論文 - 山本　勲

Potential benefits and determinants of remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Japanese Household Panel Data

Ishii K., Yamamoto I., Nakayama M.

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies （Journal of the Japanese and International Economies）  70 2023年12月

ISSN  08891583

　概要を見る

This study examines the impact of remote work on subjective well-being, such as subjective productivity, work engagement, and health condition, during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also identifies the characteristics of workers and jobs that contribute to the continuous implementation of remote work, using data from the “Japan Household Panel Survey (JHPS)” and “JHPS Special Survey for COVID-19 (Waves 1 and 2).” As for the characteristics of remote work, multinomial logit models indicate that remote work tends to be continuously conducted in workplaces where performance rather than hours worked is valued, flexible work arrangements are allowed, and better management practices are conducted. In addition, workers with better IT skills, those exposed to new technologies, and those engaged in abstract tasks are more likely to work remotely after the state of emergency. Regarding the impact of remote work, we conjecture that the exogenous shift to remote work due to the pandemic had a heterogeneous impact on workers. The first difference models, where unobservable time-invariant worker heterogeneity has been removed, indicate a positive impact on subjective well-being for those who continued to work remotely after the state of emergency was lifted in 2020. Those who only worked remotely as a stopgap measure during the first state of emergency experienced negative impacts of remote work.

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Intervention and information effects at the individual level during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

Chang M.S., Yamamoto I.

PLoS ONE （PLoS ONE）  18 （ 11 November ） e0294189 2023年11月

ISSN  1932-6203

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This paper estimated the impact of intervention effects (state of emergency (SOE) or quasi-SOE requirements) and information effects (publicized increases in the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths and fear of infection) on preventive behaviors and telecommuting during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Japan Household Panel Survey. Our results indicated that SOEs and quasi-SOEs had positive effects on the adoption of preventive behaviors among individuals, including handwashing, which indicates that an SOE has a direct effect and an indirect effect. Although SOEs in Japan were less enforceable and more lenient than those in other countries, they still had a certain effect on people's adoption of preventive behaviors. However, the contribution of information effects was much larger than that of intervention effects, suggesting the importance of how and when information should be communicated to the public to prevent the spread of infection.

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Japanese citizens' behavioral changes and preparedness against COVID-19: An online survey during the early phase of the pandemic

Muto K., Yamamoto I., Nagasu M., Tanaka M., Wada K.

PLoS ONE （PLoS ONE）  15 （ 6 ） e0234292 2020年06月

査読有り,  ISSN  1932-6203

　概要を見る

The Japanese government instituted countermeasures against COVID-19, a pneumonia caused by the new coronavirus, in January 2020. Seeking “people's behavioral changes,” in which the government called on the public to take precautionary measures or exercise self-restraint, was one of the important strategies. The purpose of this study is to investigate how and from when Japanese citizens have changed their precautionary behavior under circumstances in which the government has only requested their cooperation. This study uses micro data from a cross-sectional survey conducted on an online platform of an online research company, based on quota sampling that is representative of the Japanese population. By the end of March 2020, a total of 11,342 respondents, aged from 20 to 64 years, were recruited. About 85 percent reported practising the social distancing measures recommended by the government including more females than males and more older than younger participants. Frequent handwashing is conducted by 86 percent of all participants, 92 percent of female, and 87.9 percent of over-40 participants. The most important event influencing these precautionary actions was the infection aboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship, which occurred in early February 2020 (23 percent). Information from the central and local governments, received by 60 percent of the participants, was deemed trustworthy by 50 percent. However, the results also showed that about 20 percent of the participants were reluctant to implement proper prevention measures. The statistical analysis indicated that the typical characteristics of those people were male, younger (under 30 years old), unmarried, from lower-income households, a drinking or smoking habit, and a higher extraversion score. To prevent the spread of infection in Japan, it is imperative to address these individuals and encourage their behavioural changes using various means to reach and influence them.

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Job tasks and wages in the Japanese labor market: Evidence from wage functions

Kobayashi T., Yamamoto I.

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies （Journal of the Japanese and International Economies）  58 2020年12月

査読有り,  ISSN  08891583

　概要を見る

Based on the microdata from the Basic Survey on Wage Structure and the original survey, we estimate the Mincerian wage function, incorporating job tasks, to examine the importance of job task wage premiums as well as long-term changes in the Japanese labor market. In the estimation, we found that the association between abstract tasks and wages is positive and that a one standard deviation increase in the abstract task scores was associated with a 21.2% wage premium, while that of routine and manual task wage premiums are negative. We also found that the total explanatory power of three task scores (routine, abstract, and manual tasks) is higher than that of the education dummies or the major occupation group dummies. We also confirmed two testable implications from the Roy model regarding the workers’ self-selection into occupations in the Japanese labor market. These findings are similar to those obtained by Autor and Handel (2013). On the other hand, we found no major changes between 2005 and 2016 in the coefficients of routine, abstract, or manual task scores as well as their explanatory powers in the wage function. We then observed that demand for labor increased in many occupations involving many non-routine or manual tasks, but at the same time, the supply of labor to those occupations also increased. Therefore, we discussed that the change in labor demand and supply may be one of the reasons for the stable relationship between job tasks and wages.

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Why Do People Overwork at the Risk of Impairing Mental Health?

Kuroda S., Yamamoto I.

Journal of Happiness Studies （Journal of Happiness Studies）  20 （ 5 ） 1519 - 1538 2019年06月

査読有り,  ISSN  13894978

　概要を見る

This study uses longitudinal data on Japanese workers to investigate the relationship between overwork and mental health. Conventional labor supply theory assumes that people allocate their hours of work and leisure to maximize personal utility. However, people sometimes overwork and underestimate the risks of its negative impact on their physical and/or mental health. We incorporate nonpecuniary factors into the conventional utility function. Empirical analysis reveals a nonlinear relationship between the number of hours worked and job satisfaction. We find that job satisfaction increases when people work more than 55 h per week. However, we also find that hours worked linearly erode workers’ mental health. These findings imply that people who overvalue job satisfaction work excessive hours, consequently damaging their mental health. People may hold incorrect beliefs and underestimate the mental health risks of overwork, which may lead them to work longer hours. Our findings imply that educational and regulatory interventions are needed for both workers and employers to reduce the detrimental impacts on mental health caused by overwork.

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Effect of Work-Life Balance Practices on Firm Productivity: Evidence from Japanese Firm-level Panel Data

YAMAMOTO Isamu

The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy （WALTER DE GRUYTER GMBH）  14 （ 4 ） forthcoming 2014年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  1935-1682

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This article examines how firm practices that could contribute to worker attainment of work-life balance (WLB) affect the total factor productivity (TFP) of a firm, by using panel data of Japanese firms from the 1990s. We observed a positive correlation between the WLB practices and TFP among sampled firms. However that correlation vanished when we controlled for the unobserved firm heterogeneity, and we found no general causal relationship in which WLB practices increase firm TFP in the medium or long run. For firms with the following characteristics, however, we found positive and sizable effects: large firms, manufacturing firms, and firms that have exhibited labor hoarding during recessions. Since these firms are likely to incur large fixed employment costs, we infer that firms investing in firm-specific human skills or having large hiring/firing costs can benefit from WLB practices through a decrease in turnover or increase in recruiting effectiveness.

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Is downward wage flexibility the primary factor of Japan's prolonged deflation?

山本 勲

Asian Economic Policy Review 9 （ 1 ）  2014年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

What motivates volunteer work in an emergency? Evidence from the 2011 East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami

山本 勲

Economics Bulletin 32   1933-1941 2012年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Do peers affect determination of work hours? Evidence based on unique employee data from global Japanese firms in Europe

山本 勲

Journal of Labor Research 34 （ 3 ） 359-388 - 388 2013年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  0195-3613

　概要を見る

By using a unique dataset on managerial-level employees who were transferred from Japan to European branches of the same global firms, we examine what would happen to work hours when a worker moves from a long-hour-working country to relatively shorter-hour countries. Even after controlling for business cycles, unobserved individual heterogeneity, job characteristics, and work hour regulations, we find a significant decline in Japanese work hours after their transfer to Europe, resulting from working-behavior influences of locally hired staff. We also find that the reduction in hours worked highly depends on the extent of the workers' interactions with local peers. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

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Firms’ demand for work hours: Evidence from matched firm-worker data in Japan

山本 勲

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies （ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE）  29 （ 3 ） 57-73 - 73 2013年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  0889-1583

　概要を見る

Using information on Japanese males' work hours and the matched firms' characteristics, this paper investigates whether the number of hours worked is determined by demand-side factors and tries to offer a possible explanation of why Japanese males tend to work longer on average, than their counterparts in other countries. Based on an empirical framework in which each firm sets a minimum boundary of work hours and where workers hired by the firm are required to put in at least the minimum hours, we found that the minimum requirement depends on each firm's fixed costs of labor. Specifically, firms that tend to hoard labor during recessions, presumably because of higher fixed costs, require incumbent workers to work longer hours during normal times. Since Japanese firms have long been considered as incurring high fixed costs to train workers, we interpret the long work hour requirement as a rational strategy for Japanese firms in protecting high-skill-accumulated workers from dismissal. In other words, the long work hours of Japanese males reflect firms' long-term employment practices, a typical feature of the Japanese labor market. J. Japanese Int. Economies 29 (2013) 57-73. Waseda University, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Japan; Keio University, Faculty of Business and Commerce, Japan. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Impact of overtime regulations on wages and work hours

山本 勲

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies （ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE）  26 （ 2 ） 249-262 - 262 2012年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  0889-1583

　概要を見る

Kuroda, Sachiko, and Yamamoto, Isamu-Impact of overtime regulations on wages and work hours
Exploiting an ambiguity in the criteria regarding which employees are exempt from overtime regulations in Japan, this paper used the longitudinal data of Japanese employees to examine whether overtime regulations have an impact on hourly wages and hours worked. We found that although the differences between the hourly wages of the exempt and non-exempt employees were negligible, the hours worked by exempt employees were longer, especially for non-university graduates during the recessionary period. We interpreted that the fixed-wage model, rather than the fixed-job model, was prevalent during the recession period, especially for workers with low bargaining power. J. Japanese Int. Economies 26 (2) (2012) 249-262. Waseda University, Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, 1-6-1 Nishiwaseda Shinjukuku, Tokyo, japan; Keio University, Faculty of Business and Commerce, 2-15-45-502 Mita Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Wage premiums for firms’ work-life balance practices: Evidence from Japanese matched firm-worker data

山本 勲

The Business & Management Review 4 （ 1 ） 153-161 2013年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

The era of the 24-hour society?: Assessing changes in work timing using a Japanese time use survey

山本 勲

Applied Economics Letters （ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD）  19 （ 11 ） 1035-1038 - 1038 2012年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著,  ISSN  1350-4851

　概要を見る

Using data from a Japanese time use survey, we show a noteworthy increase in the share of employees working at unusual hours (late night and early morning) over a period of a decade since the mid-1990s. When controlling for changes in hours worked, however, we find that the notable increase in the fraction of people at work at unusual hours was for low-income nonregular employees (part-time, temporary and contract workers) while relatively higher income regular employees' work timing remains stable. These observations imply that there is a trend of diversification of work timing in Japan between regular and nonregular employees. A possible explanation is that the increase in the average hours worked per weekday by regular employees, possibly because of the spread of the 5-day workweek since the 1990s, increased services and goods demand at unusual hours as they returned home. An Oaxaca-Blinder type decomposition suggests that such an increase in the average hours worked by regular employees explains partially the rise in the employment rate of nonregular employees at unusual times.

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Estimating Frisch labor supply elasticity in Japan

山本 勲

Journal of The Japanese and International Economies （ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE）  22 （ 4 ） 566–585 - 585 2008年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  0889-1583

　概要を見る

Using Japanese data from the 1990s aggregated by prefecture, age group, and sex, we estimate Frisch labor supply elasticity, which has been seldom estimated in Japan. The change in labor supply can be decomposed into two labor-supply behaviors: extensive margin, indicating workers' entry and exit from the labor market; and intensive margin, indicating changes in hours of work in response to a wage change. Our estimates of the Frisch elasticity on the extensive and intensive margins combined are in the range of 0.2 to 0.7 for males, 1.3 to 1.5 for females, and 0.7 to 1.0 for both sexes. Our estimates of the Frisch elasticity on only the intensive margin are in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 for all three categories. These results suggest that extensive margin explains the bulk of labor-supply changes in Japan. As for the changes in the estimates of the Frisch elasticity in Japan from the 1990s, it has been either unchanged or in a declining trend on the extensive and intensive margins combined, either unchanged or in a slight rising trend on only the intensive margin, and in a declining trend on only the extensive margin. J. Japanese Int. Economies 22 (4) (2008) 566-585. Hitotsubashi University, Japan; Keio University, Japan. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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The Employment of Older Workers in Japanese Firms: Empirical Evidence From Micro Data

山本 勲

Human Resource Management in Aging Societies: Perspectives from Japan and Germany （Palgrave Macmillan）  2008年

研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）, 共著, 査読有り

Why are Nominal Wages Downwardly Rigid, but Less So in apan?: An Explanation based on Behavioral Economics and Labor Market/Macroeconomic Differences

山本 勲

Monetary and Economic Studies 25 （ 2 ） 45-88 2007年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Wage Fluctuations in Japan after the Burst of the Bubble: Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity, Payroll, and the Unemployment Rate

山本 勲

Monetary and Economic Studies 23 （ 2 ） 1月30日 2005年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

The Impact of Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity on the unemployment Rate: Quantitative Evidence from Japan

山本 勲

Monetary and Economic Studies 21 （ 4 ） 57-86 2003年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Are Japanese Nominal Wages Downwardly Rigid? (Part II): Examinations using a Friction Model

山本 勲

Monetary and Economic Studies 21 （ 2 ） 31-68 2003年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Are Japanese Nominal Wages Downwardly Rigid? (Part I): Examinations using a Friction Model

山本 勲

Monetary and Economic Studies 21 （ 2 ） 1月29日 2003年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り