研究者詳細 - 梅田　聡

論文 - 梅田　聡

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Dysconnectivity of the agency network in schizophrenia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Koreki A., Maeda T., Okimura T., Terasawa Y., Kikuchi T., Umeda S., Nishikata S., Yagihashi T., Kasahara M., Nagai C., Moriyama Y., Den R., Watanabe T., Kikumoto H., Kato M., Mimura M.

Frontiers in Psychiatry （Frontiers in Psychiatry） 10 （ APR ） 2019年

Copyright © 2019 Koreki, Maeda, Okimura, Terasawa, Kikuchi, Umeda, Nishikata, Yagihashi, Kasahara, Nagai, Moriyama, Den, Watanabe, Kikumoto, Kato and Mimura. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Background: Self-disturbances in schizophrenia have recently been explained by an abnormality in the sense of agency (SoA). The cerebral structures of SoA in healthy people are considered to mainly include the insula and inferior parietal lobule. In contrast, the functional lesion of aberrant SoA in schizophrenia is not yet fully understood. Considering the recent explanation of establishing SoA from the standpoint of associative learning, the “agency network” may include not only the insula and inferior parietal lobule but also the striatum. We hypothesized that aberrant SoA in schizophrenia is based on a deficit in the “agency network.” Methods: Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired while patients with schizophrenia (n = 15) and matched controls (n = 15) performed our adaptation method of agency attribution task on a trial-by-trial basis to assess participants' explicit experience of the temporal causal relationship between an action and an external event with temporal biases. Analysis of functional connectivity was done using the right supramarginal gyrus and the right middle frontal gyrus as seed regions. Results: In healthy controls, analyses revealed increased activation of the right inferior parietal lobule (mainly the supramarginal gyrus), right insula, and right middle frontal gyrus as an activation of the agency condition. We defined activated Brodmann areas shown in the agency condition of healthy controls as the seed region for connectivity analysis. The connectivity analysis revealed lower connectivity between the head of the left caudate nucleus and right supramarginal gyrus in the patients compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: This dysconnectivity of the agency network in schizophrenia may lead to self-disturbance through deficits in associative learning of SoA. These findings may explain why pathological function of the striatum in schizophrenia leads to self-disturbance.

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Neurocognitive mechanisms of social anxiety and interoception

Terasawa Y., Umeda S.

Island of Reil (Insula) in the Human Brain: Anatomical, Functional, Clinical and Surgical Aspects （Island of Reil (Insula) in the Human Brain: Anatomical, Functional, Clinical and Surgical Aspects） 113 - 120 2018年07月

ISSN 9783319754673

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Effect of supplementation of a whey peptide rich in tryptophan-tyrosine-related peptides on cognitive performance in healthy adults

Kita Masahiro, Obara Kuniaki, Kondo Sumio, Umeda Satoshi, Ano Yasuhisa

Nutrients 10 （ 7 ） 2018年07月

ISSN 2072-6643

Background: Previous epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that dairy products have beneficial effects on cognitive decline and dementia. Enzymatic digestion of whey protein produces a whey peptide rich in tryptophan-tyrosine-related peptides which improve cognitive performance in mice. We evaluated the effects of whey peptides on cognitive functions in healthy adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Methods: 101 healthy adults (45 to 64 years), with a self-awareness of cognitive decline received either whey peptide or placebo supplements for 12 weeks. Changes in cognitive function were assessed using neuropsychological tests at 6 and 12 weeks after the start of supplementation. Results: Verbal fluency test (VFT) score changes tended to be higher in the whey peptide group compared with the placebo at 12 weeks. Subgroup analysis classified by the degree of subjective fatigue showed that changes in the VFT as well as the Stroop and subjective memory function tests between baseline and 6 weeks of intervention were significantly better in subjects with high-level fatigue from the whey peptide group as compared to the placebo group. Conclusions: Intake of whey peptide might improve cognitive function in healthy middle- and older-aged adults with high subjective fatigue levels. Further studies will elucidate the relationship among cognitive improvement, whey peptides, and psychological fatigue.

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Effect of supplementation of a whey peptide rich in tryptophan-tyrosine-related peptides on cognitive performance in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Kita M., Obara K., Kondo S., Umeda S., Ano Y.

Nutrients （Nutrients） 10 （ 7 ） 2018年07月

© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Background: Previous epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that dairy products have beneficial effects on cognitive decline and dementia. Enzymatic digestion of whey protein produces a whey peptide rich in tryptophan-tyrosine-related peptides which improve cognitive performance in mice. We evaluated the effects of whey peptides on cognitive functions in healthy adults in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Methods: 101 healthy adults (45 to 64 years), with a self-awareness of cognitive decline received either whey peptide or placebo supplements for 12 weeks. Changes in cognitive function were assessed using neuropsychological tests at 6 and 12 weeks after the start of supplementation. Results: Verbal fluency test (VFT) score changes tended to be higher in the whey peptide group compared with the placebo at 12 weeks. Subgroup analysis classified by the degree of subjective fatigue showed that changes in the VFT as well as the Stroop and subjective memory function tests between baseline and 6 weeks of intervention were significantly better in subjects with high-level fatigue from the whey peptide group as compared to the placebo group. Conclusions: Intake of whey peptide might improve cognitive function in healthy middle- and older-aged adults with high subjective fatigue levels. Further studies will elucidate the relationship among cognitive improvement, whey peptides, and psychological fatigue.

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Functional Anatomy of Encoding/Retrieval Processing in the Medial Parietal Areas

Umeda S.

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo （Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo） 70 （ 7 ） 763 - 769 2018年07月

ISSN 18816096

This article reviews memory functions in the medial parietal areas, which consist of the retrosplenial cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, and the precuneus. These areas are involved in various cognitive functions including memory processing, spatial cognition, and self-related processing. Fundamental previous studies from the areas of neuropsychology, neuroimaging, psychiatry, and neurology, are covered to describe memory-related functions in the medial parietal areas. The focus is on the default mode network and the encoding/retrieval flip as key issues for understanding memory functions in the medial parietal areas.

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Interoception and Mental Health

Khalsa Sahib S., Adolphs Ralph, Cameron Oliver G., Critchley Hugo D., Davenport Paul W., Feinstein Justin S., Feusner Jamie D., Garfinkel Sarah N., Lane Richard D., Mehling Wolf E., Meuret Alicia E., Nemeroff Charles B., Oppenheimer Stephen, Petzschner Frederike H., Pollatos Olga, Rhudy Jamie L., Schramm Lawrence P., Simmons W. Kyle, Stein Murray B., Stephan Klaas E., Van den Bergh Omer, Van Diest Ilse, von Leupoldt Andreas, Paulus Martin P., Ainley Vivien, Al Zoubi Obada, Aupperle Robin, Avery Jason, Baxter Leslie, Benke Christoph, Berner Laura, Bodurka Jerzy, Breese Eric, Brown Tiffany, Burrows Kaiping, Cha Yoon Hee, Clausen Ashley, Cosgrove Kelly, Deville Danielle, Duncan Laramie, Duquette Patrice, Ekhtiari Hamed, Fine Thomas, Ford Bart, Garcia Cordero Indira, Gleghorn Diamond, Guereca Yvette, Harrison Neil A., Terasawa Yuuri, Umeda Satoshi

Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 3 （ 6 ） 501 - 513 2018年06月

ISSN 2451-9022

Interoception refers to the process by which the nervous system senses, interprets, and integrates signals originating from within the body, providing a moment-by-moment mapping of the body's internal landscape across conscious and unconscious levels. Interoceptive signaling has been considered a component process of reflexes, urges, feelings, drives, adaptive responses, and cognitive and emotional experiences, highlighting its contributions to the maintenance of homeostatic functioning, body regulation, and survival. Dysfunction of interoception is increasingly recognized as an important component of different mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, addictive disorders, and somatic symptom disorders. However, a number of conceptual and methodological challenges have made it difficult for interoceptive constructs to be broadly applied in mental health research and treatment settings. In November 2016, the Laureate Institute for Brain Research organized the first Interoception Summit, a gathering of interoception experts from around the world, with the goal of accelerating progress in understanding the role of interoception in mental health. The discussions at the meeting were organized around four themes: interoceptive assessment, interoceptive integration, interoceptive psychopathology, and the generation of a roadmap that could serve as a guide for future endeavors. This review article presents an overview of the emerging consensus generated by the meeting.

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Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap

Khalsa S., Adolphs R., Cameron O., Critchley H., Davenport P., Feinstein J., Feusner J., Garfinkel S., Lane R., Mehling W., Meuret A., Nemeroff C., Oppenheimer S., Petzschner F., Pollatos O., Rhudy J., Schramm L., Simmons W., Stein M., Stephan K., Van den Bergh O., Van Diest I., von Leupoldt A., Paulus M., Ainley V., Al Zoubi O., Aupperle R., Avery J., Baxter L., Benke C., Berner L., Bodurka J., Breese E., Brown T., Burrows K., Cha Y., Clausen A., Cosgrove K., Deville D., Duncan L., Duquette P., Ekhtiari H., Fine T., Ford B., Garcia Cordero I., Gleghorn D., Guereca Y., Harrison N., Hassanpour M., Hechler T., Heller A., Hellman N., Herbert B., Jarrahi B., Kerr K., Kirlic N., Klabunde M., Kraynak T., Kriegsman M., Kroll J., Kuplicki R., Lapidus R., Le T., Hagen K., Mayeli A., Morris A., Naqvi N., Oldroyd K., Pané-Farré C., Phillips R., Poppa T., Potter W., Puhl M., Safron A., Sala M., Savitz J., Saxon H., Schoenhals W., Stanwell-Smith C., Teed A., Terasawa Y., Thompson K., Toups M., Umeda S., Upshaw V., Victor T., Wierenga C., Wohlrab C., Yeh H., Yoris A., Zeidan F., Zotev V., Zucker N.

Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging （Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging） 3 （ 6 ） 501 - 513 2018年06月

ISSN 24519022

© 2017 Society of Biological Psychiatry Interoception refers to the process by which the nervous system senses, interprets, and integrates signals originating from within the body, providing a moment-by-moment mapping of the body's internal landscape across conscious and unconscious levels. Interoceptive signaling has been considered a component process of reflexes, urges, feelings, drives, adaptive responses, and cognitive and emotional experiences, highlighting its contributions to the maintenance of homeostatic functioning, body regulation, and survival. Dysfunction of interoception is increasingly recognized as an important component of different mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, addictive disorders, and somatic symptom disorders. However, a number of conceptual and methodological challenges have made it difficult for interoceptive constructs to be broadly applied in mental health research and treatment settings. In November 2016, the Laureate Institute for Brain Research organized the first Interoception Summit, a gathering of interoception experts from around the world, with the goal of accelerating progress in understanding the role of interoception in mental health. The discussions at the meeting were organized around four themes: interoceptive assessment, interoceptive integration, interoceptive psychopathology, and the generation of a roadmap that could serve as a guide for future endeavors. This review article presents an overview of the emerging consensus generated by the meeting.

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Retrospective time estimation following damage to the prefrontal cortex

Kurosaki Y., Terasawa Y., Ibata Y., Hashimoto R., Umeda S.

Journal of Neuropsychology （Journal of Neuropsychology） 14 （ 1 ） 135 - 153 2018年01月

ISSN 1748-6645

© 2018 The British Psychological Society Time estimation in patients with prefrontal cortex (PFC) damage is often inaccurate. The relationship between PFC and estimation of short time intervals has been examined. However, it remains unclear whether PFC damage affects estimation of longer time intervals. Here, we investigated the ability of patients and healthy subjects to verbally estimate a period of 30 min, using a method easily applied in clinical settings. In 99 patients with brain damage, we compared under and normal ranges of time in patients with PFC damage or damage to other brain areas with the chi-squared test. Subsequently, we conducted a discriminant analysis and a multiple linear regression analysis to identify specific brain areas affecting time estimation. We observed a significantly larger number of patients who overestimated 30 min in the group with bilateral PFC damage compared to patients with damage to other regions. Discriminant analysis revealed that damage of right lateral PFC and left medial PFC contributed to discrimination between the normal range and overestimation groups. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that right lateral PFC damage strongly affected overestimation of a 30-min interval. Neuropsychological test results revealed lower general cognitive function scores and orientation scores in overestimation group. The length of estimated time and the score of delayed word recall were negatively correlated. We propose that these may require encoding, maintenance, and updating of memory and are indirectly related to contextual memory. We discuss hypotheses on contextual memory segmentation and reconstruction to clarify the mechanism of impaired time overestimation in PFC-damaged patients.

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Comparison of emotional processing assessed with fear conditioning by interpersonal conflicts in patients with depression and schizophrenia

Tani H., Tada M., Maeda T., Konishi M., Umeda S., Terasawa Y., Mimura M., Takahashi T., Uchida H.

Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences （Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences） 73 （ 3 ） 116 - 125 2018年01月

ISSN 1323-1316

© 2018 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2018 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology Aim: While emotional processing is implicated in various psychiatric illnesses, its differences among diagnoses are unclear. We compared associative learning of social values in patients with depression and schizophrenia by measuring skin conductance response to interpersonal stimuli. Methods: We included 20 female outpatients each with depression and schizophrenia. They underwent Pavlovian conditioning experiments in response to a classical aversive sound, and an interpersonal stimulus that was designed to cause aversive social conditioning with actors’ faces coupled with negative verbal messages. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the associations between the degree of conditioned response and the clinical characteristics of the participants. Results: Conditioned responses during the acquisition phase in both conditions were higher in depression compared to schizophrenia. Patients with depression successfully showed fear conditioning in both conditions, and they exhibited slower extinction in the interpersonal condition. The conditioned response during the extinction phase showed a positive association with Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Expressive Suppression score, and a negative association with the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Cognitive Reappraisal score and the use of antidepressants. Patients with schizophrenia did not become conditioned in either of the conditions. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale Negative Syndrome score was negatively associated with the degree of conditioned response during the acquisition phase in the interpersonal condition. Conclusion: Female patients with schizophrenia, especially those who prominently demonstrated negative symptoms, suggested their intrinsic impairments in the associative learning of social context. Antidepressants and adaptive emotional regulation strategy may enhance the extinction learning of aversive social conditioning in depression.

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Sustained Attention Function Evaluation during Cooking Based on Egocentric Vision

Ooi Sho, Sano Mutsuo, Tabuchi Hajime, Saito Fumie, Umeda Satoshi

2017-January 107 - 113 2017年12月

The attention function has been classified into (i) sustained attention, (ii) selective attention, (iii) controlled attention, (iv) distributed attention, and (v) capacity for attention. Ordinarily, in order to evaluate the function of attention, the digital cancellation test (D-CAT) or trail making test (TMT) are employed. However, these evaluations are in the form of paper tests, and cannot effectively evaluate small changes in activities daily of living in real time. Accordingly, we focus on human behavior during the act of cooking, in which multitasking is common and many types of ordinary movements are performed. We previously proposed a method of evaluating distributive attention during cooking and showed its effectiveness. In this study, a method for evaluating sustained attention is proposed. Specifically, we acquire an egocentric video by an egocentric vision and estimate line-of-sight based on the visual attention model that is integrated from the three kind of models (category-specific attention, top-down attention, and bottom-up attention). After that, we define line-to-sight information from high saliency area on the visual attention model.

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The impact of interoception on memory

Terasawa Yuri, Umeda Satoshi

165 - 178 2017年12月

Using interoception as a keyword, this chapter has summarized how changes in the internal physical state are encoded and how the processing of interoceptive information affects the memory of episodes and events. Interoceptive information processing is discussed frequently in the context of emotion in psychology. On the other hand, research studies and literature that have examined its relation to episodic memory are rare. However, changes in the internal physical state exist at the foundation of various concepts that have examined its relationship with memory. To understand the relationship more precisely, we focused on the following issues in this chapter: emotional arousal and bodily responses; effects of bodily responses on memory encoding; judgment related to memories and bodily response; and insular cortex and memory consolidation. Throughout the chapter, we presented the possibility that change in the physical state itself plays a role in latently supporting the encoding and recollection process.

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Area 10, 38

Umeda Satoshi

Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo 69 （ 4 ） 355 - 365 2017年04月

ISSN 1881-6096

This paper reviews the structural specificities and functional roles in Brodmann areas 10 and 38. A number of studies have focused on both areas through various approaches including neuropsychology, neuroimaging, psychiatry, neurology, and neurosurgery. Both areas 10 and 38 may have a substantially very complex higher-order cognitive functions, which are quite hard to disentangle. Here, I picked up some fundamental perspectives for reviewing previous studies, to provide efficient research orientations for the elucidation of functions in both areas.

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Time course and localization of brain activity in humor comprehension

Shibata Midori, Terasawa Yuri, Osumi Takahiro, Masui Keita, Ito Yuichi, Sato Arisa, Umeda Satoshi

Brain Research 1657 215 - 222 2017年02月

ISSN 0006-8993

Although a number of studies have investigated the incongruity-detection and resolution process in humor comprehension, it is difficult to functionally and anatomically dissociate these processes. We used event-related potentials (ERP) and standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography analysis (sLORETA) to examine the time course and localization of brain activity during incongruity detection and resolution. We used the same materials as in our previous fMRI study. Eighteen participants read funny and unfunny scenarios and judged whether the target sentence was funny or not. Results indicated that ERPs elicited by a funny punch line showed a P2 component followed by a P600 component over the centro-parietal electrode sites. Our sLORETA analysis of the P2 ERPs revealed a stronger activation for the funny vs. unfunny condition in the superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). For the P600 ERPs, the funny punch line elicited greater activation in the temporal-parietal regions. These results indicate that incongruity-detection processes activate the SFG and mPFC in the P2 time window, while incongruity-resolution processes generate activation at the temporal-parietal regions in the P600 time window. These results provide the evidence that verbal humor comprehension is processed in steps which start with the incongruity detection in the early P2 time window and followed by a P600 component reflecting incongruity resolution.

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Time course and localization of brain activity in humor comprehension: An ERP/sLORETA study

梅田聡

BRAIN RESEARCH 1657 215 - 222 2017年02月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 0006-8993

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Prospective memory mediated by interoceptive accuracy

Umeda Satoshi, Tochizawa Saiko, Shibata Midori, Terasawa Yuri

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 （ 1708 ） 2016年11月

ISSN 0962-8436

Previous studies on prospective memory (PM), defined as memory for future intentions, suggest that psychological stress enhances successful PM retrieval. However, the mechanisms underlying this notion remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that PM retrieval is achieved through interaction with autonomic nervous activity, which is mediated by the individual accuracy of interoceptive awareness, as measured by the heartbeat detection task. In this study, the relationship between cardiac reactivity and retrieval of delayed intentions was evaluated using the event-based PM task. Participants were required to detect PM target letters while engaged in an ongoing 2-back working memory task. The results demonstrated that individuals with higher PM task performance had a greater increase in heart rate on PM target presentation. Also, higher interoceptive perceivers showed better PM task performance. This pattern was not observed for working memory task performance. These findings suggest that cardiac afferent signals enhance PM retrieval, which is mediated by individual levels of interoceptive accuracy. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.

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Emotion disorders and abnormal perspiration

Umeda Satoshi

Brain and Nerve 68 （ 8 ） 893 - 901 2016年08月

ISSN 1881-6096

This article reviewed the relationship between emotional disorders and abnormal perspiration. First, I focused on local brain areas related to emotional processing, and summarized the functions of the emotional network involving those local areas. Functional disorders followed by the damage in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and insular cortex were reviewed, including related abnormal perspiration. I then addressed the mechanisms of how autonomic disorders influence emotional processing. Finally, possible future directions for integrated understanding of the connection between neural activities and bodily reactions were discussed.

Behavioral evidence of delayed prediction signals during agency attribution in patients with schizophrenia

Koreki Akihiro, Maeda Takaki, Fukushima Hirokata, Umeda Satoshi, Takahata Keisuke, Okimura Tsukasa, Funayama Michitaka, Iwashita Satoru, Mimura Masaru, Kato Motoichiro

Psychiatry Research 230 （ 1 ） 78 - 83 2015年11月

ISSN 0165-1781

Self-disturbance, a core feature of schizophrenia, recently has been explained from the standpoint of an abnormal sense of agency (SoA). Previous studies showed that aberrant SoA in schizophrenia arise from imprecise predictions about the sensory consequences of actions. However, the nature of the malfunctioning predictions remains unclear. We examined the temporally "delayed" nature of inadequate predictions. We studied 30 patients with schizophrenia and 30 healthy controls. Our original SoA task evaluates explicit experience of the temporal causal relationship between an intentional action and an effect on a computer screen under the presence of temporal biases. We introduced an adaptation with a "trial-by-trial" method that prolonged or shortened the temporal biases. We hypothesized that delayed prediction signals in schizophrenia could lead to a match in timing between predictions and actual outcomes, resulting in self-agency. The adjustment courses to changing temporal biases were evaluated. Patients with schizophrenia continued to feel self-agency even when the adjusted temporal bias was longer than 1000. ms. This result indicated that patient's prediction would be delayed in each trial. Our study empirically showed behavioral evidence for "delayed" prediction signals in a SoA paradigm for the first time.

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Behavioral evidence of delayed prediction signals during agency attribution in patients with schizophrenia

梅田聡

PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH 230 （ 1 ） 78 - 83 2015年11月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 0165-1781

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Attenuated sensitivity to the emotions of others by insular lesion

梅田聡

FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY 6 78 - 83 2015年09月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, ISSN 1664-1078

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Fear conditioning induced by interpersonal conflicts in healthy individuals

Tada Mitsuhiro, Uchida Hiroyuki, Maeda Takaki, Konishi Mika, Umeda Satoshi, Terasawa Yuri, Nakajima Shinichiro, Mimura Masaru, Miyazaki Tomoyuki, Takahashi Takuya

PLoS ONE 10 （ 5 ） 2015年05月

Psychophysiological markers have been focused to investigate the psychopathology of psychiatric disorders and personality subtypes. In order to understand neurobiological mechanisms underlying these conditions, fear-conditioning model has been widely used. However, simple aversive stimuli are too simplistic to understand mechanisms because most patients with psychiatric disorders are affected by social stressors. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a newly-designed conditioning experiment using a stimulus to cause interpersonal conflicts and examine associations between personality traits and response to that stimulus. Twenty-nine healthy individuals underwent the fear conditioning and extinction experiments in response to three types of stimuli: a simple aversive sound, disgusting pictures, and pictures of an actors' face with unpleasant verbal messages that were designed to cause interpersonal conflicts. Conditioned response was quantified by the skin conductance response (SCR). Correlations between the SCR changes, and personality traits measured by the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD) and Revised NEO Personality Inventory were explored. The interpersonal conflict stimulus resulted in successful conditioning, which was subsequently extinguished, in a similar manner as the other two stimuli. Moreover, a greater degree of conditioned response to the interpersonal conflict stimulus correlated with a higher ZANBPD total score. Fear conditioning and extinction can be successfully achieved, using interpersonal conflicts as a stimulus. Given that conditioned fear caused by the interpersonal conflicts is likely associated with borderline personality traits, this paradigm could contribute to further understanding of underlying mechanisms of interpersonal fear implicated in borderline personality disorder.

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