Details of a Researcher - Shimazu, Akihito

Papers - Shimazu, Akihito

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医学部卒業時に求められる行動科学に関するコンピテンシー　デルファイ法による調査結果

堤明純, 石川善樹, 乾明夫, 井上茂, 島津明人, 諏訪茂樹, 津田彰, 坪井康次, 中尾睦宏, 中山健夫, 端詰勝敬, 吉内一浩, 行動医学コアカリキュラム作成ワーキンググループ

行動医学研究 (日本行動医学会) 20 ( 2 ) 63 - 68 2014.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 1341-6790

行動科学について、医学生が卒業時に求められるコンピテンシーを明らかにすることを目的として、デルファイ法による調査を行った。日本行動医学会教育研修委員会の下に設置されたワーキンググループで、行動科学(行動医学)に関して、医学生が卒業時までに身につけておきたいと思われる知識や技術(コンピテンシー項目)のリストアップを行い、日本行動医学会評議員111名に対して、2ラウンドのデルファイ様式のオンライン調査に参加を呼びかけた。電子メールによる呼びかけに対し26名が参加した。参加者のうち、17名は心理学、5名は臨床、2名は看護、5名は社会医学のバックグラウンドを有していた(一部重複あり)。8名は大学医学部での講義の受け持ちを持っており、教育歴は平均11年であった。2回の調査で「説明もしくは概説できる」と集約されたコンピテンシー項目は、ストレスとコーピング、動機付け、行動療法、認知行動療法、利用者-医療者関係、医療者関係、クオリティオブライフ、ソーシャルサポート、セルフ・エフィカシー、刺激統制、リラクセーション法、アドヒアランス、服薬行動、傾聴技法および質問技法であった。「知っている必要あり」と集約されたコンピテンシー項目は、情報処理の自動化、ローカスオブコントロール、ティーチング、社会的認知、性行動、エンパワーメントであった。回答数は少ないものの、専門家からの意見として得られた今回の所見は、我が国の医学部における行動医学のカリキュラムを開発するにあたって参考になると考えられる。(著者抄録)

What Is Work Engagement?

島津明人

Harvard business review (ダイヤモンド社) 39 ( 9 ) 32 - 42 2014.09

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted

PSYCHOSOCIAL MECHANISMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH DISPARITY IN JAPANESE WORKERS: A TWO-WAVE PANEL SURVEY

Shimazu A., Kawakami N., Inoue A., Kurioka S., Miyaki K., Takahashi M., Tsutsumi A.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE 21 S189 - S190 2014.08

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 1070-5503

How workaholism affects employees and their families

Shimazu A., Kubota K., Bakker A.

Heavy Work Investment: Its Nature, Sources, Outcomes, and Future Directions (Heavy Work Investment: Its Nature, Sources, Outcomes, and Future Directions) 171 - 186 2014.07

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 9780415835053

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The context of psychosocial factors at work in the Asia Pacific

Dollard M., Shimazu A., Nordin R., Brough P., Tuckey M.

Psychosocial Factors at Work in the Asia Pacific (Psychosocial Factors at Work in the Asia Pacific) 3 - 26 2014.07

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 9789401789745

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. All rights are reserved. The Asia Pacific is diverse culturally, economically, and socially. Despite being the world's most populous region where many workers experience poor working conditions and insecure employment, little attention has been given to psychosocial factors at work in the region. This chapter argues that in understanding work conditions and worker health it is important to consider influences at the international, national, state, and local levels. Moreover, within nations, power actors such as unions, governments, and corporations, legal requirements, welfare regimes, national culture, corruption, and occupational health and safety policies and guidance, are fundamental influences on work conditions and worker health in the Asia Pacific. The chapter outlines initiatives in the region to foster knowledge development processes, such as the development of the Asia Pacific Academy for Psychosocial Factors at Work. The aim of such initiatives is to address the gap in the global and local stock of knowledge, so that good policies and practices can be developed for the region. A synopsis of each chapter is given to assist navigation through the book.

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Work addiction in Japanese workers

Matsuoka N., Shimazu A.

Psychosocial Factors at Work in the Asia Pacific (Psychosocial Factors at Work in the Asia Pacific) 217 - 230 2014.07

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 9789401789745

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. All rights are reserved. Nowadays people are more and more work free from the constraints of geography and time in line with the development of transportation and communication technology. These changes have been facilitating the diversity of working style. In addition to these innovations, the changes of economy have also been forcing individuals to work in various ways. These changes have possibility of deteriorating the work situation while enhancing the freedom of work styles. Thus, workaholism-the tendency to work hard with irresistible inner drive to do so-has been paid attention to by both in lay and academic people. In this chapter, we first overview the definition of workaholism and economic and working conditions in Japan. Then, we discuss (negative) impacts of workaholism on one's own and one partner's well-beings among Japanese workers, such as health, job and family satisfaction, and job performance. Finally, three suggestions for future research are discussed.

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Altered DNA methylation status of human brain derived neurotrophis factor gene could be useful as biomarker of depression

Song Y., Miyaki K., Suzuki T., Sasaki Y., Tsutsumi A., Kawakami N., Shimazu A., Takahashi M., Inoue A., Kan C., Kurioka S., Shimbo T.

American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics (American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 165 ( 4 ) 357 - 364 2014.06

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 15524841

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in the survival, development, and synaptic plasticity of neurons. BDNF is believed to be associated with the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. Several studies have suggested the relevance of DNA methylation in its promoter region with depression. Here, we report different methylation statuses in groups with different depressive scores or undergoing different levels of job-stress. DNA samples were extracted from the saliva of 774 Japanese workers, and the methylation status was determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation 450K Microarray. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Kessler's K6 questionnaire. Job-stress scales were assessed via a self-administered questionnaire. Independent DNA pools were formed based on K6 and job-strain scores, and the methylation levels were compared among these pools. The average DNA methylation rate was significantly decreased in the highest K6 score group compared to the lowest group (methylated signals, 14.2% vs. 16.5%, P=2·16×10 -198 ). This difference remained for the CpG island in the promoter region (10.4% vs. 5.8%, P=3·67×10 -133 ). Regarding the job-strain score, there was a slight increase in the methylation level of the whole gene in the group with the highest score compared to that with the lowest score; however, these groups showed no difference in the promoter region. Our results revealed significant changes in the DNA methylation status of the complete human BDNF gene in persons with depression compared to normal individuals, especially in the promoter region of exon 1. This indicates that DNA methylation in this gene is a promising biomarker for diagnosing depression. © 2014 The Authors.

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Work-Family Balance and Well-Being among Japanese Dual-Earner Couples: A Spillover-Crossover Perspective

Shimazu A., Shimada K., Watai I.

Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology: Global Perspectives on Research and Practice (Contemporary Occupational Health Psychology: Global Perspectives on Research and Practice) 3 84 - 96 2014.05

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 9781118713907

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved. In Japan, the entry of women into the work force has become increasingly common. The number of dual-earner families has been larger than that of single-earner families since 1997. Wives play a more important role in child care and housework in dual-earner couples with one or more children because of their husbands' longer working hours and because they conform to traditional gender roles. Thus, there is a potential for interference or conflict between the work and non-work lives of dual- earner couples (especially for the wives). This chapter examines work-family balance and its impact on well-being among Japanese dual-earner couples from a spillover-crossover perspective. It also discusses several unexamined issues, which need further research.

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健康でいきいきと働くために : ワーク・エンゲイジメントに注目した個人と組織の活性化 (特集未来を拓くキャリア教育)

島津明人

学校運営 (学校運営研究会) 55 ( 12 ) 22 - 25 2014.03

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 1343-5906

Future Occupational Mental Health : Two Proposals from Occupational Health Psychology

島津明人, 川上憲人

学術の動向 : SCJフォーラム = Trends in the sciences : SCJ Forum (日本学術協力財団) 19 ( 1 ) 60 - 65 2014.01

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 1342-3363

Effects of an Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) program in Manga format on improving subthreshold depressive symptoms among healthy workers: A randomized controlled trial.

Imamura, K., Kawakami, N., Furukawa, T., Matsuyama, Y., Shimazu, A., Umanodan, R., Kawakami, S., & Kasai, K.

PLOS ONE (PLoS ONE) 9(5) ( 5 ) e97167 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 1932-6203

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a new Internet-based computerized cognitive behavior therapy (iCBT) program in Manga format, the Japanese cartoon, for workers and to examine the effects of the iCBT program on improving subthreshold depression using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design among workers employed in private companies in Japan. Method: All workers in a company (n = 290) and all workers in three departments (n = 1,500) at the headquarters of another large company were recruited by an invitation e-mail. Participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to intervention or control groups (N = 381 for each group). A six-week, six-lesson iCBT program using Manga (Japanese comic) story was developed. The program included several CBT skills: self-monitoring, cognitive restructuring, assertiveness, problem solving, and relaxation. The intervention group studied the iCBT program at a frequency of one lesson per week. Depression (Beck Depression Inventory II; BDI-II) was assessed as a primary outcome at baseline, and threeand six-month follow-ups for both intervention and control groups were performed. Results: The iCBT program showed a significant intervention effect on BDI-II (t = -1.99, p<0.05) with small effect sizes (Cohen's d: -0.16, 95% Confidence Interval: -0.32 to 0.00, at six-month follow-up). Conclusions: The present study first demonstrated that a computerized cognitive behavior therapy delivered via the Internet was effective in improving depression in the general working population. It seems critical to improve program involvement of participants in order to enhance the effect size of an iCBT program. Trial Registration: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000006210. © 2014 Imamura et al.

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Effects of Computer-based Stress Management Training on Psychological Well-being and Work Performance in Japanese Employees: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

Umanodan, R., Shimazu, A., Minami, M., & Kawakami, N.

Industrial Health (Industrial Health) 52 ( 6 ) 480 - 491 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 00198366

© 2014 by National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a computer-based stress management training (SMT) program in improving employees’ psychological well-being and work performance. A total of 12 work units (N=263) were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (8 work units, n=142) or to a wait-list control group (4 work units, n=121). All participants were requested to answer online questionnaires assessing psychological well-being as a primary outcome, and coping style, social support, and knowledge about stress management as secondary outcomes at baseline (T0), immediately after the intervention (T1), and 2 months after the intervention (T2). The group × time interaction was tested using a mixed-model repeated measures ANOVA. Results showed a group × time interaction for “knowledge about stress management” in the entire sample. Among participants who had more than 3 d of training, a significant group × time interaction was observed for “problem-solving” and “avoidance and suppression” as well as “knowledge about stress management.” Our computer-based stress management program was effective for improving knowledge about stress management. It was also effective for improving coping skills in instances where participants had enough time (at least 3 d) to complete all sessions.

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"East is East and West is West and never the twain shall meet" Work engagement and workaholism across eastern and western cultures.

Qiao, H., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., Hessen, D., Hakanen, J., Salanova, M., & Shimazu, A.

Journal of the American Association of Behavioral and Social Sciences 1 6 - 24 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted

Optimal cutoff values of WHO-HPQ presenteeism scores by ROC analysis for 3 preventing mental sickness absence in Japanese prospective cohort

Suzuki, T., Miyaki, K., Sasaki, Y., Song, Y., Tsutsumi, A., Kawakami, N., Shimazu, A., Takahashi, M., Inoue, A., Kurioka, S., & Shimbo, T.

PLosOne (PLoS ONE) 9(10) ( 10 ) e111191 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 1932-6203

© 2014 Suzuki et al. Objectives: Sickness absence due to mental disease in the workplace has become a global public health problem. Previous studies report that sickness presenteeism is associated with sickness absence. We aimed to determine optimal cutoff scores for presenteeism in the screening of the future absences due to mental disease.Methods: A prospective study of 2195 Japanese employees from all areas of Japan was conducted. Presenteeism and depression were measured by the validated Japanese version of the World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (WHO-HPQ) and K6 scale, respectively. Absence due to mental disease across a 2-year follow-up was surveyed using medical certificates obtained for work absence. Socioeconomic status was measured via a self-administered questionnaire. Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine optimal cutoff scores for absolute and relative presenteeism in relation to the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity.Results: The AUC values for absolute and relative presenteeism were 0.708 (95% CI, 0.618-0.797) and 0.646 (95% CI, 0.546-0.746), respectively. Optimal cutoff scores of absolute and relative presenteeism were 40 and 0.8, respectively. With multivariate adjustment, cohort participants with our proposal cutoff scores for absolute and relative presenteeism were significantly more likely to be absent due to mental disease (OR= 4.85, 95% CI: 2.20-10.73 and OR= 5.37, 95% CI: 2.42-11.93, respectively). The inclusion or exclusion of depressive symptoms (K6≥13) at baseline in the multivariate adjustment did not influence the results.Conclusions: Our proposed optimal cutoff scores of absolute and relative presenteeism are 40 and 0.8, respectively. Participants who scored worse than the cutoff scores for presenteeism were significantly more likely to be absent in future because of mental disease. Our findings suggest that the utility of presenteeism in the screening of sickness absence due to mental disease would help prevent such an absence.

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Occupational and socioeconomic differences in actigraphically measured sleep.

Takahashi, M, Tsutsumi, A., Kurioka, S., Inoue, A., Shimazu, A., Kosugi, Y., & Kawakami, N.

Journal of Sleep Research (Journal of Sleep Research) 23 ( 4 ) 458 - 462 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 09621105

Occupational conditions, together with socioeconomic status, may modulate sleep. This study examined the association of occupational conditions and socioeconomic status with actigraphic measures of sleep in workers. Fifty-five employees (40 ± 12 years) wore a wrist actigraph during sleep for seven consecutive nights. Sleep variables addressed included total sleep time, sleep efficiency, mean activity during sleep, sleep-onset latency, and wake after sleep onset. We also measured household income, occupational class, work schedule, weekly work hours, job demand, job control, worksite social support, effort-reward imbalance, organizational justice, and workplace social capital. Multiple linear regression models were used to determine the association of occupational indicators, socioeconomic status, as well as age and gender with each sleep variable. Higher workplace social capital was associated consistently with longer total sleep time (P < 0.001), higher sleep efficiency (P < 0.05) and lower mean activity during sleep (P < 0.07). Low occupational class (P < 0.01), higher job demand (P < 0.05) and lower job control (P < 0.05) were associated with longer total sleep time. No associations were significant for sleep-onset latency or wake after sleep onset. These preliminary results suggest that enhanced workplace social capital is closely associated with better quality and quantity of sleep. © 2014 European Sleep Research Society.

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Development of a short version of the New Brief Job Stress Questionnaire

Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Shimomitsu, T., Tsutsumi, A., Haratani, T., Yoshikawa, T., Shimazu, A., & Odagiri, Y.

Industial Health (Industrial Health) 52 ( 6 ) 535 - 540 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 00198366

© 2014 by National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. This study was aimed to investigate the test-retest reliability and validity of a short version of the New Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (New BJSQ) whose scales have one item selected from a standard version. Based on the results from an anonymous web-based questionnaire of occupational health staffs and personnel/labor staffs, we selected higher-priority scales from the standard version. After selecting one item with highest item-total correlation coefficient from each scale, a 23-item questionnaire was developed. A nationally representative survey was administered to Japanese employees (n=1,633) to examine test-retest reliability and validity. Most scales (or items) showed modest but adequate levels of test-retest reliability (r>0.50). Furthermore, job demands and job resources scales (or items) were associated with mental and physical stress reactions while job resources scales (or items) were also associated with positive outcomes. These findings provided a piece of evidence that the short version of the New BJSQ is reliable and valid.

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Development of a short questionnaire to measure an extended set of job demands, job resources, and positive health outcomes: The New Brief Job Stress Questionnaire

Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Shimomitsu, T., Tsutsumi, A., Haratani, T., Yoshikawa, T., Shimazu, A., & Odagiri, Y

Industrial Health (Industrial Health) 52 ( 3 ) 175 - 189 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 00198366

This study aimed to investigate the reliability and construct validity of a new version of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (New BJSQ), which measures an extended set of psychosocial factors at work by adding new scales/items to the current version of the BJSQ. Additional scales/ items were extensively collected from theoretical job stress models and similar questionnaires in several countries. Scales/items were field-tested and refined through a pilot internet survey. Finally, an 84-item questionnaire (141 items in total when combined with the current BJSQ) was developed. A nationally representative survey was administered to employees in Japan (n=1,633) to examine the reliability and construct validity. Most scales showed acceptable levels of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Principal component analyses showed that the first factor explained 50% or greater proportion of the variance in most scales. A scale factor analysis and a correlation analysis showed that these scales fit the theoretical expectations. These findings provided a piece of evidence that the New BJSQ scales are reliable and valid. Although more detailed content and construct validity should be examined in future study, the New BJSQ is a useful instrument to evaluate psychosocial work environment and positive mental health outcomes in the current workplace. © 2014 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.

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Association of job demands with work engagement of Japanese employees: Comparison of challenges with hindrances (J-HOPE).

Inoue, A., Kawakami, N., Tsutsumi, A., Shimazu, A., Miyaki, K., Takahashi, M., Kurioka, S., Eguchi, H., Tsuchiya, M., Enta, K., Kosugi, Y., Sakata, T., & Totsuzaki, T.

PLosOne (PLoS ONE) 9 ( 3 ) e91583 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 1932-6203

Objectives:Recent epidemiological research in Europe has reported that two groups of job demands, i.e., challenges and hindrances, are differently associated with work engagement. The purpose of the present study was to replicate the crosssectional association of workload and time pressure (as a challenge) and role ambiguity (as a hindrance) with work engagement among Japanese employees. Methods:Between October 2010 and December 2011, a total of 9,134 employees (7,101 men and 1,673 women) from 12 companies in Japan were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire comprising the Job Content Questionnaire, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Generic Job Stress Questionnaire, short 10-item version of the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire, short nine-item version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, and demographic characteristics. Multilevel regression analyses with a random intercept model were conducted. Results: After adjusting for demographic characteristics, workload and time pressure showed a positive association with work engagement with a small effect size (standardized coefficient [β = 0.102, Cohen's d [d] = 0.240) while role ambiguity showed a negative association with a large effect size (β =20.429, d = 1.011). After additionally adjusting for job resources (i.e., decision latitude, supervisor support, co-worker support, and extrinsic reward), the effect size of workload and time pressure was not attenuated (β = 0.093, d = 0.234) while that of role ambiguity was attenuated but still medium (β =20.242, d = 0.609). Conclusions: Among Japanese employees, challenges such as having higher levels of workload and time pressure may enhance work engagement but hindrances, such as role ambiguity, may reduce it. © 2014 Inoue et al.

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Psychological detachment from work during off-job time: Predictive role of work and non-work factors in Japanese employees.

Shimazu, A., de Jonge, J., Kubota, K., & Kawakami, N.

Industrial Health (Industrial Health) 52 ( 2 ) 141 - 146 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 00198366

Psychological detachment from work, an off-job experience of "switching off" mentally, seems to be crucial for promoting employee's well-being. Previous studies on predictors of psychological detachment mainly focused on job-related factors, and only a few studies focused on family-related and personal factors. This study focuses not only on job-related factors (job demands, job control, workplace support) but also on family-related (family/friend support) and personal factors (workaholism), and examines the relation of these three factors with psychological detachment. Data of 2,520 Japanese employees was randomly split into two groups and then analyzed using cross-validation. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that family/friend support had a positive association with psychological detachment, whereas a subscale of workaholism (i.e. working compulsively) had negative associations with it across the two groups. Results suggest that family/friend support would facilitate psychological detachment whereas workaholism would inhibit it. © 2014 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.

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Future Occupational Mental Health: Two Proposals from Occupational Health Psychology

SHIMAZU Akihito, KAWAKAMI Norito

TRENDS IN THE SCIENCES (Japan Science Support Foundation) 19 ( 1 ) 1_60 - 1_65 2014

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 1342-3363

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