Details of a Researcher - Iida, Norimasa

Papers - Iida, Norimasa

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Study on Auto-Ignition and Combustion Mechanism of HCCI Engine

Norimasa Iida, Yudai Yamasaki, Susumu Sato, Kengo Kumano and Yuichiro Kojima

SAE Transactions Journal of Engines (SAE) SAE Technical Paper 2004-32-0095 2004-32-0095 2004.09

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Joint Work

In the HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine, a mixture of fuel and air is supplied to the cylinder and auto-ignition occurs resulting from compression. This method can expand the lean flammability limit, realizing smokeless combustion and also having the potential for realizing low NOx and high efficiency. The optimal ignition timing is necessary in order to keep high thermal efficiency. The Ignition in the HCCI engine largely depends on the chemical reaction between the fuel and the oxidizer. Physical methods in conventional engines cannot control it, so a chemical method is demanded. Combustion duration is maintained properly to avoid knocking. In addition, the amount of HC and CO emissions must be reduced. The objective of this study is to clarify the following through calculations with detailed chemical reactions and through experiment with the 2-stroke HCCI engine: the chemical reaction mechanism, and HC and CO emission mechanisms. Ignition and combustion mechanisms and the effect of pre-mixture heterogeneity on ignition and combustion are also clarified. This is done by using an optically accessible engine and measuring the luminescence at auto-ignition and during the combustion process.

Auto-Ignition and Combustion Analysis of DME Air Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine by Chemiluminescence Measurement (The Influence of Charge Inhomogeneity on HCCI Combustion)

Yudai YAMASAKA, Norimasa IIDA

日本機械学会論文集（Ｂ編） ((社)日本機械学会) 70 ( 697 ) 178-186 2004.09

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted

In HCCI engine, inhomogeneity of fuel distribution and temperature in pre-mixture has possibilities to affect ignition and combustion. An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the influence of inhomogeneity of fuel distribution on auto-ignition and combustion by using 4 stroke optical access engine. DME was used as the test fuel. Pressure profiles and two-dimensional luminescence image from chemical species have been measured and analyzed. Changing the fuel injection point and fuel injection duration in the intake chamber, inhomogenity was changed. Combustion duration in inhomogeneous condition was longer than homogeneous condition. Fluctuation of maximum pressure of cycles in inhomogeneous condition was larger than homogeneous condition. Luminescence started and stopped uniformly whole the combustion chamber in homogeneous condition, but in inhomogenous condition, luminance had variety in space and time.

Design of the High Thermal Efficiency HCCI Engine Running on DME: - Control of Autoignition Timing and Combustion Reaction Rate and Maintenance of High Combustion Efficiency -

Norimasa IIDA, Susumu SATO, Yuichiro KOJIMA and Masato IKEMOTO

日本機械学会　研究協力部会RC210　多様化する燃料と次世代動力システムの最適化に関する研究分科会　研究報告書（中間） ((社)日本機械学会) ( 1.1 ) 11-16 2004.07

Research paper (other academic), Joint Work

The past researches clarify the advantages and the disadvantages of HCCI Engine. In this paper, the conditions such as the amount of intake fuel and EGR gas, that can realize the operation, are investigated by using the past experimental data and the numerical analysis. On the basis of this, actually the engine is designed and tested. In addition, EGR gas is controlled by two ways, one is changing the exhaust tappet clearance and another is using the new cam that has two ledges in exhaust. The effect of the difference of the residual ways is investigated.

Experimental Study on HCCI Combustion Characteristics of n-Heptane and iso-Octane Fuel/air Mixture by the Use of a Rapid Compression Machine

Ock Taeck Lim, Naofumi Sendoh and Norimasa Iida

SAE Transactions Journal of Engines (SAE) 2004-01-1968 2004-01-1968 2004.06

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Joint Work, Accepted

The purpose of this research is to get fundamental knowledge and to experimentally understand about combustion characteristics of the fuel mixture. This paper shows the Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) characteristics of a mixture of n-Heptane and iso-Octane in a rapid compression machine. The experimental matrixes cover the n-Heptane mixing ratios, r (n- Heptane) , ranging from 0 to 100vol% and the equivalence ratios ranging from 0.1 to 0.6. The experimental study on the effect of mixing fuels focuses on the low temperature oxidation reaction temperatures, T(L) , the high temperature oxidation reaction temperatures, T(H) , the low temperature oxidation reaction starting times, t(L) , the high temperature oxidation reaction starting times, t(H) , and the degeneration period.
The results show that as r (n -Heptane) decreases, t(L) and t(H) become longer and T(L) and T(H) increase by 30K. As the equivalence ratio increases, t(L) becomes longer but t(H) is not a function of equivalence ratio. Moreover, for the partial equivalence ratio of n-Heptane lower than 0.2, t(L) , t(H) , T(L) and T(H) are a function of partial equivalence ratio of n-Heptane, while for the partial equivalence ratio of n-Heptane higher than 0.2, there are no effects on any oxidation reaction.

A Study of High Combustion Efficiency and Low CO Emission in a Natural Gas HCCI Engine

Daesu Jun and Norimasa Iida

SAE Transactions Journal of Engines (SAE) 2004-01-1974 2004-01-1974 2004.06

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted

Analysis of the Effect of Charge Inhomogeneity on HCCI Combustion by chemiluminescence measurement

Kengo Kumano and Norimasa Iida

SAE Transactions Journal of Engines (SAE) 2004-01-1902 2004-01-1902 2004.06

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Joint Work, Accepted

In the HCCI Engine, inhomogeneity in fuel distribution and temperature in the pre-mixture exists microscopically, and has the possibility of affecting the ignition and combustion process. In this study, the effect of charge inhomogeneity in fuel distribution on the HCCI combustion process was investigated. Two-dimensional images of the chemiluminescence were captured by using a framing camera with an optically accessible engine in order to understand the spatial distribution of the combustion. DME was used as a test fuel. By changing a device for mixing air and fuel in the intake manifold, inhomogeneity in fuel distribution in the pre-mixture was varied. The result shows that luminescence is observed in a very short time in a large part of the combustion chamber under the homogeneous condition, while luminescence appears locally with considerable time differences under the inhomogeneous condition. It is also shown that the local luminescence durations are almost the same in both conditions.

圧縮自己着火機関における予混合気の素反応数値計算

飯田訓正，佐藤進

日本機械学会　研究協力部会RC197　エンジンの燃焼モデリングに関する調査研究分科会（フェーズ2）　研究報告書 ((社)日本機械学会) 398-411 2004.06

Research paper (other academic), Joint Work

着火および燃焼の解析では，素反応過程を考慮した数値計算は，着火燃焼過程の詳細な化学反応の進行を評価できる手法として有効である。一方，実験則を用いたLivengood-Wu Model，化学反応過程を簡略化したShell ModelやSchreiber Modelといった簡略化モデルでも着火時期の予測は可能である。簡略化モデルをマルチディメンショナルの流体モデルに結合することで，確度の高い燃焼予測計算を行うことが期待される。
そこで本研究では，まず燃料種（DME，CNG，n-Butane），当量比，圧力をパラメータとして，詳細モデルによって各温度での着火遅れを算出し，データベース化する。その上でLivengood-Wu Modelに基づく推算値と詳細モデルの予測値が一致するか否かを，次の３つのケース，１）温度がＴ１からＴ２へステップ状に変化する場合，２）温度が連続的に上昇する場合，３）温度，圧力が共に断熱的に上昇する場合について順に比較する。最終的には確度の高いLivengood-Wu Modelに基づく推算式およびデータベースを提供する。

Performance and Exhaust Emission in a Natural-Gas Fueled Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine

IIDA NORIMASA

日本機械学会論文集(B編) ((社)日本機械学会) 70 ( 694 ) 197-203 2004.06

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Single Work, Accepted

The investigation of Diesel Spray Combustion in DME HCCI

IIDA NORIMASA

日本機械学会　研究協力部会RC207 ディーゼル機関のゼロエミッションと低燃費化のための燃焼物理と燃料化学に関する研究分科会，個別研究・中間成果報告 ((社)日本機械学会) ( 2.6 ) 1-6 2004.05

Research paper (other academic), Joint Work

HCHO、H2O2、COといった燃焼中間生成物が、噴霧燃料の着火および燃焼に及ぼす影響を調査することを目的として、急速圧縮装置（図1）を用いDME等の燃料と空気の予混合気中に噴霧燃料を高圧噴射する実験を行う。急速圧縮装置により燃料と空気の予混合気を圧縮して高温・高圧場を形成し、低温酸化反応・高温酸化反応を実現するプロセス中もしくはプロセス後に、ディーゼルノズルより噴霧を単発噴射する（図2）。雰囲気燃料としてDME、n-Heptane、iso-Octaneおよびn-Heptaneとiso-Octaneの混合燃料を用いる。噴霧燃料としてJIS2号軽油、n-Decaneおよび-Methylnaphthaleneを用いる。対象とする中間生成物はOH、H2O2、HCHO、HO2、COである。
DME、n-Heptaneおよびiso-Octaneと空気の予混合気を雰囲気とすることで、ディーゼル噴霧の化学的着火遅れ期間の長期化と、噴霧内燃料濃度の均一・希薄化を促進させることにより、NOxとすすの低減を狙う。また低温酸化反応中に生成されるHCHOやH2O2といった中間生成物はラジカル発光像を計測することで、これらの中間生成物がディーゼル燃焼に及ぼす影響を調査する。さらに、ディーゼル噴霧燃焼によるすす生成に与える影響については、高速度直接写真撮影光学系として二次元発光画像を計測しKL直を求めることで明らかにする。
初年度（平成15年度）は、0次元素反応数値計算により各雰囲気燃料を圧縮したときの中間生成物の履歴の調査を行い、急速圧縮装置を用いた実験では高速度直接写真撮影と二色法解析を行った。

使用過程車NOx・PM低減対策調査

飯田訓正，他

平成15年度環境省委託業務結果報告書 (株式会社数理計画) 2004.03

Research paper (other academic), Joint Work

ハイブリッド貨物自動車の技術動向調査報告書

飯田訓正

平成１５年度（社）全日本トラック協会委託事業 (（社）全日本トラック協会,委託先：（財）運輸低公害車普及機構) 2004.03

Research paper (other academic), Single Work

新燃料自動車の開発・導入動向及びその影響に関する調査報告書

飯田訓正，他１１名

財団法人道路経済研究所　新燃料自動車の開発・導入動向及びその影響に関する調査委員会　報告書 (国土交通省道路局，財団法人道路経済研究所) 2004.03

Research paper (other academic), Joint Work

高度な車載診断システム（OBDシステム）の技術基準策定に関する調査

飯田訓正，他１６名

独立行政法人交通安全環境研究所　高度な車戴診断システム（OBDシステム）導入検討会　報告書 (独立行政法人交通安全環境研究所) 2004.03

Research paper (other academic), Joint Work

DME燃料実用化基盤事業に関する報告書

飯田訓正，他１６名

高圧ガス保全協会，液化石油ガス研究所　DMEの安全性を確保する技術開発委員会　報告書 (高圧ガス保全協会，液化石油ガス研究所) 2004.03

Research paper (other academic), Joint Work

Analyses of Mechanisim on Roadside Pollution Caused by Exhaust Emissions from Running Vehicles: - Relation among Road Infrastructure, Traffic Conditions, Vehicle Behaviors and Roadside NOx Pollution -

Yutaka Takada, Tomio Miyazaki, Norimasa Iida

自動車技術会論文集 35 ( 1 ) 115-120 2004.01

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Joint Work, Accepted

On-board measurement system that can simultaneously obtain such information as road infrastructure，traffic conditions，driver’s operations，vehicle running conditions and exhaust mass emissions， was installed into a light duty freight vehicle and one box vehicle. Mechanism of roadside pollution caused by test vehicles with and without EGR emission reduction system was analyzed by conducting actual road tests. Different types of intensive NOx pollution were observed in two test vehicles. The vehicle with EGR system showed intensive NOx pollution at vehicle acceleration, where EGR ratio is low, but it was effective to reduce NOx mass emissions at low speed running in traffic jams where EGR ratio is rather high. On the other hand, the vehicle without EGR system showed intensive NOx pollution in low speed running such as in traffic jams

Numerical Calculation with Elementary Reactions of DME/Air Mixtures in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine

Susumu Sato, Yudai Yamasaki, Norimasa Iida

自動車技術会論文集 35 ( 1 ) 77-82 2004.01

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Joint Work, Accepted

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine is expected as next generation engine. However, it is difficult to control auto-ignition timing and combustion duration. In this study, numerical calculations with elementary reactions were carried out in order to investigate auto-ignition and combustion completion of DME/Air mixtures in HCCI engine. As a result, it was clarified the relation of maximum temperature and combustion efficiency, and emissions. It was also clarified the factor to determinate combustion speed was mol number of fuel throwed into the combustion chamber. In addition, increase of internal EGR rate makes combustion speed be slow, but it is impossible to rise IMEP by increase of this rate.

Auto-Ignition and Combustion Analysis of DME Air Mixture in an HCCI Engine by Radical Luminescence Measurement and Numerical Calculation

Yudai Yamasaki, Shinya Takahashi, Norimasa Iida

自動車技術会論文集 ((社)自動車技術会) 34 ( 4 ) 75-80 2003.10

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Joint Work, Accepted

The present study focuses on clarifying the auto-ignition and combustion mechanism in HCCI engine, and acquiring the comparable results in numerical calculations with elementary reactions. Chemical luminescences from radicals were measured in single cylinder 4-stroke optical access engine with DME fuel. DME shows multistage heat release with low temperature reaction (LTR) and high temperature reaction (HTR) at compressed rapidly as same as alkanes that have over 4 carbon. DME is expected to be alternative fuel, because of low flame temperature and no soot in a reciprocating engine.
First, two dimensional chemical luminescence images were obtained by framing camera, and influences of distribution of fuel in combustion chamber was clarified. Next, by using photo multiplier, chemical luminescence intensity profiles all over the combustion chamber were measured. These data were compared with calculated mole concentration profiles and luminescence intensity profiles, and relationship between chemical luminescence and mole concentration was investigated

"Development of simultaneous on-board measurement system for vehicle running condition and actual exhaust emissions "

IIDA NORIMASA

日本機械学会論文集（Ｃ編） ((社)日本機械学会) 69 ( 686 ) 2767-2774 2003.10

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Joint Work, Accepted

Actual exhaust emissions from running vehicle considerably depend on driver’s operation based on traffic conditions and road structure etc. It can result in local air pollution at roadside. It is necessary to clarify the influence on exhaust emissions by driver’s operation for analyzing of air pollution mechanism at roadside. Simultaneous on-board measurement system for vehicle running condition and actual exhaust emissions was developed to evaluate vehicle running condition and NOx emissions based on distance and time. The measurement system was installed in a freight vehicle whose payload is two tons, and actual driving test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the system.

Combustion Analysis of Blend Fuel of Methane and n-Butane in an HCCI Engine using Experiment and Elementary Reactions Calculation

Daesu Jun, Kazuaki Ishii, Norimasa Iida

自動車技術会論文集 ((社)自動車技術会) 34 ( 10 ) 69-74 2003.10

Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.), Joint Work, Accepted

An investigation was made into the influences of the blend ratios of n-butane with low temperature reaction on ignition and combustion in methane/n-butane/air mixtures using elementary reactions calculation and experimental study. As a result of elementary reactions and experimental study, the following facts are made clear ; ⅰ) As the blend ratio of n-butane increases, the autoignition temperature becomes lower, the autoignition advances. These are most sensitive to the small blend ratio of n-butane, further amounts of n-butane have a comparatively smaller effect. ⅱ) The generation of O, H, OH, HO2 radicals advances with increasing the blend ratio of n-butane. This effect becomes smaller with increasing the blend ratio of n-butane. ⅲ) As the blend ratio of n-butane increases, the CO emission decreases, and the maximum cycle temperature and combustion efficiency become higher.

Analysis of Auto-Ignition and Combustion of a HCCI Engine

飯田訓正，山崎由大

日本機械学会　研究協力部会RC189　ディーゼル機関のゼロエミッション化と低燃費のための燃焼と排気制御に関する研究分科会　研究成果報告書（最終） ((社)日本機械学会) ( 2.1 ) 45-50 2003.06

Research paper (other academic), Joint Work

予混合圧縮自己着火機関の着火および燃焼は燃料の化学反応過程に大きく依存しており，その制御には化学反応機構の把握が必要である．従来の予混合圧縮自己着火機関に関する研究では当量比，吸気温度，機関回転速度，EGR率，圧縮比，加給圧力が着火・燃焼に与える影響が明らかにされている．これらの研究で主に解析される，燃焼室内圧力履歴，温度履歴，熱発生率履歴等は，各素反応過程で生じる熱発生を積算したものであり，詳細な化学反応過程を解析，評価するには不十分である．化学反応過程の解析には素反応過程を考慮した数値計算が行われているが，計算結果の検証には実機内での化学反応過程に立ち入った結果が必要となり，素反応計算での化学種濃度履歴とLIFによる化学種濃度履歴の比較・検証等の試みも行われている．
着火および燃焼時の化学反応の進行状況を実験的に理解する上で，化学発光を計測することは重要である．そこで，本研究では予混合圧縮自己着火機関の着火・燃焼過程の化学反応機構の解明，素反応数値計算結果との比較検証を行える結果の取得を目的に，まず素反応数値計算に発光モデルを組み込み発光強度履歴の予測を試みた．次に４ストローク単機筒可視化エンジンにジメチルエーテル（DME）空気予混合気を投入し，圧縮自己着火燃焼過程での化学発光の強度履歴を計測し，計算結果との比較を行った．また予混合気中の燃料濃度の不均質性が圧縮自己着火燃焼に及ぼす影響を二次元発光画像の計測により調査した．

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