satoshi

Psychologia 53 （ 3 ） 195 - 206 2010年09月

ISSN  0033-2852

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<p>Given the results of studies using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), emotion-based sensitivity to an anticipated outcome of one's own behavior has been suggested to be a significant factor in making advantageous decisions. Hypotheses-testing in performing IGT is essential for learning correct rules and elicits autonomic reactivity. In this study, participants were asked to concentrate on hypothesis-testing to learn undisclosed rules in the task which framework was similar to the IGT, rather than maximizing monetary reward. The amplitudes of skin conductance responses (SCRs) prior to card selection and following feedback were attenuated as participants came to accurately comprehend the task rules. The attenuation of SCRs resulted from reduced motivation to continue the hypotheses-testing. Our findings provide some evidence that observed autonomic responses partially reflect emotional reactions associated with the hypothesis-testing.</p>

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Acquired personality traits of autism following damage to the medial prefrontal cortex

Umeda Satoshi, Mimura Masaru, Kato Motoichiro

Social Neuroscience 5 （ 1 ） 19 - 29 2010年02月

ISSN  1747-0919

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<p>Recent neuroimaging studies on "theory of mind" have demonstrated that the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved when subjects are engaged in various kinds of mentalising tasks. Although a large number of neuroimaging studies have been published, a relatively small amount of neuropsychological evidence supports involvement of the medial PFC in theory of mind reasoning. We recruited two neurological cases with damage to the medial PFC and initially performed the standard neuropsychological assessments for intelligence, memory, and executive functions. To examine theory of mind performance in these two cases, four kinds of standard and advanced tests for theory of mind were used, including first- and second-order false belief tests, the strange stories test, and the faux pas recognition test. Both patients were also requested to complete the questionnaire for the autism-spectrum quotient. Neither case showed impairment on standard theory of mind tests and only mild impairments were seen on advanced theory of mind tests. This pattern of results is basically consistent with previous studies. The most interesting finding was that both cases showed personality changes after surgical operations, leading to characteristics of autism showing a lack of social interaction in everyday life. We discuss herein the possible roles of the medial PFC and emphasize the importance of using multiple approaches to understand the mechanisms of theory of mind and medial prefrontal functions. © 2009 Psychology Press.</p>

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Simulator platform that enables social interaction simulation - SIGVerse

Inamura Tetsunari, Shibata Tomohiro, Sena Hideaki, Hashimoto Takashi, Kawai Nobuyuki, Miyashita Takahiro, Sakurai Yoshiki, Shimizu Masahiro, Otake Mihoko, Hosoda Koh, Umeda Satoshi, Inui Kentaro, Yoshikawa Yuichiro

  212 - 217 2010年

　概要を見る

<p>Understanding mechanisms of intelligence of human beings and animals is one of the most important approaches to develop intelligent robot systems. Since the mechanisms of such real-life intelligent systems are so complex, physical interactions between agents and their environment and the social interactions between agents should be considered. Comprehension and knowledge in many peripheral fields such as cognitive science, developmental psychology, brain science, evolutionary biology, and robotics is also required. Discussions from an interdisciplinary aspect are very important for implementing this approach, but such collaborative research is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and it is difficult to obtain fruitful results from such research because the basis of experiments is very different in each research field. In the social science field, for example, several multi-agent simulation systems have been proposed for modeling factors such as social interactions and language evolution, whereas robotics researchers often use dynamics and sensor simulators. However, there is no integrated system that uses both physical simulations and social communication simulations. Therefore, we developed a simulator environment called SIGVerse that combines dynamics, perception, and communication simulations for synthetic approaches to research into the genesis of social intelligence. In this paper, we introduce SIGVerse, its example application and perspectives. ©2010 IEEE.</p>

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Preserved priming but insensitivity to perceptual fluency on recognition judgments in Alzheimer's disease

Yano Madoka, Umeda Satoshi, Mimura Masaru

Psychogeriatrics 8 （ 4 ） 178 - 187 2008年

ISSN  1346-3500

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<p>Background: Previous research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not yielded a consensus regarding the preservation of automatic memory processes, although there is a consensus that conscious recollection processes are impaired in AD. Methods: In the present study, we examined perceptual specificity effects (PSEs) in word recognition judgments (explicit memory task; Experiment 1) and word fragment completion (implicit memory task; Experiment 2) performed by individuals with mild AD and elderly adults without dementia (controls). Results: In recognition judgments, control subjects, but not individuals with AD, demonstrated PSEs (Experiment 1). In contrast, neither group showed PSEs on word fragment completion and their priming magnitudes were comparable (Experiment 2). Conclusions: The findings suggest that perceptually automatic processes in explicit memory judgments and implicit memory processes are different and that the former are specifically impaired in AD. © 2008 The Author Journal compilation © 2008 The Japanese Psychogeriatric Society.</p>

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Unilateral amygdala lesions hamper attentional orienting triggered by gaze direction

Akiyama Tomoko, Kato Motoichiro, Muramatsu Taro, Umeda Satoshi, Saito Fumie, Kashima Haruo

Cerebral Cortex 17 （ 11 ） 2593 - 2600 2007年11月

ISSN  1047-3211

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<p>The newly discovered deficit in a bilateral amygdala-damaged case, of not being able to allocate attention to the critical feature of a face (Adolphs R, Gosselin F, Buchanan TW, Tranel D, Schyns P, Damasio AR. 2005. A mechanism for impaired fear recognition after amygdala damage. Nature. 433:68 - 72.), has opened a new window into the function of the amygdala. This case implies that the amygdala might be essential in detecting potentially relevant social stimuli, and directing attention accordingly. In this study, we have sought to test this implication by investigating the behavioral performance of 5 unilateral amygdala-damaged subjects on spatial cueing tasks. The tasks employed central gaze and arrow direction as cues to trigger attentional orienting in peripheral target detection. Although age-matched normal controls demonstrated a significant congruency effect such that targets presented congruently to cue direction elicited faster detection, amygdala subjects demonstrated no such congruency effect for gaze cues in the face of a significant congruency effect for arrow cues. The results suggest that the social valence of a stimulus is critical for amygdala involvement in visual processing. The results also support the implicated role of the amygdala in detecting and analyzing relevant social stimuli, and orienting attention accordingly. © The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.</p>

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Altered brain activation by a false recognition task in young abstinent patients with alcohol dependence

Akine Yoshihide, Kato Motoichiro, Muramatsu Taro, Umeda Satoshi, Mimura Masaru, Asai Yoshiyuki, Tanada Shuji, Obata Takayuki, Ikehira Hiroo, Kashima Haruo, Suhara Tetsuya

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31 （ 9 ） 1589 - 1597 2007年09月

ISSN  0145-6008

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<p>Background: Heavy alcohol intake induces both structural and functional changes in the central nervous system. Recent research developments converged on the idea that even in patients with alcohol dependence without apparent structural brain changes, some cognitive impairment exists, and associated functional change could be visualized by neuroimaging techniques. However, these data were from old (more than 50 years) patients using working memory and response inhibition tasks. Whether young abstinent patients show aberrant signs of brain activation is a matter of interest, specifically by the long-term memory retrieval task. Methods: Subjects were 9 young patients with alcohol dependence with long-term abstinent (8 males and 1 female) and age- and education-matched 9 healthy controls (7 males and 2 females). We used a modified false recognition task in a functional MRI study. Results: The young patients with alcohol dependence showed reduced activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left pulvinar in the thalamus, and in the right ventral striatum, although behavioral performances and regional patterns of brain activation were similar between patients and controls. Conclusions: Long-term memory retrieval induced altered activations in prefrontal lobes, ACC, thalamus, and ventral striatum in young patients with alcohol dependence. These findings were correspondent to deficits of goal directed behavior, monitoring the erroneous responses, memory function, and drug-seeking behavior. Furthermore, these reduced activations can be considered as latent "lesions," suggesting subclinical pathology in alcoholic brains. © 2007 by the Research Society on Alcoholism.</p>

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Dissociative contributions of medial temporal and frontal regions to prospective remembering

Umeda Satoshi, Nagumo Yumi, Kato Motoichiro

Reviews in the Neurosciences 17 （ 1-2 ） 267 - 278 2006年

ISSN  0334-1763

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<p>Prospective memory is memory of future intentions or plans in everyday life. Although some previous neuropsychological studies have stated that the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe are essential for successful prospective remembering, how the two regions contribute to prospective remembering remains unclear. We therefore used prospective memory training in the present study to investigate the neural mechanism of two components of prospective remembering: remembering to remember and remembering content. Two brain-damaged patients participated in this study: patient Y.O., who had lesions in the medial temporal lobe bilaterally, and patient T.K., who had a lesion in the basal forebrain and right medial frontal lobe. Both participants exhibited a severe antero-grade amnesic syndrome and had normal IQ scores. Before the prospective memory training the participants underwent several index memory tests to examine their general memory and prospective memory performance. The training consisted of requesting the participants to perform an original mini-day task, in which they were first asked to memorize five simple daily actions with their times for execution, and then to recall the content of the actions when shown a drawing of a clock showing the proper time for execution. A training session was carried out once a week for 3 months. After completing training, the participants were again requested to take the same index memory tests. The results of the training task showed that Y.O.'s memory performance had gradually improved across all sessions of training, but T.K.'s improvement was not as marked. A more detailed analysis revealed that Y.O.'s memory performance was better for recalling time than for recalling content, whereas T.K.'s memory performance was better for recalling content than for recalling time. Furthermore, the results of the final index memory tests showed that the only improvement in Y.O.'s prospective memory was in remembering to remember, and that the only improvement in T.K.'s prospective memory was in remembering content. These results provide strong evidence that these two remembering components of prospective memory have independent neural bases, with the basal forebrain and right medial frontal lobe being required for remembering to remember, and the medial temporal lobe being required for remembering content. The results also suggest that memory training is an effective, means of improving everyday memory. © Freund &amp; Pettman.</p>

Gaze but not arrows

Akiyama Tomoko, Kato Motoichiro, Muramatsu Taro, Saito Fumie, Umeda Satoshi, Kashima Haruo

Neuropsychologia 44 （ 10 ） 1804 - 1810 2006年

ISSN  0028-3932

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<p>Superior temporal sulcus (STS) activation has consistently been demonstrated in the normal brain when viewing eyes, and thus this area is implicated as a gaze processing region in humans. In a recent report, we have presented a case, M.J., with a well-circumscribed lesion to the right superior temporal gyrus (STG), who demonstrated impaired discrimination of gaze direction. In the aim to make distinct whether this impairment is unique to gaze, we have applied a spatial cueing paradigm established by Kingstone and colleagues. In our experiment, pictorial gaze and symmetrical arrows were centrally presented as non-predictive, spatial cues in detecting peripheral targets. Fifteen normal subjects and M.J. participated in the experiment. In concordance with previous reports, controls demonstrated a significant facilitation of reaction times in detecting targets cued by congruent gaze/arrows, compared with incongruent cues. In striking contrast, M.J. showed no such congruency advantage for gaze, in the face of a normal congruency advantage for arrows. We have demonstrated that a circumscribed lesion to the right STG impairs the ability to utilize biological directional information such as gaze, but leaves the non-biological counterpart (arrows) intact. This dissociation implies that indeed, the STS specializes in processing gaze. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>

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Functional network in the prefrontal cortex during episodic memory retrieval

Umeda Satoshi, Akine Yoshihide, Kato Motoichiro, Muramatsu Taro, Mimura Masaru, Kandatsu Susumu, Tanada Shuji, Obata Takayuki, Ikehira Hiroo, Suhara Tetsuya

NeuroImage 26 （ 3 ） 932 - 940 2005年07月

ISSN  1053-8119

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<p>A recent consistent finding in neuroimaging studies of human memory is that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is activated during episodic memory retrieval. To date, however, there has been no direct evidence to explain how activity in the right and left PFC and in the anterior and posterior PFC are functionally interconnected. The goal of the present study was to obtain such evidence by event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the functional connectivity method. Subjects were first asked to try to remember a series of associate-word lists outside the MRI scanner in preparation for a later recognition test. In the MRI scanning phase, they were asked to make recognition judgments in regard to old words, semantically related lure words, and unrelated new words. The analysis of functional connectivity revealed that the posterior PFC in each hemisphere had strong functional interconnections with the contralateral posterior PFC, whereas the anterior PFC in each hemisphere had only weak functional interconnections with the contralateral anterior PFC. No strong functional interconnections were found between the anterior and posterior PFC in either hemisphere. These findings support the hypothesis of an associative contribution of the bilateral posterior PFC to episodic memory retrieval and a dissociative contribution of the bilateral anterior PFC. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</p>

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虚記憶と前頭前野の機能について

梅田 聡，加藤元一郎

臨床精神医学 32   1515-1520 2003年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著

ミニデー課題を用いた展望記憶訓練: 側頭葉性健忘例と前脳基底部健忘例の比較について

南雲祐美，加藤元一郎，梅田 聡，鹿島晴雄

認知リハビリテーション2003    123-130 2003年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著

ミニデー課題を用いた展望記憶訓練の効果について

南雲祐美，加藤元一郎，梅田 聡，吉村茂和，鹿島晴雄

認知リハビリテーション2002    90-94 2003年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著

フォールスメモリ

梅田 聡

臨床精神医学 31   1126-1128 2002年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 単著, 査読有り