研究者詳細 - 梅田　聡

論文 - 梅田　聡

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Effects of matured hop bitter acids on heart rate variability and cognitive performance: A randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial

Kanatome A., Takara T., Umeda S., Ano Y.

Journal of Functional Foods 100 2023年01月

ISSN 17564646

Matured hop bitter acids (MHBA), produced by aging the hops used to make beer, activate the vagus nerve via bitter taste receptors and improve depression and cognitive function in mice. However, researchers have not investigated their effects on human autonomic nerves. This crossover study aimed to investigate the association between MHBA and the vagus nerve. We randomly assigned 34 participants (age: 30–64 years) into two sequences (n = 17 each). They performed cognitive tasks before and after a single supplementation with placebo or MHBA. We monitored the autonomic nerve activity using heart rate variability. Compared with placebo, MHBA supplementation significantly increased the high frequency (HF) and total power during cognitive tasks (322.2 ms2 [95 % confidence interval (CI), 28.0, 616.4]; p = 0.033 and 630.6 ms2 [95 % CI, 87.0, 1174.2]; p = 0.025, respectively). In summary, MHBA supplementation modulates the HF of parasympathetic nerve activity in healthy adults.

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AI社会への「自己」の適応

上原泉, 杉浦元亮, 小林哲生, 梅田聡

日本心理学会大会発表論文集（公益社団法人日本心理学会） 87 （ 0 ） SS-037 - SS-037 2023年

近年，AIや仮想技術の進展が著しい。それらの技術により，身体拡張や知覚拡張，メタバースでの交流や様々なVR体験が可能になってきている。ここにきての，ChatGPTの出現で，物事の進み方や社会のあり方が大きく変わる可能性が指摘されている。便利になることへの期待もある一方で，ヒトにとって代わりAIができることが増えていくことへの不安も大きくなっている。既に，インターネットの普及で物事の進み方が加速化し，「自己」が振り回されている感は否めず，急速なこれらの技術の進展により，「自己」が機能不全に陥る可能性が懸念される。人知を超える速さで進展していく社会における「自己」のあり方は，新たな学術的枠組みから，追究していく必要があるのではないかと考え，研究を始めている。本シンポジウムでは，この新たな「自己」研究の可能性を広く議論するため企画した。話題提供では，小林氏が「自己の発達」，梅田氏が「自己の歪み」，杉浦氏が「自己の3側面と“新自己力”」をテーマにそれぞれの知見を紹介する。上原より，新たな「自己」に関する発達理論形成の可能性とその視点からのコメントを行い，その後，全体討論としたい。

Eye-tracking paradigms for the assessment of mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review

Wolf A., Tripanpitak K., Umeda S., Otake-Matsuura M.

Frontiers in Psychology 14 2023年

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), representing the ‘transitional zone’ between normal cognition and dementia, has become a novel topic in clinical research. Although early detection is crucial, it remains logistically challenging at the same time. While traditional pen-and-paper tests require in-depth training to ensure standardized administration and accurate interpretation of findings, significant technological advancements are leading to the development of procedures for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and facilitating the diagnostic process. Some of the diagnostic protocols, however, show significant limitations that hamper their widespread adoption. Concerns about the social and economic implications of the increasing incidence of AD underline the need for reliable, non-invasive, cost-effective, and timely cognitive scoring methodologies. For instance, modern clinical studies report significant oculomotor impairments among patients with MCI, who perform poorly in visual paired-comparison tasks by ascribing less attentional resources to novel stimuli. To accelerate the Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017–2025, this work provides an overview of research on saccadic and exploratory eye-movement deficits among older adults with MCI. The review protocol was drafted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2022 that examined visual processing in older adults with MCI and reported gaze parameters as potential biomarkers. Moreover, following the contemporary trend for remote healthcare technologies, we reviewed studies that implemented non-commercial eye-tracking instrumentation in order to detect information processing impairments among the MCI population. Based on the gathered literature, eye-tracking-based paradigms may ameliorate the screening limitations of traditional cognitive assessments and contribute to early AD detection. However, in order to translate the findings pertaining to abnormal gaze behavior into clinical applications, it is imperative to conduct longitudinal investigations in both laboratory-based and ecologically valid settings.

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神経疾患における自律神経障害と情動・認知障害

梅田聡

脳神経内科 99 27 - 33 2023年

CiNii Research

未来に向けられた認知の神経メカニズム

梅田聡

Clinical Neuroscience 41 1090 - 1093 2023年

CiNii Research

感情研究における顔面皮膚血流の有用性と臨床応用

石川直樹, 梅田聡

Annual Review神経2023 ー 2023年

CiNii Research

Reactivity of observers’ facial skin blood flow depending on others’ facial expressions and blushing

Ishikawa N., Asahina M., Umeda S.

Frontiers in Psychology 14 2023年

Facial skin blood flow (SkBF) has attracted attention as an autonomic indicator because it influences facial colour, which informs others of emotional states, and facial temperature related to social anxiety. Previous studies have examined the facial SkBF in people experiencing emotions; however, facial SkBF changes in the observers of emotions are poorly understood. Our study clarified facial SkBF changes related to observing others’ emotions by comparing the changes with other physiological indices. Thirty healthy participants (24 females; mean age: 22.17) observed six types of facial expressions (neutral, angry, and embarrassed expressions with and without facial blushing) and rated the emotional intensity of the other person. We measured their facial SkBF, finger SkBF, and cardiac RR interval as they made their observations. Facial SkBF generally decreased in relation to observing emotional faces (angry and embarrassed faces) and significantly decreased for angry expressions with blushing. None of the participants noticed blushing of facial stimuli. For the RR interval and finger SkBF, there was no variation depending on the observed facial expressions, although there was a general increase related to observation. These results indicated that facial SkBF is sensitive and reactive to emotional faces—especially angry faces with blushing— compared with other autonomic indices. The facial SkBF changes were not related to either RR interval changes or the intensity rating, suggesting that facial SkBF changes may be caused by vasoconstriction and have potential functions for our emotions. The decrease in facial SkBF may have a role in calming observers by preventing them from adopting the same emotional state as a person with intense anger. These findings clarify daily facial SkBF fluctuations and their relationship with our emotional processing in interpersonal situations.

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未来を見つめる機能の認知神経メカニズム

梅田聡

神経心理学（日本神経心理学会） 38 （ 4 ） 251 - 257 2022年12月

ISSN 09111085

近年，認知神経科学の領域では，「未来に向けられた認知」の背景にある神経メカニズムに焦点が当てられている．具体的には，意図した行為をタイミングよく想起する機能である「展望記憶」，未来のエピソードについて思いを馳せる機能である「未来思考」，それと関連性の深い「マインドワンダリング」などがこの概念に含まれる．本稿では，これらの機能を実現する前頭葉のブロードマン10野の役割に着目しつつ，近年の研究成果について概観する．そして，脳機能画像研究（MRIおよび脳波），精神疾患研究，生理心理研究など，複数のアプローチを採用することの意義について触れる．

記憶と時間

河村満, 梅田聡

神経心理学（日本神経心理学会） 38 （ 4 ） 248 - 250 2022年12月

査読有り, ISSN 09111085

Dynamic functional connectivity associated with prospective memory success in children

Hashimoto T., Yokota S., Umeda S., Kawashima R.

Neuroimage Reports 2 （ 4 ） 2022年12月

To remember the prospective intention successfully, going back and forth between the background task and the intention, i.e., the dynamics of these multiple processes can be critical. An executive function like task switching has been associated with the success of prospective memory (PM) in children, but the neural mechanism of PM in children has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to reveal the dynamic functional connectivity underlying the success of PM in children. Healthy 108 children, aged 7 to 15, were engaged in a single trial PM task, with a 30-min delay. Temporal variabilities in their resting-state functional connectivity were analyzed, using sliding windows with seed regions of interest ROIs of the PM network. About 70% of children successfully remembered the intention; they showed greater dynamics in neural connectivity between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and intraparietal sulcus, and between the right DLPFC and insula as compared to children with PM failure. Everyday activities and the usual attention to ongoing processes can be associated with alertness in the right frontoparietal network and internal-state monitoring in the insula network, and those dynamics might be associated with one-time event PM success in children.

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Word recall process and physiological activation in the tip-of-the-tongue state: Comparison of young and middle-aged groups

Kurosaki Y., Hashimoto R., Funayama M., Terasawa Y., Umeda S.

Consciousness and Cognition 106 2022年11月

ISSN 10538100

To clarify the feeling of knowing a name but not being able to recall it, known as having a “tip-of-the-tongue” (TOT) experience, we proposed a TOT model consisting of three stages combining a face recognition model and autonomic sympathetic nerve activity. Since TOT increases with age, we compared two age groups: young (N = 27, M = 20.4 ± 1.5 years) and middle-aged (N = 29, M = 58.5 ± 8.0 years). Experiment 1 showed that successfully naming low-frequency common names increased the skin conductance response (SCR) value, and the time to reach the maximum SCR value was longer. Experiment 2 was a naming task for face photographs. The younger group showed higher SCR values during successfully naming, while the middle-aged group showed similar SCR values for successfully naming and experiencing TOT. Both groups had the longest time to reach maximum SCR in TOT. In this study, physiological arousal of TOT was not affected by aging.

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Cognitive behavioral therapy effects on frontopolar cortex function during future thinking in major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial

Katayama N., Nakagawa A., Umeda S., Terasawa Y., Abe T., Kurata C., Sasaki Y., Mitsuda D., Kikuchi T., Tabuchi H., Mimura M.

Journal of Affective Disorders 298 644 - 655 2022年02月

ISSN 01650327

Background: Despite the importance of Beck's theoretical cognitive model of psychopathology, the neural mechanisms underlying future thinking in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) remain elusive. Recent neuroimaging studies have shown that the function of the frontopolar cortex (Brodmann area 10 [BA10]) is associated with future thinking. We hypothesized that, compared with unstructured psychotherapy (talking control: TC), CBT may involve different neural responses in BA10 associated with future thinking. Methods: This randomized clinical trial included 38 adult patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder who underwent up to 16 weeks of CBT or TC with a 6-month follow-up period. We evaluated changes in BA10 activation during distant future thinking using functional magnetic resonance imaging with a future-thinking task. We assessed frontal neurocognitive function and clinical symptoms at baseline and post-treatment. Depression severity and automatic thoughts were assessed at the 6-month follow-up. Results: We found decreased activation in the frontopolar cortex during distant future thinking after CBT (t = 3.00, df=15, p = 0.009) and no changes after TC. Further, the reduction in BA10 activity significantly correlated with changes in frontal cognitive function after the treatment (r = 0.48, p = 0.007), and in positive automatic thought after 6 months of treatments (r = 0.39; p = 0.03). Limitations: Relatively small sample size and homogenous clinical profile could limit the generalizability. Patients received pharmacotherapy including antidepressant. Conclusions: CBT appears to improve frontopolar cortex function during future thinking in a manner distinct from TC. Larger clinical trials are necessary to provide firm evidence whether BA10 activity may serve as a neuro-marker for monitoring successful depression treatment with CBT.

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Effect of Whey-Derived Lactopeptide β-Lactolin on Memory in Healthy Adults: An Integrated Analysis of Data from Randomized Controlled Trials

Fukuda T., Kanatome A., Takashima A., Tajima O., Umeda S., Ano Y.

Journal of Nutrition Health and Aging 26 （ 2 ） 127 - 132 2022年02月

ISSN 12797707

Context: Epidemiological studies have shown that consumption of dairy products reduces the risk of dementia and cognitive decline in older individuals. Tryptophan-tyrosine-related β-lactopeptides and their representative β-lactolin of glycine-threonine-tryptophan-tyrosine tetra-peptide have been identified as agents in dairy products, which improve cognitive function as well as memory function via the activation of the dopaminergic system in a mouse model of amnesia. Previous clinical trials have shown that supplementation with β-lactolin improves memory retrieval in healthy older adults. Specifically, β-lactolin improved the scores in some neuropsychological tests. However, the effects of β-lactolin on memory function have not been clarified. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of β-lactolin on memory function using statistical methods. Data Sources: We searched the Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and JDream III until November 2021 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials for integrated analysis. Data Synthesis: Three randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of β-lactolin on memory in healthy adults were selected for the integrated analysis. The results showed that the score of cued recall among the neuropsychological tests in the β-lactolin group was significantly higher than that in the placebo group (g=0.33; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.55). In addition, the total memory score was higher but this difference was not significant (g=0.17; 95% CI: −0.09, 0.43). Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that supplementation with β-lactolin improves cued recall in healthy older adults.

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エピソード的未来思考におけるイメージの曖昧さと先延ばし行動の関連性

王馨怡, 梅田聡

日本認知心理学会発表論文集（日本認知心理学会） 2022 （ 0 ） 30 - 30 2022年

エピソード的未来思考（EFT）における曖昧なイメージの想像は，必要な備えを怠るといった問題につながる．先延ばしという，達成すべき課題を自発的に遅らせてしまう非合理的な行動はEFTの曖昧さに関係している可能性がある．本研究では，先延ばしとEFTの関連を検討することを目的とした．参加者は未来の個人的な出来事を想像して記述し，その内容の詳細さを第三者評価によって得点化した．その後，参加者は実験者が依頼した課題と報酬課題に自由に取り組み，先延ばし行動を記録した．最後に，日常に関するGeneral Procrastination Scaleおよび自作質問紙に回答させた．その結果，EFTの曖昧さ，特に五感及び内部知覚情報の曖昧さと先延ばし傾向に相関が認められた．加えて，質問紙の因子分析の結果，個人の実行能力が最も先延ばしに影響しており，未来の感覚知覚情報のイメージの曖昧さは，今行動するか否かの実行能力への影響を通して，先延ばし行動に関連することが示唆された．

未来思考生成における感情的方向性

伊藤友一, 田仲祐登, 辻幸樹, 品川和志, 柴田みどり, 寺澤悠理, 梅田聡

日本認知心理学会発表論文集（日本認知心理学会） 2021 （ 0 ） 47 - 47 2022年

人の思考には時間(過去・未来)，感情(ポジティブ・ネガティブ），社会的(自己・他者)などの多様な方向性がある。先行研究は心拍誘発電位(HEP; heartbeat-evoked potential)を用いて，過去あるいは未来思考時の感情的方向が身体からの求心性信号を受けて規定されることを明らかにしている。しかし，感情的方向が思考生成のどの段階で決まるのかは明らかでない。本研究では，自己や他者の未来について思考する際の感情的方向性の生起時点を明らかにするため，脳波計測実験を行った。課題では，主語・時間・内容の3要素からなる文(例：私は／将来／試験に)を1要素ずつ呈示し，それに合わせて思考した上で，肯定あるいは否定的結末(例：自分が将来試験に受かるか否か)を自由に想像するよう参加者に求めた。結果，主語情報呈示時点のHEPで感情価による振幅の差が認められ，思考生成の最初期時点で身体からの求心性信号を受けて思考の感情的方向が規定されていることが明らかになった。

思考の切り替えにおける内受容感覚の役割

櫻木麻衣, 梅田聡

日本認知心理学会発表論文集（日本認知心理学会） 2022 （ 0 ） 31 - 31 2022年

現在遂行中の行為とは無関係な事柄へと思考がさまよう現象をマインドワンダリング (mind wandering, 以下, MW)という。本研究では，契機が不明で無意図的なMWの生起に対して，内受容感覚が与える影響について検討した。参加者は，心拍検出課題（Schandry, 1981）とVigilance Taskの2つの課題をおこなった。心拍検出課題の成績によって，参加者を内受容感覚高群・低群に分けた。Vigilance Taskの後半ブロックにおいて，参加者の前腕部に振動刺激を閾下呈示することで，心拍変化を誘導した。その結果，内受容感覚高群は，低群と比較すると，振動が呈示されたブロックにおいて，発生したMWがその後の試行においても継続する確率が高かった。この結果は，内受容感覚が正確な人においては，振動の閾下呈示による断続的な内受容情報の変化が， MWの発生・継続を誘発する可能性を示唆している。

内受容感覚が思考の熟考性に与える影響

櫻木麻衣, 梅田聡

日本心理学会大会発表論文集（公益社団法人日本心理学会） 86 （ 0 ） 1PM-058-PL - 1PM-058-PL 2022年

不安傾向者に特異的な信念更新過程の探索的検討

品川和志, 石川直樹, 平山絢菜, 梅田聡

日本認知心理学会発表論文集（日本認知心理学会） 2022 （ 0 ） 37 - 37 2022年

不安傾向の高い個人において，あいまいな状況下で，与えられた情報による信念更新傾向が変化することが知られている。しかし，そのような変化が，情報評価におけるどのような側面に起因するかについては明らかでない。この点について，ビーズ課題を用いて得られたデータに，ベイズ更新を適用することで検討した。ビーズ課題では 2色のビーズが異なる割合で入った2つのビンを呈示し，ビーズが呈示されるたび，どちらのビンから取り出されているか，主観的確信度を回答させた。解析では，現在の確信度は，一つ前の時点での確信度に，現在得られたビーズの情報を加味して得られると仮定したうえで，個人ごとに，一つ前の確信度，および現在の情報のどちらを重視する傾向が高いのかを推定した。この傾向と質問紙により得られた不安傾向の関連を検討した結果，不安傾向が高いほど，現在のビーズから得られる情報を低く評価する傾向が示された。

ビーズ課題を用いた曖昧さ不耐性における意思決定特性の検討

品川和志, 石川直樹, 平山絢菜, 梅田聡

日本心理学会大会発表論文集（公益社団法人日本心理学会） 86 （ 0 ） 3AM-053-PI - 3AM-053-PI 2022年

Temporal changes in attentional resources consumed by mind-wandering that precede awareness: An ERP study

Shinagawa K., Ito Y., Tsuji K., Tanaka Y., Odaka M., Shibata M., Terasawa Y., Umeda S.

Neuroimage Reports 1 （ 4 ） 2021年12月

A relationship between the awareness of mind-wandering (MW) and the disruption of MW because of external stimuli has previously been reported. Attention often fluctuates without external stimuli and such disruptions can spontaneously precede awareness of MW. To elucidate whether changes in attentional resources used by MW exist, we used event-related potentials (ERPs), focusing on the P300 (P3) ERP component as an index of attention to a task. Participants performed a simple task, in which they pressed a key in synchrony with continually presented tones. Moreover, they were asked to stop the response whenever they became aware of their MW. We analyzed the P3 induced by the tones before self-reports of MW using a state–space model that was used for analysis to detect changes over time. The results revealed that the mean amplitude of P3 increased significantly from the third to the second tone before the self-reports; no other clear increasing or decreasing tendencies were observed. We concluded that the attentional resources allocated to the main task returned, suggesting that such awareness requires a decrease in resources to task-unrelated thoughts. These findings highlight a transitional state related to awareness between the MW state and self-reports. Therefore, the state immediately before self-reports should not be defined as merely an MW state when using the self-caught method.

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