Details of a Researcher - Okamura, Tomonori

Papers - Okamura, Tomonori

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Relationship of the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio to cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in Japanese: the INTERLIPID study.

Guo Z, Miura K, Turin TC, Hozawa A, Okuda N, Okamura T, Saitoh S, Sakata K, Nakagawa H, Okayama A, Yoshita K, Kadowaki T, Choudhury SR, Nakamura Y, Rodriguez BL, Curb DJ, Elliott P, Stamler J, Ueshima H

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 17 ( 8 ) 777 - 84 2010.08

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1340-3478

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Medical expenditures of men with hypertension and/or a smoking habit

Nakamura Koshi, Okamura Tomonori, Hayakawa Takehito, Kanda Hideyuki, Okayama Akira, Ueshima Hirotsugu

Hypertension Research 33 ( 8 ) 802 - 807 2010.08

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 0916-9636

Hypertension and smoking are major causes of disability and death, especially in the Asia-Pacific region, where there is a high prevalence of a combination of these two risk factors. We attempted to measure the medical expenditures of a Japanese male population with hypertension and/or a smoking habit over a 10-year period of follow-up. A cohort study was conducted that investigated the medical expenditures due to a smoking habit and/or hypertension during the decade of the 1990s using existing data on physical status and medical expenditures. The participants included 1708 community-dwelling Japanese men, aged 40-69 years, who were classified into the following four categories: neither smoking habit nor hypertension, smoking habit alone, hypertension alone or both smoking habit and hypertension. Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg, a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medications. In the study cohort, 24.9% had both a smoking habit and hypertension. During the 10-year follow-up period, participants with a smoking habit alone (18 444 Japanese yen per month), those with hypertension alone (21 252 yen per month) and those with both a smoking habit and hypertension (31 037 yen per month) had increased personal medical expenditures compared with those without a smoking habit and hypertension (17 418 yen per month). Similar differences were observed even after adjustment for other confounding factors (P<0.01). Japanese men with both a smoking habit and hypertension incurred higher medical expenditures compared with those without a smoking habit, hypertension or their combination. © 2010 The Japanese Society of Hypertension All rights reserved.

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Circulating levels of 8 cytokines and marine n-3 fatty acids and indices of obesity in Japanese, White, and Japanese American middle-aged men

Sekikawa Akira, Kadowaki Takashi, Curb J. David, Evans Rhobert W., Maegawa Hiroshi, Abbott Robert D., Sutton-Tyrrell Kim, Okamura Tomonori, Shin Chol, Edmundowicz Daniel, Kadota Aya, Choo Jina, El-Saed Aiman, Ueshima Hirotsugu, Kuller Lewis H.

Journal of Interferon and Cytokine Research 30 ( 7 ) 541 - 548 2010.07

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1079-9907

This study examines the differences in circulating levels of cytokines among Japanese in Japan (JJ), Japanese Americans (JA), and whites and their associations with obesity and marine n-3 fatty acids (FA) in a cross-sectional population-based study of 297 men aged 40-49 (100 JJ, 99 whites, and 98 JA). Experimental studies show that cytokines are associated with obesity positively and marine n-3 FA inversely. Serum interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1 receptor agonist (IL-1ra), IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, inducible protein-10 (IP-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and marine n-3 FA were determined. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and computed tomography-measured visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues were determined. The JJ had significantly lower levels of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-8, MCP-1, and TNF-α than whites and JA. Whites and JA had similar levels of IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-8 whereas whites had significantly higher levels of MCP-1 and TNF-α than JA. The JJ were least obese (BMI (kg/m²), mean-standard deviation) 23.6-2.8, 27.9-4.6, and 27.9-4.5 for JJ, whites, and JA, respectively. The JJ had marine n-3 FA about 100% higher than whites and JA (serum marine n-3 FA (%), median (interquartile range) 8.79 (7.41, 11.16), 3.47 (2.63, 4.83), and 4.44 (3.33, 6.01) for JJ, whites, and JA, respectively). Generally cytokines had weak and nonsignificant associations with indices of obesity and nonsignificant associations with marine n-3 FA. BMI had significant inverse associations with IL-1α, IL-4, and IL-8 in JA (P?<?0.05). Marine n-3 FA had marginally significant inverse associations with IL-8 in JJ (P?=?0.055) and TNF-α in whites (P?=?0.076). The JJ had lower levels of many cytokines than whites and JA. Generally cytokines had weak and nonsignificant associations with indices of obesity and marine n-3 FA. Further investigation is needed to determine why JJ had lower circulating levels of cytokines. © Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

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Lifetime risk of stroke in Japan

Turin Tanvir Chowdhury, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Murakami Yoshitaka, Higashiyama Aya, Rumana Nahid, Watanabe Makoto, Okamura Tomonori

Stroke 41 ( 7 ) 1552 - 1554 2010.07

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 0039-2499

Background and purpose: Lifetime risk (LTR) is an epidemiologic measure that expresses the probability of disease in the remaining lifetime for an index age. The LTR for stroke has not been reported for the Japanese population. Methods: We included all participants from the Suita Study who were cardiovascular disease-free at baseline. Age (in years) was used as the time scale. Age-specific stroke incidence and all-cause mortality were calculated with the person-year method, and we estimated the sex-and index age-specific LTRs of first-ever stroke and its subtypes, taking into account the competing risk of death. Results: We followed up 5498 participants from 1989 to 2005 for a total of 67 475 person-years. At age 55 years, the LTR for stroke, after accounting for competing risks of death, was 18.3% for men and 19.6% for women. The LTR for cerebral infarction was 14.6% for men and 15.5% for women, and the LTR for intracerebral hemorrhage was 2.4% for men and 1.4% for women at the index age of 55 years. The LTR for stroke remained similar across other index ages of 45, 55, and 65 years. Conclusions: The observed probabilities illustrate that 1 in 5 men and women of middle age will experience stroke in their remaining lifetime. This easy understandable information can be used as an important index to assist in public health education and planning. Copyright © 2010 American Heart Association. All rights reserved.

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Relationship among physical activity, smoking, drinking and clustering of the metabolic syndrome diagnostic components

Katano Sayuri, Nakamura Yasuyuki, Nakamura Aki, Murakami Yoshitaka, Tanaka Taichiro, Nakagawa Hideaki, Takebayashi Toru, Yamato Hiroshi, Okayama Akira, Miura Katsuyuki, Okamura Tomonori, Ueshima Hirotsugu

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 17 ( 6 ) 644 - 650 2010.06

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1340-3478

Aim: To examine the relation between lifestyle and the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnostic components in a general population, and to find a means of preventing the development of MetS components. Methods: We examined baseline data from 3,365 participants (2,714 men and 651 women) aged 19 to 69 years who underwent a physical examination, lifestyle survey, and blood chemical examination. The physical activity of each participant was classified according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). We defined four components for MetS in this study as follows: 1) high BP: systolic BP ≥ 130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg, or the use of antihypertensive drugs; 2) dyslipidemia: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration <40 mg/dL, triglycerides concentration ≥150 mg/dL, or on medication for dyslipidemia; 3) Impaired glucose tolerance: fasting blood sugar level ≥110 mg/d, or if less than 8 hours after meals ≥140 mg/dL), or on medication for diabetes mellitus; 4) obesity: body mass index ≥25 kg/m². Results: Those who had 0 to 4 MetS diagnostic components accounted for 1,726, 949, 484, 190, and 16 participants, respectively, in the Poisson distribution. Poisson regression analysis revealed that independent factors contributing to the number of MetS diagnostic components were being male (regression coefficient b = 0.600, p<0.01), age (b = 0.027, p<0.01), IPAQ class (b = -0.272, p = 0.03), and alcohol consumption (b = 0.020, p = 0.01). The contribution of current smoking was not statistically significant (b = -0.067, p = 0.76). Conclusion: Moderate physical activity was inversely associated with the number of MetS diagnostic components, whereas smoking was not associated.

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Serum n-6 fatty acids and lipoprotein subclasses in middle-aged men

Choo Jina, Ueshima Hirotsugu, Curb J. David, Shin Chol, Evans Rhobert W., El-Saed Aiman, Kadowaki Takashi, Okamura Tomonori, Nakata Katsumi, Otake Teruo, Miura Katsuyuki, Abbott Robert D., Sutton-Tyrrell Kim, Edmundowicz Daniel, Kuller Lewis H., Sekikawa Akira

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 91 ( 5 ) 1195 - 1203 2010.05

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 0002-9165

Background: The associations of serum omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids with lipoprotein subclasses at the population level are uncertain. Objective: We aimed to examine associations between major n-6 fatty acids [ie, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6)] and the lipoprotein subclasses VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 1098 participants using population-based data from US white, Japanese American, Japanese, and Korean men aged 40-49 y. Serum fatty acids were analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Lipoprotein subclasses were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Multiple linear regression models as a function of each fatty acid were used after adjustment for age, population, body mass index, pack-years of smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, hypertension, and omega-3 (n-3) and trans fatty acids. Results: Serum LA was inversely associated with large VLDL (β = -0.62, P < 0.001), total LDL (β = -22.08, P < 0.001), and small LDL (β = -31.89, P < 0.001) particle concentrations and VLDL size (β = -0.72, P < 0.001). Serum LA was positively associated with large HDL particle concentration (β = 0.21, P < 0.001) and HDL size (β = 0.03, P < 0.001). The patterns of association of AA with large VLDL and large HDL particle concentrations were comparable with those of LA. Conclusions: At the population level, higher serum concentrations of LA were significantly associated with lower concentrations of total LDL particles. Higher serum concentrations of LA and AA were significantly associated with a lower concentration of large VLDL particles and a higher concentration of large HDL particles. These associations were consistent across the population groups. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00069797. © 2010 American Society for Nutrition.

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New diagnosis criteria for diabetes with hemoglobin A1c and risks of macro-vascular complications in an urban Japanese cohort

Watanabe Makoto, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Higashiyama Aya, Ono Yuu, Okayama Akira, Okamura Tomonori

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 88 ( 2 ) e20 - 3 2010.05

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 0168-8227

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LOX index, a novel predictive biochemical marker for coronary heart disease and stroke

Inoue Nobutaka, Okamura Tomonori, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Fujita Yoshiko, Sato Yuko, Nakanishi Mamoru, Yanagida Kazuki, Kakino Akemi, Iwamoto Shin, Watanabe Makoto, Ogura Sayoko, Otsui Kazunori, Matsuda Haruo, Uchida Kagehiro, Yoshimoto Ryo, Sawamura Tatsuya

Clinical Chemistry 56 ( 4 ) 550 - 558 2010.04

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 0009-9147

BACKGROUND: Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) is implicated in atherothrombotic diseases. Activation of LOX-1 in humans can be evaluated by use of the LOX index, obtained by multiplying the circulating concentration of LOX-1 ligands containing apolipoprotein B (LAB) times that of the soluble form of LOX-1 (sLOX-1) [LOX index = LAB X sLOX-1]. This study aimed to establish the prognostic value of the LOX index for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in a community-based cohort. METHODS: An 11-year cohort study of 2437 residents age 30-79 years was performed in an urban area located in Japan. Of these, we included in the analysis 1094 men and 1201 women without history of stroke and CHD. We measured LAB and sLOX-1 using ELISAs with recombinant LOX-1 and monoclonal anti-apolipoprotein B antibody and with 2 monoclonal antibodies against LOX-1, respectively. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, there were 68 incident cases of CHD and 91 cases of stroke (with 60 ischemic strokes). Compared with the bottom quartile, the hazard ratio (HR) of the top quartile of LOX index was 1.74 (95% CI 0.92-3.30) for stroke and 2.09 (1.00-4.35) for CHD after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, drinking, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, non-HDL cholesterol, and use of lipid-lowering agents. Compared with the bottom quartile of LOX index, the fully adjusted HRs for ischemic stroke were consistently high from the second to the top quartile: 3.39 (95% CI 1.34-8.53), 3.15 (1.22-8.13) and 3.23 (1.24-8.37), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Higher LOX index values were associated with an increased risk of CHD. Low LOX index values may be protective against ischemic stroke. © 2009 American Association for Clinical Chemistry.

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The relationship between waist circumference and the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction in a Japanese Urban cohort

Furukawa Yoko, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Okamura Tomonori, Watanabe Makoto, Higashiyama Aya, Ono Yuu, Kawanishi Katsuyuki, Okayama Akira, Date Chigusa

Stroke 41 ( 3 ) 550 - 553 2010.03

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 0039-2499

Background and Purpose:Body mass index is most commonly used as the obesity index. Recently, waist circumference (WC) has been shown to be associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, no studies have observed an association between WC and CVD in Japan. We examined the relationships of WC and body mass index with CVD in a Japanese urban population. Methods-We studied 5474 Japanese individuals (aged 30 to 79 years without CVD at baseline) who completed a baseline survey and received follow-up through December 2005. WC was measured at the umbilical level of participants in the standing position to the nearest 1 cm. The Cox proportional hazard ratios for CVD according to the quartiles of WC were calculated after adjustment for age, smoking, and drinking status. Results-During a mean follow-up of 11.7 years, 207 strokes and 133 myocardial infarctions were documented. In women, compared with the lowest quartile (WC <70 cm), the hazard ratio (95% CIs) after adjusting for age, smoking, and drinking in the highest quartile (WC ≥84 cm) were 1.85 (1.03 to 3.31) for CVD and 2.64 (1.16 to 6.03) for stroke. However, no such relationships of WC with CVD or stroke risk were observed in men. After further adjustment of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, all of the mentioned relationships were not statistically significant. No associations of body mass index with CVD or strokes were observed. Conclusions:s:WC may be a better predictor for CVD or stroke in Japanese women. © 2010 American Heart Association, Inc.

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Triglycerides and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the incidence of cardiovascular disease in an urban Japanese cohort

Okamura Tomonori, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Watanabe Makoto, Higashiyama Aya, Ono Yuu, Miyamoto Yoshihiro, Yoshimasa Yasunao, Okayama Akira

Atherosclerosis 209 ( 1 ) 290 - 294 2010.03

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 0021-9150

Objective: The impact of elevated triglycerides (TG) and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDLC) on the incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI) has not been well evaluated in Asian populations such as in Japan, which have a lower incidence of myocardial infarction, but a higher risk of stroke than Western populations. Methods: The authors conducted an 11.7-year prospective study ending in 2005 of 5098 Japanese aged 30-79 living in an urban population, initially free of stroke or MI. The relationship between serum lipids and the risk for stroke and MI was determined by dividing the participants into four groups stratified by the combination of serum levels of TG and non-HDLC. The cut-off value was 1.7 mmol/L for TG and 4.9 mmol/L for non-HDLC. Results and conclusion: The total person-years were 59,774 (27,461 for men and 32,313 for women). During the follow-up period, there were 113 cases of MI and 180 of stoke (with 116 cerebral infarctions). Compared with the low TG/low non-HDLC group, the hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for MI in the high TG/high non-HDLC group was 2.55 (1.53-4.24) after adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors. The hazard ratio for cerebral infarction in the high TG alone group was 1.63 (1.03-2.56); however, the risk of cerebral infarction was not significantly increased in the other groups. High serum levels of TG and non-HDLC are both important targets for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in Japan. © 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Association of the functional variant in the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- coenzyme A reductase gene with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in Japanese

Hiura Yumiko, Tabara Yasuharu, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Okamura Tomonori, Goto Yoichi, Nonogi Hiroshi, Miki Tetsuro, Tomoike Hitonobu, Iwai Naoharu

Circulation Journal 74 ( 3 ) 518 - 522 2010.03

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1346-9843

Background: The association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels has been well replicated in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of white populations. Recently, the common intronic SNP of HMGCR (rs3846662) has been reported to be a functional variant, influencing the alternative splicing of exon 13. The aim of this study was to examine the association between rs3846662 of HMGCR and the level of LDL-C in Japanese. Methods and Results: Significant differences in LDL-C levels were observed among the genotypes of rs3846662 (P=0.0002 (n=2,686) and P=0.004 (n=2,110)) for the Suita and Ehime samples, respectively. The G allele of rs3846662 was associated with higher LDL-C levels (ß, 3.56; P=4.91×10-5). Consistent with this observation, the risk G allele at rs3846662 was more prevalent in subjects with myocardial infarction (MI) (n=701) than in subjects without MI (n=3,118); 0.559 and 0.511 in MI cases and controls, respectively (nominal P=0.0038). The odds ratio adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, hypertension, and drinking and smoking habits was 1.15 (95% confidence interval 1.04-1.28; P=0.0075). Conclusions: The previously reported association of rs3846662 with LDL-C levels was replicated in the present Suita and Ehime samples. The LDL-associated SNP, rs3846662, appears to confer susceptibility to MI in Japanese.

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Relation of Gamma-glutamyltransferase and alcohol drinking with incident diabetes: the HIPOP-OHP study.

Hozawa A, Okamura T, Tanaka T, Miura K, Kikuchi Y, Kadowaki T, Yoshita K, Takebayashi T, Tamaki J, Minai J, Tada T, Chiba N, Okayama A, Ueshima H

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 17 ( 2 ) 195 - 202 2010.02

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1340-3478

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Relation of Gamma-glutamyltransferase and alcohol drinking with incident diabetes: the HIPOP-OHP study.

Hozawa A, Okamura T, Tanaka T, Miura K, Kikuchi Y, Kadowaki T, Yoshita K, Takebayashi T, Tamaki J, Minai J, Tada T, Chiba N, Okayama A, Ueshima H

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 17 ( 2 ) 195 - 202 2010.02

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1340-3478

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Changes in Weight, cardiovascular risk factors and estimated risk of coronary heart disease following smoking cessation in Japanese male workers: HIPOP-OHP study.

Tamura U, Tanaka T, Okamura T, Kadowaki T, Yamato H, Tanaka H, Nakamura M, Okayama A, Ueshima H, Yamagata Z, HIPOP-OHP research group.

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 17 ( 1 ) 12 - 20 2010.02

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1340-3478

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Relationship between 5-year decline in instrumental activity of daily living and accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors: NIPPON DATA90.

Hayakawa T, Okamura T, Okayama A, Kanda H, Watanabe M, Kita Y, Miura K, Ueshima H

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 17 ( 1 ) 64 - 72 2010.02

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1340-3478

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Changes in Weight, cardiovascular risk factors and estimated risk of coronary heart disease following smoking cessation in Japanese male workers: HIPOP-OHP study.

Tamura U, Tanaka T, Okamura T, Kadowaki T, Yamato H, Tanaka H, Nakamura M, Okayama A, Ueshima H, Yamagata Z, HIPOP-OHP research group.

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 17 ( 1 ) 12 - 20 2010.02

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1340-3478

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Relationship between 5-year decline in instrumental activity of daily living and accumulation of cardiovascular risk factors: NIPPON DATA90.

Hayakawa T, Okamura T, Okayama A, Kanda H, Watanabe M, Kita Y, Miura K, Ueshima H

Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis 17 ( 1 ) 64 - 72 2010.02

Research paper (scientific journal), ISSN 1340-3478

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γ-Glutamyltransferase and mortality risk from heart disease and stroke in Japanese men and women

Fujiyoshi Akira, Miura Katsuyuki, Hozawa Atsushi, Murakami Yoshitaka, Takashima Naoyuki, Okuda Nagako, Kadowaki Takashi, Kita Yoshikuni, Okamura Tomonori, Nakamura Yasuyuki, Hayakawa Takehito, Okayama Akira, Ueshima Hirotsugu

CVD Prevention and Control 5 ( 1 ) 27 - 34 2010.01

ISSN 1875-4570

Background: Studies have shown that baseline serum γ- glutamyltransferase (GGT) is independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in men and women. However, less is known whether GGT is similarly associated with both stroke and heart disease (HD) risk in Asia. We examined an association between serum GGT and deaths from stroke and HD in Japanese men and women. Methods: From 1990 to 2005, we followed 7488 adults (3089 men) randomly selected from 300 districts throughout Japan, aged 30-95 with no history of coronary disease nor stroke at baseline. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) according to sex-specific GGT strata. Results: During the study period, observed deaths from HD and stroke were 165 (83 men), and 135 (66 men), respectively. After adjustment for confounding factors, HRs of HD death for 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th GGT percentiles in reference to the lowest GGT stratum were 1.61, 2.28, 2.48, and 4.59 in women (P for trend = 0.001), and 0.90, 0.74, 1.42, and 1.56 in men (P for trend = 0.250). The corresponding HRs of total stroke death were 1.52, 0.95, 1.22, and 1.34 in women (P for trend = 0.785), and 0.75, 0.91, 1.26, and 1.02 in men (P for trend = 0.642). Results were similar when analysis was limited to never-drinkers. Conclusion: This cohort study of representative Japanese men and women suggested that baseline GGT independently predicts future HD mortality risk, especially in women, but not stroke mortality risk in Asian. © 2010 World Heart Federation. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Relationship of the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio to cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in japanese

Guo Zhao, Miura Katsuyuki, Turin Tanvir Chowdhury, Hozawa Atsushi, Okuda Nagako, Okamura Tomonori, Saitoh Shigeyuki, Sakata Kiyomi, Nakagawa Hideaki, Okayama Akira, Yoshita Katsushi, Kadowaki Takashi, Choudhury Sohel R., Nakamura Yasuyuki, Rodriguez Beatriz L., Curb J. David, Elliott Paul, Stamler Jeremiah, Ueshima D. Hirotsugu

Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 17 ( 8 ) 777 - 784 2010

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 1340-3478

Aim: There have been few studies on the relationships of the dietary polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (P/S) to cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that there would be favorable relationships. & Methods: Metabolic cardiovascular risk factors from dietary nutrient intake were investigated in 1,004 men and women aged 40-59 years from 4 population samples of Japanese. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship of the dietary P/S ratio to the following risk factors: hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure, serum triglycerides, LDL and total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol. Adjusted odds ratio of having metabolic syndrome was also calculated. & Results: The dietary P/S ratio was significantly and inversely related to serum total and LDL cholesterol with control for possible confounding variables. We did not find any significant relationship between the P/S ratio and single metabolic risk factors or the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. & Conclusions: Managing the P/S ratio is important to control serum LDL-cholesterol; however, increasing the P/S ratio may not improve metabolic risk factors. Other countermeasures, such as weight control, greater physical activity, and smoking cessation should be recommended to prevent and control metabolic syndrome.

Relationships between protein intake and renal function in a Japanese general population

Higashiyama Aya, Watanabe Makoto, Kokubo Yoshihiro, Ono Yuu, Okayama Akira, Okamura Tomonori

Journal of Epidemiology 20 ( SUPPL.3 ) S537 - 43 2010

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0917-5040

Background: It has been considered that reducing protein intake is one of important measures to delay the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, the relationship between protein intake and renal function is still uncertain, especially in relatively healthy general population. Methods: 7404 individuals (3099 men and 4305 women) who participated in both National Survey on Circulatory Disorders and National Nutrition Survey in 1990 and were free from past history of renal diseases were included in the present study. We estimated sex-specific age- and multivariate-adjusted glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and odds ratios for the presence of CKD according to the quartiles of protein (total, animal, vegetable) intake per body weight (kg). Results: There were significant differences in each protein intake among the age groups in both men and women. Both participants with and without CKD took more protein intake than that of each recommended level. There were positive relationships between GFR and the quartiles of each protein intake in both sexes. The odds ratios for the presence of CKD were significantly decreased in the higher quartile of protein intake in women. Conclusions: The higher protein intake was associated with higher GFR in both sexes and low prevalence of CKD in women. However, further studies are needed to conclude the relationships between protein intake and renal function. © 2010 by the Japan Epidemiological Association.

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