Details of a Researcher - Okamura, Tomonori

Papers - Okamura, Tomonori

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Genetic variation in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and the effect of alcohol consumption on cholesterol levels

Nakamura Yasuyuki, Amamoto Kenji, Tamaki Shinji, Okamura Tomonori, Tsujita Yasuyuki, Ueno Yoshiki, Kita Yoshikuni, Kinoshita Masahiko, Ueshima Hirotsugu

Atherosclerosis 164 ( 1 ) 171 - 177 2002

ISSN 0021-9150

Moderate drinkers with a defective alcohol dehydrogenase type 3 (ADH3) genotype have higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and a decreased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). We examined the interaction between the aldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (ALDH2), alcohol intake, and HDL levels in 826 men and 1295 women in a rural town in Japan. The ALDH2 genotype of each subject was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. HDL was adjusted for the alcohol intake, age, body mass index, smoking status, total cholesterol, triglycerides and HbA1c levels. None of the subjects had a history or ECG suggestive of CAD. The proportions of ALDH2, *1/*1, *1/*2, and *2/*2 (defective homozygote) were 45.8, 46.0, and 8.2%, respectively, for men. Drinking more than two drinks daily was associated with lower HDL levels in men with the defective genotypes compared with men with a normal genotype (55.6±0.9 vs. 51.2±0.9 mg/dl, mean±S.E., P<0.0001). Also, drinking more than 0.5 drinks daily was not associated with beneficial effects on HDL levels in women with defective ALDH2 genotypes. Conclusions: Alcohol intake did not have beneficial effects on HDL levels in the defective ALDH2 genotype and may not protect against CAD in subjects with defective ALDH2 genotypes. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Estimated relative and absolute risk for cardiovascular disease according to alcohol consumption increase in Japanese general population

Okamura T., Hayakawa T., Kadowaki T., Amamoto K., Kita Y., Okayama A., Ueshima H.

Nihon Arukoru Yakubutsu Igakkai zasshi = Japanese journal of alcohol studies & drug dependence 36 ( 6 ) 586 - 595 2001.12

ISSN 1341-8963

To calculate the estimated relative and absolute risks for cardiovascular diseases according to alcohol consumption increase, we performed a cross-sectional study of men aged 40-79 years using the data from the National Survey of Circulatory Disorders 1990 in Japan. First, we investigated the association between alcohol intake and two types of biochemical variables: serum lipids and blood pressure, by using analysis of variance. Then, concerning the subjects aged 40-59 years, linear regression analyses between alcohol intake and these biochemical markers were done to calculate regression coefficients adjusted for confounding factors. Finally, we substituted these regression coefficients for previously reported regression coefficients in Cox proportional hazard models to calculate relative and absolute risks for coronary heart disease and stroke. Alcohol intake positively correlated to systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). However, there was no relation between alcohol intake and serum total cholesterol. Linear regression coefficients of SBP, DBP and HDLC were 2.25, 1.43, 2.70, respectively. We used two proportional hazard regression formulas of Japanese population: one for coronary disease (Circulation 89, 2533-39) and the other for stroke (NIPPON DATA80, a 14-year cohort study of randomly selected Japanese). The estimated relative risks of coronary heart disease and stroke were 0.89 and 1.06 for 1 "go" (23 g of ethanol) increment of alcohol intake. The results indicate that the mortality rates shift from 0.44 to 0.39 per 1,000 person-years for coronary heart disease and from 0.76 to 0.81 per 1,000 person-years for stroke in the representative Japanese population aged 40-59 years. The absolute risk of cardiovascular disease may be unchanged if we assume 23 g increment of ethanol intake in Japan because the risk reduction in coronary heart disease was nearly equal to the risk increment in stroke.

Serum triglycerides and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women

Iso Hiroyasu, Naito Yoshihiko, Sato Shinichi, Kitamura Akihiko, Okamura Tomonori, Sankai Tomoko, Shimamoto Takashi, Iida Minoru, Komachi Yoshio

American Journal of Epidemiology 153 ( 5 ) 490 - 499 2001.03

ISSN 0002-9262

To examine the relation of triglycerides with coronary heart disease among populations with low mean total cholesterol, the authors conducted a 15.5-year prospective study ending in 1997 of 11,068 Japanese aged 40-69 years (4,452 men and 6,616 women with mean total cholesterol = 4.73 mmol/liter and 5.03 mmol/liter, respectively), initially free of coronary heart disease or stroke. There were 236 coronary heart disease events comprising 133 myocardial infarctions, 68 angina pectoris events, and 44 sudden cardiac deaths. The coronary heart disease incidence was greater in a dose-response manner across increasing quartiles of nonfasting triglycerides for both sexes. The multivariate relative risk of coronary heart disease adjusting for coronary risk factors and time since last meal associated with a 1-mmol/liter increase in triglycerides was 1.29 (95% confidence interval (Cl): 1.09, 1.53; p = 0.004) for men and 1.42 (95% Cl: 1.15, 1.75; p = 0.001) for women. The trend was similar for myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, and sudden cardiac death. The relation of triglycerides with coronary heart disease was not influenced materially by total cholesterol levels or, in a subsample analysis (51% of total sample), by high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Nonfasting serum triglycerides predict the incidence of coronary heart disease among Japanese men and women who possess low mean values of total cholesterol. Further adjustment for high density lipoprotein cholesterol suggests an independent role of triglycerides on the coronary heart disease risk.

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Lipid disorder and atherosclerosis caused by smoking

Kadowaki T., Okamura T., Ueshima H.

Nippon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine 59 Suppl 3 214 - 219 2001

ISSN 0047-1852

A changing pattern of food frequency according to aging. A study in a rural cohort with 14-year follow-up

Iino M., Moriwake S., Okamura T., Sato S., Murayama M., Suzuki R., Terao A., Ishikawa Y., Kitamura A., Naito Y., Imano H., Nagano E., Nakagawa Y., Iida M.

[Nippon kōshū eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 48 ( 1 ) 38 - 46 2001

ISSN 0546-1766

Plasma fibrinogen and coronary heart disease in urban japanese

Sato Shinichi, Nakamura Masakazu, Iida Minoru, Naito Yoshihiko, Kitamura Akihiko, Okamura Tomonori, Nakagawa Yuko, Imano Hironori, Kiyama Masahiko, Iso Hiroyasu, Shimamoto Takashi, Komachi Yoshio

American Journal of Epidemiology 152 ( 5 ) 420 - 423 2000.09

ISSN 0002-9262

There is little information on the relation of plasma fibrinogen concentration to the risk of coronary heart disease in Asians, including Japanese, whose plasma fibrinogen concentration has been reported to be low by Western standards. The authors conducted a prospective study with 4.8 years of follow-up of 11,977 men and women aged 21-89 years (mean value of fibrinogen = 267 mg/dl) living or working in Osaka, Japan, in 1990-1996 to examine the relation of plasma fibrinogen with the incidence of coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction and angina pectoris). Mean fibrinogen concentration was 293.6 mg/dl for men who developed coronary heart disease (n = 35) compared with 261.6 mg/dl for men free of coronary heart disease (n = 8,094; difference, p < 0.01), and 355.2 mg/dl for women who developed coronary heart disease (n = 6) compared with 276.8 mg/dl for women free of coronary heart disease (n = 3,842; difference, p < 0.01). With a Cox proportional hazards model to adjust for cardiovascular risk factors, the relative risk for the highest fibrinogen quartile (≥295 mg/dl) compared with the lowest (<228 mg/dl) was 4.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.4, 16.8, p = 0.01) for coronary heart disease, and 3.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.1, 13.4, p = 0.04) for myocardial infarction. Plasma fibrinogen is useful to predict the risk of coronary heart disease among urban Japanese, whose mean plasma fibrinogen is relatively low.

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Prospective study on alcohol intake and risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage among Japanese men and women

Sankai Tomoko, Iso Hiroyasu, Shimamoto Takashi, Kitamura Akihiko, Naito Yoshihiko, Sato Shinichi, Okamura Tomonori, Imano Hironori, Iida Minoru, Komachi Yoshio

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 24 ( 3 ) 386 - 389 2000.03

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0145-6008

Background: Few prospective data are available to evaluate potential risk factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage among the Japanese, although several prospective studies conducted in the United States and in Europe have shown a positive relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: A 9.4 year follow-up study was conducted on 12,372 men and women age 40 to 69 years who had no history of stroke, in six communities in Japan. The incident cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage were confirmed with computed tomography findings and/or clinical findings. Alcohol intake and other cerebrovascular risk factors were measured at the baseline examination. A Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to estimate the relative risks and 95% confidence intervals of the incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results: During the follow-up assessment, 71 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhages occurred. For men, heavy drinking appeared to be an independent risk factor for subarachnoid hemorrhage; multivariate-adjusted relative risk was 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-16.8;p = 0.04). Among women, no excess risk was found for heavy drinking, probably due to the small number of heavy drinkers (n = 15). The combination of heavy drinking with smoking or hypertension increased the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage substantially for men; the multivariate-adjusted relative risk was 6.0 (95% CI: 1.8-20.1;p = 0.004) for heavy drinking smokers and 13.0 (95% CI: 3.9-43.9; p < 0.001) for heavy drinking hypertensives. Conclusions: A reduction in alcohol intake, smoking cessation, and control of hypertension are important in preventing subarachnoid hemorrhage among Japanese men.

Validity and reliability of the japanese version of the selected anger expression scale and age, sex, occupation and regional differences in anger expression among Japanese

Ohira Tetsuya, Iso Hiroyasu, Tanigawa Takeshi, Sankai Tomoko, Imano Hironori, Okamura Tomonori, Kiyama Masahiko, Kitamura Akihiko, Nakagawa Yuko, Sato Shinichi, Naito Yoshihiko, Lida Minoru, Shimamoto Takashi

Journal of Epidemiology 10 ( 2 ) 118 - 123 2000

ISSN 0917-5040

To examine the reliability and construct validity of the Japanese version of the Anger Expression Scale among four Japanese communities, and to examine distributions of anger expression scores according to sex, age, occupation, and community, we performed a crosssectional study among 1,802 men and 3,229 women aged 20-70 in four geographic populations in 1995-97. We handed a self-administered questionnaire, which was selected from the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale, to the participants in the risk factor surveys and measured anger-in and anger-out as the anger expression scale. These scales had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.97-0.98 for anger-out and 0.77-0.86 for angerin) and were of almost the same structure as the original. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the anger expression scale examined in 1995 and 1996 were 0.69 for anger-out and 0.57 for anger-in (both p<0.001). The mean scores of both anger-out and anger-in were inversely associated with age. The mean anger-out score was higher for men than for women (p<0.001), whereas the mean anger-in score did not vary significantly between the sexes. Furthermore, the mean scores of anger-out and anger-in varied among populations and occupational groups. The present study suggests that the Japanese version of the selected Anger Expression Scale is an acceptable scale for evaluatinq anger expression among Japanese.

Factors relate to participation in medical checkups in a rural community an analysis including social network scores

Okamura T., Suzuki R., Nakagawa Y., Terao A., Sato S., Kitamura A., Naito Y., Imano H., Tamura Y., Iida M., Komachi Y.

[Nippon kōshū eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 46 ( 8 ) 616 - 623 1999

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

Since 1969, community-based stroke prevention programs have been conducted in N town, Kochi prefecture. To clarify factors related to participation in medical checkups including social networks, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey was performed on 6,704 residents aged 40 and over in N town in 1996. 1. Location of the workplace, types of medical insurance and interest in health were significantly associated with participation in medical checkups. 2. Participation in medical examinations provided at the workplace was significantly, inversely related with participation rates in community checkups in the group aged 40 to 59 years. 3. Low independence level in daily activities was inversely associated with participation rates for medical checkups in groups aged 60 years and older. 4. Visiting medical facilities was inversely associated with the participation rate for medical checkups in female groups. 5. The group with the highest social networks score (5 points) had the highest participation rate for medical checkups. After adjusting for other participation related factors, social networks scores had a significantly positive association with the participation rate for medical checkups provided by the Health Services for the Elderly Act.

Plasma level of homocysteine is correlated to extracranial carotid- artery atherosclerosis in non-hypertensive Japanese

Okamura Tomonori, Kitamura Akihiko, Moriyama Yuri, Imano Hironori, Sato Shinichi, Terao Atushi, Naito Yoshihiko, Nakagawa Yuko, Kiyama Masahiko, Tamura Yoshitaka, Iida Minoru, Suzuki Hideyoshi, Komachi Yoshio

Journal of Cardiovascular Risk 6 ( 6 ) 371 - 377 1999

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, ISSN 1350-6277

Background: Results of some epidemiologic studies in Western countries have clarified that hyperhomocysteinemia is a plausible risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease, but its role in Japanese communities is not known. Design: A community-based cross-sectional design. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 474 elderly men aged 60-74 years in two Japanese rural communities (Noichi in southwestern Japan and Ikawa in northeastern Japan). We examined the association between plasma concentrations of homocysteine and the maximum intima-media thickness (assessed by ultrasonography). Results: The prevalence of thickening was 10.7% for the lowest fertile of homocysteine level and 21.1% for the highest fertile. For the subjects without hypertension, the odds ratio for having carotid intima-media thickening was 5.8; it was significantly higher for the highest fertile of homocysteine level than it was for the lowest after adjusting for age, hypercholesterolemia, hypoalphalipoproteinemia, diabetes, and smoking by using a multiple logistic regression model. However, its correlation was not evident for those with hypertension. Conclusions: High levels of plasma homocysteine are correlated to extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis in elderly men without hypertension in Japanese rural communities.

Cohort study on risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage among Japanese men and women

Sankai Tomoko, Iso Hiroyasu, Shimamoto Takashi, Kitamura Akihiko, Naito Yoshihiko, Sato Shinichi, Okamura Tomonori, Imano Hironori, Iida Minoru, Komachi Yoshio

Japanese Journal of Hygiene 53 ( 4 ) 587 - 595 1999

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0021-5082

Purpose: To examine the risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage, for few prospective data have been available on risk factors of subarachnoid hemorrhage among Japanese. Methods: A 9.4-year cohort study was conducted on 12,372 men and women, aged 40-69 years, free of history of stroke in six communities in Japan. Results: During the follow-up, seventy-one incidents of subarachnoid hemorrhage occurred. After adjusting for age, serum total cholesterol, body mass index, history of diabetes mellitus, blood pressure category and drinking category, current smokers had a significantly increased risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage compared with 'never-smokers': multivariate relative risk (RR) [95% confidence interval (95%CI)] = 3.1(1.4-6.9) for women, 1.5(0.4-5.3) for men and 2.7(1.3-5.5) for men and women. Hypertensives had a significantly increased risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage compared with normotensives: multivariate RR(95%CI) = 3.1(1.6-6.0) for women, 4.3(1.5- 12.0) for men and 3.4(2.0-5.9) for men and women. For men, heavy drinkers (>=69 g per day ethanol), had a significantly increased risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage compared with 'never-drinkers': multivariate RR(95%CI) = 4.3(1.1- 16.8). For women, the relationship between heavy drinking and risk was not examined due to the small number of heavy drinkers (n=13). Multivariate RR(95%CI) for men who smoked currently and drank heavily compared with men who did not smoke currently nor drink heavily was 6.0(1.8-20.1). Multivariate RR(95%CI) for hypertensive men who drank heavily compared with normotensive or borderline hypertensive men who did not drink heavily was 13.0(3.9-43.9). Multivariate RR(95%CI) for hypertensive men and women who smoked currently compared with normotensive or borderline hypertensive men and women who did not smoke currently was 6.1(1.3-28.7) for men and 6.3(1.4-28.0) for women. Furthermore, the combination of smoking, hypertension and heavy drinking raised the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage substantially: multivariate RR(95%CI) = 17.5(3.4-90.2). Conclusion: Smoking and hypertension appeared to increase the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. For men, although the association of smoking with the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage was weak compared with women, the combination of smoking, hypertension and heavy drinking increased the risk substantially. For women, smoking appeared to be an independent risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the combination of smoking and hypertension increased the risk in additive fashion.

Characteristics and outcome of stroke patients discharged from hospitals in an urban area of Japan

Kitamura A., Iida M., Nakagawa Y., Kiyama M., Sato S., Okamura T., Naito Y., Imano H., Yamane N., Ootsuka J., Yamamoto R., Matsumura K., Kijima H., Komachi Y.

[Nippon kōshū eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 45 ( 8 ) 740 - 748 1998

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

The purpose of this study was to obtain the overall characteristics and outcome in stroke patients in an urban area of Japan, in order to develop some strategies for a community-based care system for improvement of the prognosis and activities of daily life in stroke patients. The present study, based on 4 hospitals in Yao city in Osaka, showed results as follows: 1) The number of stroke patients discharged from 4 hospitals during a recent one year period was 377 (216 men and 161 women). 2) The proportion of patients who died was 27%. Of the living patients, the proportions of patients who had motor paralysis or speech disturbance at discharge were 54% and 27%, respectively. 3) The proportion of patients who were to return to their home was 77% for all living patients. The proportion of patients who were not able to walk by themselves, or needed assistance in at least one of the activities of daily life was 31% and 28%, respectively, for all living patients who were to return to their home. This study showed that stroke registry from major hospitals in an urban area is useful for obtaining the overall characteristics of stroke patients in the area and promote community-wide programs in the prevention and home care of stroke.

The relation between platelet aggregation and constitutional and lifestyle variables in two Japanese communities

Imano H., Iso H., Tanigawa T., Sankai T., Ohira T., Kudo M., Shimamoto T., Sato S., Okamura T., Iida M.

[Nippon kōshū eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 45 ( 6 ) 536 - 551 1998

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

To investigate the contribution of the platelet aggregation in the development of cardiovascular diseases, we examined the relation of constitutional and lifestyle variables with platelet aggregation for a total of 306 males aged 50 to 70 in Ikawa town, Akita prefecture (n = 163) and Noichi town, Kochi prefecture (n = 143). The examination of platelet aggregation was completed within 3 hours of obtaining blood samples. We used ADP (Adenosine 5'-diphosphate) as an agonist and obtained PATI (the platelet aggregatory threshold index) by nephelometry. Platelet count, mean platelet volume, white blood cell count, serum fatty acid compositions were also examined and dietary intake of fish, seafood and soy bean foods were inquired using one-week dietary records. PATI indicated a logarithmic normal distribution in both Ikawa and Noichi. The mean of logarithmic transformed PATI (log PATI) was higher in Ikawa than in Noichi. Thus platelet aggregation was lower in Ikawa than in Noichi. According to multiple regression analysis, age, platelet count in platelet rich plasma, mean platelet volume in platelet rich plasma, and white blood cell count were inversely associated with log PATI. Serum arachidonic acid composition tended to be inversely related with log PATI. Serum n3-polyunsaturated fatty acid composition was positively related with log PATI, and log gamma-GTP tended to be positively associated with log PATI. Soy protein intake and cigarette smoking showed no consistent associations with log PATI. This cross-sectional study suggests that serum n3-polyunsaturated fatty acid, and gamma-GTP, as an index of alcohol intake, reduce platelet aggregation while age, white blood cell count, platelet count, mean platelet volume, and serum arachidonic acid raise platelet aggregation.

A low prevalence of coronary heart disease among subjects with increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, including those with plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein deficiency

Moriyama Yuri, Okamura Tomonori, Inazu Akihiro, Doi Mitsunori, Iso Hiroyasu, Mouri Yoshitaka, Ishikawa Yoshinori, Suzuki Hideyoshi, Iida Minoru, Koizumi Junji, Mabuchi Hiroshi, Komachi Yoshio

Preventive Medicine 27 ( 5 I ) 659 - 667 1998

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0091-7435

Background. Use of genetic analysis may improve the predictive value of risk factors for disease. A high plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is a strong negative risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency causes increased levels of HDL cholesterol. However, recent studies suggest that CETP deficiency is a risk factor for CHD despite elevated HDL cholesterol levels. Methods. Plasma lipid levels, CHD prevalence, resting electrocardiograms, and common CETP gene mutations were analyzed cross-sectionally in a population of 19,044 male and 29,487 female Japanese subjects (ages 45-79 years). Results. High HDL cholesterol levels (serum HDL cholesterol ≤80 mg/dl, ≤95th percentile) were found in 6 and 5% of Japanese men and women, respectively. In the group with HDL cholesterol ≤80 mg/dl, common CETP gene mutations were identified in 23-24% of men and 31-49% of women. The prevalence of CHD in the group with high HDL cholesterol (≤80 mg/dl) was low among both men (1.0%) and women (1.3%). There was no difference in CHD prevalence between hyper- HDL-cholesterolemic subjects with and without CETP mutations. Conclusions. Subjects with very high HDL levels (HDL cholesterol ≤80 mg/dl) as well as mild-to-moderate HDL elevations (60-79 mg/dl) appear to be protected against CHD, whether or not they have CETP deficiency, a genetic cause of elevated HDL.

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Alcohol intake and premature coronary heart disease in urban Japanese men

Kitamura Akihiko, Iso Hiroyasu, Sankai Tomoko, Naito Yoshihiko, Sato Shinichi, Kiyama Masahiko, Okamura Tomonori, Nakagawa Yuko, Iida Minoru, Shimamoto Takashi, Komachi Yoshio

American Journal of Epidemiology 147 ( 1 ) 59 - 65 1998

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0002-9262

To examine the relation between alcohol intake and the incidence of coronary heart disease among Japanese, the authors analyzed data from a prospective study of 8,476 Japanese male employees, who were 40-59 years old at baseline (between 1975 and 1984) and worked for 13 urban companies in Osaka, Japan. These men were followed until the end of 1993, on average, an 8.8-year follow-up. Eighty-three coronary heart disease events (54 myocardial infarction, 32 angina pectoris) occurred during the employment period under study. Compared with the risk of coronary heart disease for never drinkers, the age-adjusted relative risk for those with an increased ethanol intake was lower, but the risk did not appear to be reduced further with the intake of ≤69 g of ethanol per day. The multivariate relative risk adjusted for age, serum total cholesterol, cigarette smoking, body mass index, left ventricular hypertrophy, and a history of diabetes mellitus was 0.83 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24-2.86) in exdrinkers, 0.69 (95% CI 0.37-1.29) in drinkers of 1-22 g/day of ethanol, 0.55 (95% CI 0.29-1.05) in drinkers of 23-45 g/day, 0.41 (95% CI 0.19-0.88) in drinkers of 46-68 g/day, and 0.59 (95% CI 0.23- 1.51) in drinkers of ≤69 g/day. The inverse association with alcohol intake was similar between myocardial infarction and angina pectoris. Alcohol intake seemed to prevent the premature incidence of coronary heart disease among urban Japanese middle-aged men.

Survival and disability in stroke by stroke subtype based on computed tomographic findings in three rural Japanese communities

Sankai T., Iso H., Imano H., Ohira T., Tanigawa T., Shimamoto T., Kitamura A., Sato S., Naito Y., Kiyama M., Okamura T., Nakagawa Y., Iida M., Komachi Y.

[Nippon kōshū eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 45 ( 6 ) 552 - 563 1998

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

PURPOSE: We conducted an epidemiological study of survival and disability in stroke in three Japanese communities to seek community strategies for improvement in survival and disability. METHODS: A total of 297 first-ever strokes were identified between 1988 and 1992 in three rural communities (total population = 47,000) located in Akita and Ibaraki. We analyzed survival rates and activity of daily living by sex, age-group and stroke subtypes. Successful review of computed tomography (CT) for 84 percent of the strokes (249 out of 297) was possible and the data were used for subtype analyses. RESULTS: For all strokes (n = 297) survival rates were 85% for 30 day, 70% for one year, 62% for three year. The rates tended to be lower in women than in men. The rates were lowest in ages less than 60 at thirty day, and in ages 80 and older at the end of the first and third year. Intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular rupture, subarachnoid hemorrhage and cortical cerebral infarction had lower survival rates than intracerebral hemorrhage without ventricular rupture and lacunar infarction. Based on Cox's proportional hazard model, risk ratio for death was 2.07 in ages 70-79, and 3.80 in ages 80 and older compared with ages 60-69. The risk ratio was 3.46 for intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular rupture, 3.38 for subarachnoid hemorrhage and 2.46 for cortical cerebral infarction compared with lacunar infarction. The proportion of stroke survivors who need assistance from others in the first and third years tended to be higher in women than in men. The proportion was higher in older patients than in the younger, and higher for intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular rupture and cortical cerebral infarction than in other subtypes of stroke. From logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for disability in the first year was 6.55 for ages 80 and older compared with ages 60-69. The odds ratio was 5.61 for intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular rupture, 4.53 for cortical cerebral infarction compared with lacunar infarction. In the third year the odds ratio was significant for ages 70-79, and decreased for intracerebral hemorrhage with ventricular rupture (odds ratio = 2.98), and increased for cortical cerebral infarction (odds ratio = 6.06). CONCLUSIONS: Survival and disability in stroke depended on age and stroke subtypes. Even after age adjustment, stroke subtypes with large cerebral involvement had worse prognosis than stroke subtypes. Community-based hypertension control programs are important to prevent any subtypes of stroke. Stroke subtypes as well as age should be taken into account to develop effective care and medical treatments for strokes.

The relation of alcohol intake to constitutional and biochemical variables in Japanese populations

Kitamura A., Iso H., Sato S., Iida M., Naito Y., Kiyama M., Okamura T., Nakagawa Y., Shimamoto T., Sankai T., Imano H., Komachi Y.

[Nippon kōshū eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 43 ( 2 ) 86 - 101 1996.02

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

To investigate associations of alcohol intake to constitutional and biochemical variables, cross-sectional studies of men aged 40-59 years from six geographical and occupational populations with varied lifestyles were conducted in the 1990's. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, HDL-cholesterol, and uric acid were linearly associated with alcohol intake in all six populations. Drinkers of 2+ drinks (46 g ethanol or more) per day showed higher levels of triglyceride, glutamic pyruvic transaminase than never-drinkers. In two urban occupational populations, men who mainly drank beer had higher uric acid levels; men mainly drinking sake had higher blood pressures and lower serum total cholesterol; men mainly drinking whiskey had higher obesity indices. These differences in constitutional and biochemical variables related to type of alcoholic beverage consumed may be due to differences in lifestyles such as diet and physical activity.

Characteristics of participants in community-based rehabilitation programs and their levels of independence in activities of daily living

Okamura T., Nakagawa Y., Ishikawa Y., Kitamura A., Kiyama M., Sato S., Naito Y., Iida M., Iso H., Shimamoto T.

[Nippon kōshū eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 42 ( 10 ) 878 - 887 1995.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

To clarify characteristics of participants in community-based rehabilitation programs provided by local municipalities (cities, towns, and villages) and effect of the program on their levels of independence in activities of daily living (ADL), a cross-sectional study was performed on 422 participants in 49 municipalities in Kochi Prefecture. 1. Mean age of participants was 68.3 +/- 9.0, and 77.7% of them were stroke patients. 2. The mean interval between disease onset and program participation was 40.4 months, and the mean duration of program participation was 54.5 months. 3. At the start of rehabilitation programs and at the time of the investigation (December 1993), about 90% of the participants had good levels of independence in ADL (Rank A and over according to the standard of the Ministry of Health and Welfare). 4. The frequency of rehabilitation programs and the presence of occupational therapists were positively associated with the improvement of levels of independence in ADL. In particular, the frequency of rehabilitation programs was associated with improvement of quality of life in self-supporting participants (Rank J2), and the presence of occupational therapists was associated with the improvement of ADL in semi-bed-ridden participants (Rank A). 5. After adjusting for age and sex, using multiple logistic regression analysis, type of diseases (non-stroke), hospital rehabilitation immediately after onset, higher levels of independence in ADL at the start of rehabilitation programs, and higher frequency of rehabilitation programs were significantly associated with improvements in levels of independence in ADL. Shorter interval between disease onset and program participation, and the presence of occupational therapists were also associated with improvements in levels of independence in ADL, although the relation did not reach statistical significance.

Family make-up is associated with the admission rate of stroke patients--difference between Kochi and Shimane Prefectures and in a rural community

Okamura T., Iida M., Tanigaki M., Doi M., Iso H., Shimamoto T., Komachi Y.

[Nippon koshu eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 41 ( 4 ) 352 - 361 1994.04

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

Kochi Prefecture had a higher admission rate for patients with cardiovascular disease, particularly for stroke, than Shimane Prefecture which has a similar socio-economic level. Kochi Prefecture had a smaller average number of persons in a household, a lower proportion of three generation households, and a lower proportion of households with six persons or more than Shimane Prefecture. The decline in number of persons in a household was greater in Kochi Prefecture than in Shimane Prefecture from 1960 to 1985, especially between 1970 and 1975. The association between family make-up and hospital discharge one year after stroke was examined in a rural community in Kochi Prefecture. Two hundred forty nine patients aged 40 years and older who were admitted immediately after stroke events were registered between 1969 and 1988, and they were followed for one year. According to family make-up, the subjects were divided into four groups: 1) persons who lived with spouse and daughter-in-law, 2) persons who lived with spouse, 3) persons who lived with daughter-in-law, 4) persons who lived without spouse and daughter-in-law. Although mean age and the proportion of serious cases were not different between group 1 and group 4, the proportion of admitted patients of group 1 was significantly lower than that of group 4. About 60% of group 1 had households with six persons or more. Group 2 had the lowest proportion of admitted patients, but this group was significantly younger than other groups. Within group 3, the proportion of admitted patients was higher in households in which the daughter-in-law had a job than in households in which she did not. These results suggest that the high admission rate in Kochi Prefecture is attributable to households which are short of personnel for home care.

Trends for stroke incidence and prognosis in a rural community with a long-term stroke prevention program

Okamura T.

[Nippon koshu eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health 41 ( 1 ) 56 - 66 1994.01

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

Trends for stroke incidence and prognosis were investigated in a southwest rural town in Japan, where a community-based stroke prevention program has been conducted since 1969. Four hundred forty-nine stroke patients aged 40 years and older were registered from 1969 to 1988. From among these, 405 (90%) were followed for 3 years to examine prognosis. 1. Age-adjusted stroke incidence in each 5 year interval decreased from 1969 to 1988 with stroke incidence decreasing in almost all age groups 40 years and older for both men and women. A small increase in incidence was observed for women aged 70 years and older between 1979-1983 and 1984-1988. 2. While there was a 46% increase in the population aged 40 years and older, the number of stroke patients decreased between 1969-1973 and 1984-1988. 3. Mortality rates between one week and three years after a stroke have shown a decrease from 1969-1978 to 1979-1988. The proportion of those not requiring nursing care between one week years after stroke has increased. The proportion of all patients requiring nursing care however did not change. 4. After adjusting for age, sex, type of stroke, and loss of consciousness, the blood pressure level within 5 years prior to the stroke was positively associated with death between one week and three years after the event, and was negatively associated with the proportion of those not requiring nursing care. 5. Despite a 31% increase in the census population of all ages between 1969-1978 and 1979-1988, the number of those requiring nursing care has increased only 6% at one year after stroke. If the population had remained constant, the number of those requiring nursing care would have decreased by 10% at one year after the event. These results suggest that a long-term community-based stroke prevention program can decrease both the number of those requiring nursing care and mortality after stroke, as well as stroke incidence and the number of stroke patients.

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