研究者詳細 - 曽我　朋義

論文 - 曽我　朋義

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Microelectrospray interface with coaxial sheath flow for high-resolution capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry separation.

Hashimoto, M., *Ishihama, Y., Tomita, M., Soga, T.

Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 21 （ 22 ） 3579 - 3584 2007年11月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

We have fabricated a coaxial sheath liquid flow microelectrospray ionization (microESI) interface for capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE/MS). The ESI interface, which features a reduced probe diameter (130 microm i.d. x 174 microm o.d.) with a nebulizer-free format, can relatively easily electrospray a large amount of make-up sheath liquid (5-10 microL/min) over the long term (more than 80 runs) with a high degree of stability. The interface also provides higher separation qualities and improved detection sensitivities compared with a conventional ion spray (IS) interface.

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Metabolome analysis by capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry

Monton M.R.N., Soga, T.

J. Chromatogr. A 1168 （ 1-2 ） 237 - 246 2007年10月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-mass spectrometry (MS), as an analytical platform, has made significant contributions in advancing metabolomics research, if still limited up to this time. This review, covering reports published between 1998 and 2006, describes how CE-MS has been used thus far in this field, with the majority of the works dealing with targeted metabolite analyses and only a small fraction using it in the comprehensive context. It also discusses how some of the key features of CE-MS were exploited in selected metabolomic applications.

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Polymer Entrapment in Polymerized Silicate for Preparing Highly Stable Capillary Coatings in CE and CE-MS

Monton, R.M.N., Tomita, M., *Soga, T., *Ishihama, Y.

Anal. Chem. 79 （ 20 ） 7838 - 7844 2007年10月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

An easy-to-implement capillary coating strategy based on polymer entrapment in the network of polymerized silicate is described. In this manner, cationic polymers are tightly fixed onto the inner wall of the capillary for electroosmotic flow control without necessitating complex surface modification chemistries. The resulting coated capillary exhibited good stability over a wide range of pH, good reproducibility, strong endurance in more than 300 electrophoretic runs, and tolerance of commonly employed organic solvent additives in CE. Applications in CE-MS analysis of biologically important anions as well as sample enrichment are shown. Additionally, it was used as a durable base for attachment of multiple layers of charged polymers on the wall, via electrostatic interaction with the preceding layer. Thus, two novel types of highly stable coated capillaries, one with anodic EOF and the other cathodic, were developed.

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Direct measurement of isotopomer of intracellular metabolites using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry for efficient metabolic flux analysis

Toya, Y., Ishii, N., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S., Shimizu, K., Tomita, M., *Soga, T.

J. Chromatogr. A 1159 （ 1-2 ） 134 - 141 2007年08月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

We have developed a metabolic flux analysis method that is based on 13C-labeling patterns of the intracellular metabolites directly measured by capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE–TOFMS). The flux distribution of the central carbon metabolism in Escherichia coli was determined by this new approach and the results were compared with findings obtained by conventional GC–MS analysis based on isotopomer of the proteinogenic amino acids. There were some differences in estimation results between new approach using CE–TOFMS and conventional approach using GC–MS. These were thought to be attributable to variations in measured mass distributions between amino acids and the corresponding precursors and to differences in the sensitivity of the exchange coefficients to mass distributions. However, our CE–TOFMS method facilitates high-throughput flux analysis without requiring complicated sample preparation such as hydrolysis of proteins and derivatization of amino acids.

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P-BOSS: A New Filtering Method for Treasure Hunting in Metabolomics

Morohashi, M., Shimizu, K., Ohashi, Y., Abe, J., Mori, H., Tomita, M., Soga, T.

J. Chromatogr. A 1159 （ 1-2 ） 142 - 148 2007年08月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Metabolomics is expected to boost data driven research. In biomarker discovery, powerful filtering methods to remove noise and outliers are essential for screening significant candidates from the huge volume of omic data. Here we propose a post-measurement peak filtering method (named P-BOSS) for CE electrospray ionization–time-of-flight MS (CE–TOFMS) data. Combining outlier detection method functions in parallel, we applied P-BOSS to the data using Escherichia coli knockout mutants of the tryptophan and purine biosynthesis pathways. As the result, P-BOSS showed remarkably superior performance, reducing 65% of all peaks, while leaving significant peaks.

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Analysis of Nucleotides by Pressure-Assisted Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry Using Silanol Mask Technique

Soga, T.*, Ishikawa, T., Igarashi, S., Sugawara, K., Kakazu Y., Tomita, M.

J. Chromatogr. A 1159 （ 1-2 ） 125 - 133 2007年08月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

A method for the determination of nucleotides based on pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PACE–MS) is described. To prevent multi-phosphorylated species from adsorbing onto the fused-silica capillary, silanol groups were masked with phosphate ions by preconditioning the capillary with the background electrolyte containing phosphate. During preconditioning, nebulizer gas was turned off to avoid contamination of MS detector with phosphate ions. To detect nucleotides using the CE positive mode at a pH 7.5, it was necessary to apply air pressure to the inlet capillary during electrophoresis to supplement the electroosmotic flow (EOF) toward the cathode. Moreover, we exchanged the running electrolyte every analysis using the buffer replenishment system to obtain the required reproducibility. Under the optimized conditions, 14 phosphorylated species such as nucleotides, nicotinamide–adenine dinucleotides and coenzyme A (CoA) compounds were well determined in less than 20 min. The relative standard deviations (n = 6) of the method were better than 0.9% for migration times and between 1.7% and 8.1% for peak areas. The detection limits for these species were between 0.5 and 1.7 μmol/L with pressure injection of 50 mbar for 30 s (30 nL) at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. This approach is robust and quantitative compared to the previous method, and its utility is demonstrated by the analysis of intracellular nucleotides and CoA compounds extracted from Escherichia coli wild type, pfkA and pfkB knockout mutants. The methodology was used to suggest that pfkA is the main functional enzyme.

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Model based definition of population heterogeneity and its effects on metabolism in sporulating Bacillus subtilis

Morohashi, M., *Ohashi, Y., Tani S., Ishii, K., Itaya, M., Nanamiya, H., Kawamura, F., Tomita, M., Soga, T.

J. Biochem. 142 （ 2 ） 183 - 191 2007年08月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis forms dormant, robust spores as a tactic to ensure survival under conditions of starvation. However, the sporulating culture includes sporulating and non-sporulating cells, because a portion of the cell population initiates sporulation in wild-type strain. We anticipated that the population effect must be considered carefully to analyse samples yielding population heterogeneity. We first built a mathematical model and simulated for signal transduction of the sporulation cue to see what mechanisms are responsible for generating the heterogeneity. The simulated results were confirmed experimentally, where heterogeneity is primarily modulated by negative feedback circuits, resulting in generation of a bistable response within the sporulating culture. We also confirmed that mutants relevant to negative feedback yield either sporulating or non-sporulating subpopulations. To see the effect of molecular mechanism between sporulating and non-sporulating cells in distinct manner, metabolome analysis was conducted using the above mutants. The metabolic profiles exhibited distinct characteristics with time regardless of whether sporulation was initiated or not. In addition, several distinct characteristics of metabolites were observed between strains, which was inconsistent with previously reported data. The results imply that careful consideration must be made in the interpretation of data obtained from cells yielding population heterogeneity.

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Multiple High-throughput Analyses Monitor the Response of E. coli to Perturbations

Ishii, N., Nakahigashi, K., Baba, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Kanai, A., Hirasawa, T., Naba, M., Hirai, K., Hoque, A., Ho, P.Y., Kakazu, Y., Sugawara, K., Igarashi, S.,Harada, S., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Togashi, T., Hasegawa, M., Takai, Y., Yugi, K., Arakawa, K., Iwata, N., Toya, Y., Nakayama, Y., Nishioka, T., Shimizu, K., Mori, H., *Tomita, M

Science 316 （ 5824 ） 593 - 597 2007年04月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Analysis of cellular components at multiple levels of biological information can provide valuable functional insights. We performed multiple high-throughput measurements to study the response of Escherichia coli cells to genetic and environmental perturbations. Analysis of metabolic enzyme gene disruptants revealed unexpectedly small changes in messenger RNA and proteins for most disruptants. Overall, metabolite levels were also stable, reflecting the rerouting of fluxes in the metabolic network. In contrast, E. coli actively regulated enzyme levels to maintain a stable metabolic state in response to changes in growth rate. E. coli thus seems to use complementary strategies that result in a metabolic network robust against perturbations.

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Roles of Hemoglobin Allostery in Hypoxia-induced Metabolic Alterations in Erythrocytes: Simulation and Its Demonstration by Metabolome Analysis

Kinoshita, A., Tsukada, K., Soga, T., Hishiki, T., Ueno, Y., Nakayama, Y., Tomita, M., Suematsu, M

J. Biol. Chem. 282 （ 14 ） 10731 - 10741 2007年04月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

When erythrocytes are exposed to hypoxia, hemoglobin (Hb) stabilizes in the T-state by capturing 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This process could reduce the intracellular pool of glycolytic substrates, jeopardizing cellular energetics. Recent observations suggest that hypoxia-induced activation of glycolytic enzymes is correlated with their release from Band III (BIII) on the cell membrane. Based on these data, we developed a mathematical model of erythrocyte metabolism and compared hypoxia-induced differences in predicted activities of the enzymes, their products, and cellular energetics between models with and without the interaction of Hb with BIII. The models predicted that the allostery-dependent Hb interaction with BIII accelerates consumption of upstream glycolytic substrates such as glucose 6-phosphate and increases downstream products such as phosphoenolpyruvate. This prediction was consistent with metabolomic data from capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. The hypoxia-induced alterations in the metabolites resulted from acceleration of glycolysis, as judged by increased conversion of [13C]glucose to [13C]lactate. The allostery-dependent interaction of Hb with BIII appeared to contribute not only to maintenance of energy charge but also to further synthesis of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which could help sustain stabilization of T-state Hb during hypoxia. Furthermore, such an activation of glycolysis was not observed when Hb was stabilized in R-state by treating the cells with CO. These results suggest that Hb allostery in erythrocytes serves as an O2-sensing trigger that drives glycolytic acceleration to stabilize intracellular energetics and promote the ability to release O2 from the cells.

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Visualization of Three-way Comparisons of Omics Data

Baran, R., Robert, M.*, Suematsu, M., Soga, T., Tomita, M.

BMC Bioinformatics 8 72 2007年03月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Background: Density plot visualizations (also referred to as heat maps or color maps) are widely used in different fields including large-scale omics studies in biological sciences. However, the current color-codings limit the visualizations to single datasets or pairwise comparisons.
Results: We propose a color-coding approach for the representation of three-way comparisons. The approach is based on the HSB (hue, saturation, brightness) color model. The three compared values are assigned specific hue values from the circular hue range (e.g. red, green, and blue). The hue value representing the three-way comparison is calculated according to the distribution of three compared values. If two of the values are identical and one is different, the resulting hue is set to the characteristic hue of the differing value. If all three compared values are different, the resulting hue is selected from a color gradient running between the hues of the two most distant values (as measured by the absolute value of their difference) according to the relative position of the third value between the two. The saturation of the color representing the three-way comparison reflects the amplitude (or extent) of the numerical difference between the two most distant values according to a scale of interest. The brightness is set to a maximum value by default but can be used to encode additional information about the three-way comparison.
Conclusion: We propose a novel color-coding approach for intuitive visualization of three-way comparisons of omics data.

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MathDAMP: a package for differential analysis of metabolite profiles

Baran, R., Kochi, H., Saito, N., Suematsu, M., Soga, T., Nishioka, T., Robert, M., Tomita, M.

BMC Bioinformatics 7 530 2006年12月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Background: With the advent of metabolomics as a powerful tool for both functional and biomarker discovery, the identification of specific differences between complex metabolite profiles is becoming a major challenge in the data analysis pipeline. The task remains difficult, given the datasets' size, complexity, and common shifts in migration (elution/retention) times between samples analyzed by hyphenated mass spectrometry methods.
Results: We present a Mathematica (Wolfram Research, Inc.) package MathDAMP (Mathematica package for Differential Analysis of Metabolite Profiles), which highlights differences between raw datasets acquired by hyphenated mass spectrometry methods by applying arithmetic operations to all corresponding signal intensities on a datapoint-by-datapoint basis. Peak identification and integration is thus bypassed and the results are displayed graphically. To facilitate direct comparisons, the raw datasets are automatically preprocessed and normalized in terms of both migration times and signal intensities. A combination of dynamic programming and global optimization is used for the alignment of the datasets along the migration time dimension. The processed datasets and the results of direct comparisons between them are visualized using density plots (axes represent migration time and m/z values while peaks appear as color-coded spots) providing an intuitive overall view. Various forms of comparisons and statistical tests can be applied to highlight subtle differences. Overlaid electropherograms (chromatograms) corresponding to the vicinities of the candidate differences from any result may be generated in a descending order of significance for visual confirmation. Additionally, a standard library table (a list of m/z values and migration times for known compounds) may be aligned and overlaid on the plots to allow easier identification of metabolites.
Conclusion: Our tool facilitates the visualization and identification of differences between complex metabolite profiles according to various criteria in an automated fashion and is useful for data-driven discovery of biomarkers and functional genomics.

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Prediction of liquid chromatographic retention times of peptides generated by protease digestion of the Escherichia coli proteome using artificial neural networks

Shinoda, K., Sugimoto, M., Yachie, N., Sugiyama, N., Masuda, T., Robert, M., Soga, T., Tomita, M.,

J. Proteome Res 5 （ 12 ） 3312 - 3317 2006年12月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

We developed a computational method to predict the retention times of peptides in HPLC using artificial neural networks (ANN). We performed stepwise multiple linear regressions and selected for ANN input amino acids that significantly affected the LC retention time. Unlike conventional linear models, the trained ANN accurately predicted the retention time of peptides containing up to 50 amino acid residues. In 834 peptides, there was a strong correlation (R2 = 0.928) between measured and predicted retention times. We demonstrated the utility of our method by the prediction of the retention time of 121,273 peptides resulting from LysC-digestion of the Escherichia coli proteome. Our approach is useful for the proteome-wide characterization of peptides and the identification of unknown peptide peaks obtained in proteome analysis.

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HybGFS: a hybrid method for genome-fingerprint scanning

Shinoda, K., Yachie, N., Masuda, T., Sugiyama, N., Sugimoto, M., Soga, T., Tomita, M.,

BMC Bioinformatics 7 479 2006年10月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Background: Protein identification based on mass spectrometry (MS) has previously been performed using peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) or tandem MS (MS/MS) database searching. However, these methods cannot identify proteins that are not already listed in existing databases. Moreover, the alternative approach of de novo sequencing requires costly equipment and the interpretation of complex MS/MS spectra. Thus, there is a need for novel high-throughput protein-identification methods that are independent of existing predefined protein databases.
Results: Here, we present a hybrid method for genome-fingerprint scanning, known as HybGFS. This technique combines genome sequence-based peptide MS/MS ion searching with liquid-chromatography elution-time (LC-ET) prediction, to improve the reliability of identification. The hybrid method allows the simultaneous identification and mapping of proteins without a priori information about their coding sequences. The current study used standard LC-MS/MS data to query an in silico-generated six-reading-frame translation and the enzymatic digest of an entire genome. Used in conjunction with precursor/product ion-mass searching, the LC-ETs increased confidence in the peptide-identification process and reduced the number of false-positive matches. The power of this method was demonstrated using recombinant proteins from the Escherichia coli K12 strain.
Conclusion: The novel hybrid method described in this study will be useful for the large-scale experimental confirmation of genome coding sequences, without the need for transcriptome-level expression analysis or costly MS database searching.

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Evaluation of Metabolic Alteration in Transgenic Rice Overexpressing Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase

Takahashi, H., Hayashi, M., Sato, S., Soga, T., Nishioka, T., Tomita, M., Kawai-Yamada, M., Uchimiya, H.,

Ann. Bot. 98 （ 4 ） 819 - 825 2006年10月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Background and aims: Previous studies have shown that transgenic rice plants overexpressing YK1, which possesses dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) activity, showed biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. High throughput profiles of metabolites have also been shown in such transgenic plants by Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry. In this study, capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry analysis (CE/MS) was employed to identify precise metabolites such as organic acids, amino acids and sugars.
Methods: Using CE/MS, we analysed several metabolites of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, the concentrations of sugars and ion were quantified.
Key results: In YK1 (DFR)-overexpressing plants, the concentrations of cis-aconitate, isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate were higher in leaves, whereas those of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate were lower in roots. In seeds, the amounts of free amino acids and metals were altered, whereas sugars in seeds were kept constant. In YK1 calli, an approx. 3-fold increase in glutathione was observed, whereas the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were concomitantly increased.
Conclusions: The overexpression of YK1 (DFR) was associated with slight changes in the amounts of several metabolites analysed in whole plants, whilst glutathione derivatives were substantially increased in suspension-cultured cells.

Metabolomics Approach for Enzyme Discovery

Saito, N., Robert, M., Kitamura, S., Baran, R., Soga, T., Mori, H., Nishioka, T., Tomita, M.

J. Proteome Res. 5 （ 8 ） 1979 - 1987 2006年08月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

The search for novel enzymes is an important but difficult task in functional genomics. Here, we present a systematic method based on in vitro assays in combination with metabolite profiling to discover novel enzymatic activities. A complex mixture of metabolites is incubated with purified candidate proteins and the reaction mixture is subsequently profiled by capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE-MS). Specific changes in the metabolite composition can directly suggest the presence of an enzymatic activity while subsequent identification of the compounds whose level changed specifically can pinpoint the actual substrate(s) and product(s) of the reaction. We first evaluated the method using several Escherichia coli metabolic enzymes and then applied it to the functional screening of uncharacterized proteins. In this manner, YbhA and YbiV proteins were found to display both phosphotransferase and phosphatase activity toward different sugars/sugar phosphates. Our approach should be broadly applicable and useful for enzyme discovery in any system.

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Differential Metabolomics Reveals Ophthalmic Acid As An Oxidative Stress Biomarker Indicating Hepatic Glutathione Consumption

Soga, T., Baran, R., Suematsu M., Ueno, Y., Ikeda, S., Sakurakawa T., Kakazu, Y., Ishikawa, T., Robert, M., Nishioka, T., Tomita, M.

J. Biol. Chem. 281 （ 24 ） 16768 - 16776 2006年06月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Metabolomics is an emerging tool that can be used to gain insights into cellular and physiological responses. Here we present a metabolome differential display method based on capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry to profile liver metabolites following acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. We globally detected 1,859 peaks in mouse liver extracts and highlighted multiple changes in metabolite levels, including an activation of the ophthalmate biosynthesis pathway. We confirmed that ophthalmate was synthesized from 2-aminobutyrate through consecutive reactions with gamma-glutamylcysteine and glutathione synthetase. Changes in ophthalmate level in mouse serum and liver extracts were closely correlated and ophthalmate levels increased significantly in conjunction with glutathione consumption. Overall, our results provide a broad picture of hepatic metabolite changes following acetaminophen treatment. In addition, we specifically found that serum ophthalmate is a sensitive indicator of hepatic GSH depletion, and may be a new biomarker for oxidative stress. Our method can thus pinpoint specific metabolite changes and provide insights into the perturbation of metabolic pathways on a large scale and serve as a powerful new tool for discovering low molecular weight biomarkers.

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Conductivity detection in capillary zone electrophoresis: Inspection by PeakMaster

Jaros, M., Soga, T., Van de Goor, T., *Gas, B.

Electrophoresis 26 （ 10 ） 1948 - 1953 2005年05月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 01730835

A simple rule stating that the signal in conductivity detection in capillary zone electrophoresis is proportional to the difference between the analyte mobility and mobility of the background electrolyte (BGE) co‐ion is valid only for systems with fully ionized electrolytes. In zone electrophoresis systems with weak electrolytes both conductivity signal and electromigration dispersion of analyte peaks depend on the conductivity and pH effects. This allows optimization of the composition of BGEs to give a good conductivity signal of analytes while still keeping electromigration dispersion near zero, regardless of the injected amount of sample. The demands to achieve minimum electromigration dispersion and high sensitivity in conductivity detection can be accomplished at the same time. PeakMaster software is used for inspection of BGEs commonly used for separation of sugars (carbohydrates, saccharides) at highly alkaline pH. It is shown that the terms direct and indirect conductivity detection are misleading and should not be used.

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Metabolome analysis and metabolic simulation

Ishii, N., Soga, T., Nishioka, T., Tomita, M.

Metabolomics 1 （ 1 ） 29 - 37 2005年03月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

For many decades microorganisms have been used for industrial purposes; traditional fermentations such as brewing and production of food additives, aroma molecules, organic acids and pharmaceutical-like antibiotics or recombinant proteins are instances of the industrial microorganism utilization. Therefore, microorganism modeling and simulation have been required for engineering purposes, because of demands for design, optimization and quality control of large-scale fermentation plants. Modeling has recently become more highly developed, aided by the deciphering of microorganism genomes, the completion of metabolic databases, the development of analytical methodologies and improvements in the performance of computers. This paper reviews past and recent metabolic simulation of microorganisms, and also discusses the metabolome analytical techniques and the construction of large-scale microorganism models which are now being developed in our group.

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Large-Scale Prediction of Cationic Metabolite Identity and Migration Time in Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry Using Artificial Neural Networks

Sugimoto, M., Kikuchi, S., Arita, M., Soga, T., Nishioka, T., Tomita, M.

Anal. Chem. 77 （ 1 ） 78 - 84 2005年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

We developed a computational technique to assist in the large-scale identification of charged metabolites. The electrophoretic mobility of metabolites in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) was predicted from their structure, using an ensemble of artificial neural networks (ANNs). Comparison between relative migration times of 241 various cations measured by CE-MS and predicted by a trained ANN ensemble produced a correlation coefficient of 0.931. When we used our technique to characterize all metabolites listed in the KEGG ligand database, the correct compounds among the top three candidates were predicted in 78.0% of cases. We suggest that this approach can be used for the prediction of the migration time of any cation and that it represents a powerful method for the identification of uncharacterized CE-MS peaks in metabolome analysis.

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Simultaneous Determination of Main Metabolites in Rice Leaves using Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry and Capillary Electrophoresis Diode Array Detection

Sato, S., Soga, T., Nishioka, T., Tomita, M.

Plant J. 40 （ 1 ） 151 - 163 2004年10月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

The study of the metabolomics of primary metabolites using conventional chemical analyses requires a high‐throughput method. Chemical derivatizations are a prerequisite for gas‐chromatographic separation, and a large sample quantity is needed for liquid‐chromatographic separation and nuclear magnetic resonance detection systems. Recently, we have developed a capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS) technology that can simultaneously quantify a large number of primary metabolites, using only a small quantity of samples, and without any chemical derivatizations. Parallel use of a capillary electrophoresis–diode array detector (CE–DAD) system further enables almost all water‐soluble intracellular metabolites to be analyzed. We demonstrate, with rice leaves, a simple and rapid method of sample preparation for CE analysis; using this method, we have successfully measured the levels of 88 main metabolites involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, photorespiration, and amino acid biosynthesis.

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曽我 朋義

論文 - 曽我 朋義

曽我　朋義

論文 - 曽我　朋義