Details of a Researcher - Matsumoto, Kazuaki

Papers - Matsumoto, Kazuaki

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Polyoxazoline-conjugated porcine serum albumin as an artificial plasma expander for dogs.

Okamoto W, Usui T, Hasegawa M, Kobayashi T, Fujisawa J, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Kohno M, Iwazaki M, Shimano S, Nagao I, Toyoda H, Matsumura N, Tomiyasu H, Tochinai R, Komatsu T.

Scientific Reports (Scientific Reports) 13 ( 1 ) 9512 2023.06

Joint Work, ISSN 2045-2322

Veterinary medicine has made tremendous progress for domestic dogs, which are irreplaceable family members enriching human life. Nevertheless, no adequate supply system exists for their blood products. This study examined the synthesis, structure, safety, and efficacy of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-conjugated porcine serum albumin (POx-PSA) as an artificial plasma expander for dogs. The aqueous POx-PSA solution showed moderately high colloid osmotic pressure and good blood cell compatibility. Actually, lyophilized powder stored for 1 year can regenerate into a homogeneous solution. The circulation half-life of POx-PSA in rats was 2.1-fold longer than that of naked PSA. Rats produced neither anti-PSA IgG antibody nor anti-POx IgG antibody, which suggests excellent immunological stealth properties of POx-PSA. Complete resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in rats was achieved soon after injection of POx-PSA solution. Serum biochemistry tests and histopathological observations indicated no abnormality in the related organs. When POx-PSA was administered to dogs intravenously, (i) no serum biochemical or hematological alteration was observed, also (ii) no overt deterioration of animal health was observed. These results indicate that POx-PSA has potential as an artificial plasma expander for dogs.

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【抗真菌薬選択がよくわかる　表在性皮膚真菌症・深在性真菌症の薬物治療】抗真菌薬の投与設計　抗真菌薬の薬物動態の特徴

松元一明

薬事 ((株)じほう) 65 ( 8 ) 1545 - 1548 2023.06

Joint Work, ISSN 0016-5980

In vivo Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Profiles for Appropriate Doses of Cefditoren pivoxil against S. pneumoniae in Murine Lung-Infection Model.

Igarashi Y, Kojima N, Takemura W, Liu X, Morita T, Mizukami Y, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Yokoyama Y, Nakamura T, Matsumoto K

Pharmaceutical research 2023.05

Joint Work, ISSN 0724-8741

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Antimicrobial Efficacy Evaluations of Metronidazole against Clostridioides difficile Infection using Fecal Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analyses.

Tashiro S, Taguchi K, Enoki Y, Matsumoto K

Pharmaceutical research (Pharmaceutical Research) 40 ( 7 ) 1799 - 1806 2023.05

Joint Work, ISSN 0724-8741

Objectives: The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) characteristics of metronidazole (MNZ) in Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) remain unclear. We aimed to determine the PK/PD characteristics of MNZ using a fecal PK/PD analysis model. Methods: Susceptibility testing, time-kill studies, and post-antibiotic effect (PAE) measurements were performed to evaluate in vitro PD profiles. MNZ was subcutaneously administered to mice infected with C. difficile ATCC® 43255 to evaluate in vivo PK and PD profiles, followed by determining fecal PK/PD indices with target value. Results: MNZ exerted concentration-dependent bactericidal activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and PAE being 0.79 µg/mL and 4.8 h, respectively, against C. difficile ATCC® 43255. The reduction in vegetative cells in feces and treatment outcomes were most closely correlated with the ratio of the area under the fecal drug concentration–time curve from 0 to 24 h to the MIC (fecal AUC24/MIC). The target value of fecal AUC24/MIC to achieve a 1 log10 reduction in vegetative cells was 188. Upon meeting the target value, high survival rates (94.5%) and low clinical sickness score grading (5.2) were achieved in the CDI mouse models. Conclusions: The PK/PD index and its target value of MNZ for CDI treatment was fecal AUC24/MIC ≥ 188. These findings may contribute to the effective clinical use of MNZ.

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Methemoglobin-albumin clusters for cyanide detoxification

Suzuki Y., Taguchi K., Okamoto W., Enoki Y., Komatsu T., Matsumoto K.

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology) 466 116472 2023.05

Joint Work, ISSN 0041008X

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) is a universal antidote for patients with cyanide poisoning. However, its use has serious drawbacks in terms of efficacy and safety. Herein, we present a promising antidote: methemoglobin (metHb)-albumin clusters. The metHb-albumin cluster is made by a metHb core wrapped by covalently bound human serum albumin. Spectral analyses proved that the metHb-albumin clusters possessed cyanide-binding properties similar to those of naked metHb. In vitro cell experiments showed that metHb-albumin clusters prevented the cyanide-induced inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase activity, resulting in a strong cytoprotective effect. In mice subjected to cyanide poisoning, metHb-albumin clusters reduced mortality and alleviated metabolic acidosis, while maintaining the activity of cytochrome c oxidase in organs; their efficacy was better than that of NaNO2. Furthermore, the oxygen carrying capacity was maintained in poisoned mice treated with metHb-albumin clusters and was low in those treated with NaNO2. These results indicate that metHb-albumin clusters could be a more effective and safer antidote against cyanide poisoning than NaNO2.

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Optimal therapeutic recommendation for Clostridioides difficile infection in pediatric and adolescent populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Tashiro S, Mihara T, Okawa R, Tanaka Y, Samura M, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Yamagishi Y

European journal of pediatrics (European Journal of Pediatrics) 182 ( 6 ) 2673 - 2681 2023.03

Joint Work, ISSN 0340-6199

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the efficacy profiles of metronidazole (MNZ) and vancomycin (VCM) in pediatric and adolescent patients with Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using four electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Clinicaltrials.gov) through July 6, 2022. We analyzed the clinical cure and recurrence rates to determine the efficacy of MNZ and VCM. The clinical cure rates in all included studies were not significantly different between MNZ and VCM (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.36–1.10; I2 = 0%; P = 0.10). Subgroup analyses were performed separately for each region to account for regional differences in the CDI. MNZ treatment achieved significantly lower clinical cure rates than did VCM in the United States of America (USA) and Europe (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.19–0.93, I2 = 0%, P = 0.03). Recurrence rates were not significantly different between MNZ and VCM (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 0.62–3.53, I2 = 28%, P = 0.38). Conclusion: MNZ exhibited significantly lower clinical cure rates than did VCM in the US and Europe; therefore, it is not recommended for the management of CDI in pediatric and adolescent populations.What is Known:• The unavailability of robust data on recommendations of therapeutic agents for the management of Clostridioides difficile infections in children precludes effective antibiotic choice.What is New:• Metronidazole exhibited significantly lower clinical cure rates than did vancomycin in the United States of America and Europe and recurrence rate was not significantly different between metronidazole and vancomycin; therefore, it is not recommended for the management of Clostridioides difficile infection in children.

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Development of an optimized and practical pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis method for aztreonam/nacubactam against carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae.

Igarashi Y, Takemura W, Liu X, Kojima N, Morita T, Chuang VTG, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy (The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy) 78 ( 4 ) 991 - 999 2023.02

Joint Work, ISSN 0305-7453

BACKGROUND: Nacubactam, a new β-lactamase inhibitor with antibacterial activity, is being developed as a single drug to be co-administered with cefepime or aztreonam. However, determining pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) parameters in β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations remains challenging. We aimed to establish a practical PK/PD analysis method for aztreonam/nacubactam that incorporates instantaneous MIC (MICi). METHODS: Based on chequerboard MIC measurements, MICi of aztreonam against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the presence of nacubactam was simulated. RESULTS: The mean change in the bacterial count of thigh-infected mice in an in vivo PD study was plotted based on %fT>MICi and analysed using the inhibitory effect sigmoid Imax model. fT>MICi calculated from the PK experiments showed a high correlation with the in vivo bactericidal effect, suggesting that fT>MICi is the optimal PK/PD parameter for aztreonam/nacubactam. The target values of fT>MICi achieving growth inhibition, 1 log10 kill and 2 log10 kill, were 22, 38% and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The PK/PD analysis method proposed in this study is promising for determining practical PK/PD parameters in combination therapy. In addition, this is the first report of aztreonam/nacubactam showing a potent in vivo therapeutic effect against NDM-producing K. pneumoniae.

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Model-informed precision dosing of teicoplanin for the rapid achievement of the target area under the concentration-time curve: A simulation study.

Oda K, Yamada T, Matsumoto K, Hanai Y, Ueda T, Samura M, Shigemi A, Jono H, Saito H, Kimura T

Clinical and translational science (Clinical and Translational Science) 16 ( 4 ) 704 - 713 2023.02

Joint Work, ISSN 1752-8054

Teicoplanin, a glycopeptide antimicrobial, is recommended for therapeutic drug monitoring, but it remains unclear how to target the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC). This simulation study purposed to demonstrate the potential of the Bayesian forecasting approach for the rapid achievement of the target AUC for teicoplanin. We generated concordant and discordant virtual populations against a Japanese population pharmacokinetic model. The predictive performance of the Bayesian posterior AUC in limited sampling on the first day against the reference AUC was evaluated as an acceptable target AUC ratio within the range of 0.8–1.2. In the concordant population, the probability for the maximum a priori or Bayesian posterior AUC on the first day (AUC0–24) was 61.3% or more than 77.0%, respectively. The Bayesian posterior AUC on the second day (AUC24–48) was more than 75.1%. In the discordant population, the probability for the maximum a priori or Bayesian posterior AUC0–24 was 15.5% or 11.7–80.7%, respectively. The probability for the maximum a priori or Bayesian posterior AUC24–48 was 23.4%, 30.2–82.1%. The AUC at steady-state (AUCSS) was correlated with trough concentration at steady-state, with a coefficient of determination of 0.930; the coefficients on days 7 and 4 were 0.442 and 0.125, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that early sampling could improve the probability of AUC0–24 and AUC24–48 but did not adequately predict AUCSS. Further studies are necessary to apply early sampling-based model-informed precision dosing in the clinical settings.

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Comparison of the efficacy and safety of standard- and high-dose daptomycin: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Samura M, Takada K, Hirose N, Kurata T, Nagumo F, Uchida M, Inoue J, Tanikawa K, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Ueda T, Fujimura S, Mikamo H, Takesue Y, Mitsutake K

British journal of clinical pharmacology (British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology) 89 ( 4 ) 1291 - 1303 2023.01

Joint Work, ISSN 0306-5251

Aims: Standard doses of daptomycin at 4 and 6 mg/kg were used for the treatment of skin and soft tissue for infections and bacteraemia, respectively. However, increased doses of daptomycin are recommended for complicated infections by Gram-positive organisms. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using 4 databases. We compared treatment success between standard-dose (SD, 4–6 mg/kg) and high-dose (HD, >6 mg/kg) daptomycin in patients with all-cause bacteraemia, complicated bacteraemia, infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis and foreign body/prosthetic infection as the primary outcome. We also compared the success between SD and HD2 (≥8 mg/kg) daptomycin treatments in patients with these diseases as the secondary outcome. The incidence of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) elevation was evaluated as safety. Results: In patients with complicated bacteraemia and infective endocarditis, the treatment success was significantly lower in the SD group than in the HD group (odds ratio [OR] 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30–0.76 and OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.30–0.82) and HD2 group (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.21–0.69 and OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.15–0.60), respectively. A significant difference was demonstrated only in the HD2 group in patients with bacteraemia, including simple infection. SD did not decrease the success rate for the treatment of osteomyelitis and foreign body/prosthetic infection. The incidence of elevated CPK was significantly lower in SD group than in HD group. Conclusion: SD daptomycin was associated with significantly lower treatment success than HD in patients with complicated bacteraemia/infective endocarditis. The CPK elevation should be considered in patients treated with high daptomycin doses.

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Optimal timing for therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole to prevent adverse effects in Japanese patients

Hanai Y., Ueda T., Hamada Y., Oda K., Takahashi Y., Nakajima K., Miyazaki Y., Kiriyama M., Uekusa S., Matsuo K., Matsumoto K., Kimura T., Takesue Y.

Mycoses (Mycoses) 66 ( 12 ) 1035 - 1044 2023

Joint Work, ISSN 09337407

Background: The optimal timing for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of voriconazole in Asians, who have higher rates of poor metabolisers than non-Asians, is unclear. This can cause unexpectedly high concentrations and delays in reaching steady-state levels. Objectives: To determine the appropriate timing of TDM in Japanese patients receiving voriconazole. Patients/Methods: Trough levels (Cmin) were measured on days 3–5 (recommended timing, RT) and days 6–14 (delayed timing, DT) after starting voriconazole in patients receiving an appropriate dosage. Considering bioavailability, Cmin was only compared in patients receiving oral voriconazole. Results: A total of 289 and 186 patients were included in the safety and pharmacokinetic analyses, respectively. There was a significant difference in Cmin measured no later than and after day 5 (3.59 ± 2.12 [RT] vs. 4.77 ± 3.88 μg/mL [DT], p =.023), whereas no significant difference was observed on cutoff day 6 (3.91 ± 2.60 vs. 4.40 ± 3.94 μg/mL, p =.465), suggesting that Cmin close to the steady-state was achieved after day 5. DT causes a delay in achieving the therapeutic range. The hepatotoxicity rates were 21.5% and 36.8% in the RT and DT groups, respectively (p =.004); DT was an independent risk factor for hepatotoxicity. Conclusion: Although steady-state concentrations may not be achieved by day 5, early dose optimisation using RT can prevent hepatotoxicity in Japanese patients. TDM should be performed on days 3–5 to ensure safety. However, subsequent TDM may be necessary due to a possible further increase in Cmin.

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Analysis of Risk Factors for Developing Tuberculosis in Patients Who Received Prophylactic Latent Tuberculosis Infection Treatment with Experience of Biologic Medications

Itagaki Marina, Iketani Osamu, Enoki Yuki, Chuang Victor Tuan Giam, Taguchi Kazuaki, Uno Shunsuke, Uchida Sho, Namkoong Ho, Uwamino Yoshifumi, Takano Yaoko, Hasegawa Naoki, Matsumoto Kazuaki

Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan) 46 ( 12 ) 1832 - 1837 2023

Joint Work, ISSN 0918-6158

Biologic medications have dramatically improved the treatment outcomes of immunological inflammatory diseases, but their immunosuppressive effects put patients at risk for tuberculosis (TB). We investigated the risk factors for developing TB in patients treated for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) who also had experience of using biologic medications. At Keio University Hospital, we retrospectively investigated patients treated with anti-mycobacterial drugs before or concurrently with biologic medications from January 2012 to August 2020. Patients in the ‘follow-on cases group’ who had a positive TB screening test after initiating biologic medications and subsequently started LTBI treatment were excluded. We researched and compared the patient characteristics for TB and non-TB patient groups. Of the 146 eligible patients, 5 (3.4%) developed TB. The incidence rate was 600/100000 person-years. There were no significant differences between TB and non-TB patient groups in the history of TB, interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), duration of biologic medication therapy, LTBI treatment periods, concomitant use of calcineurin inhibitors or anti-rheumatic drugs. The percentage of patients who received prednisolone at a dose of ≥15 mg for more than 1 month was higher in those who developed TB than in those who did not (40.0 vs. 7.1%, p = 0.054); however, this difference was not statistically significant. Regular monitoring of TB is necessary for long-term concomitant use of high prednisolone doses during and after the administration of biologic medications.

Fecal pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics characteristics of fidaxomicin and vancomycin against Clostridioides difficile infection elucidated by in vivo feces-based infectious evaluation models.

Tashiro S, Taguchi K, Enoki Y, Matsumoto K

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Clinical Microbiology and Infection) 29 ( 5 ) 616 - 622 2022.12

Joint Work, ISSN 1198-743X

Objectives: The pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD; PK/PD) characteristics of fidaxomicin (FDX) and vancomycin (VCM) against Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) are yet to be elucidated because of the lack of an established PK/PD analysis method for intestinal infections and unabsorbed oral drugs. Here, we developed a feces-based PK/PD analysis method and determined the fecal PK/PD index, with target values of FDX and VCM against CDI. Methods: The antimicrobial susceptibility, time-kill curves, and post-antibiotic effects (PAEs) of FDX and VCM against C. difficile were determined in vitro. The optimal fecal PK/PD indices, with target values, were determined from the results of PK and PD studies involving 5-week-old female C57BL/6J mice infected with C. difficile ATCC® 43255. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints for C. difficile were estimated based on clinical data concerning fecal antibiotic concentrations in patients with CDI. Results: FDX and VCM inhibited C. difficile growth via time-dependent antibacterial activity and exerted PAEs. In the CDI mouse model experiments, the changes in C. difficile load and clinical cures (72-hour survival rates and clinical sickness score grading) were most highly correlated with the ratio of area under the fecal drug concentration-time curve to MIC (AUC0→∞/MIC). The target AUC0→∞/MIC values of FDX and VCM for 3 log10 reduction in C. difficile load was 13,173 and 8,308, respectively. The MIC breakpoints of FDX and VCM for C. difficile was estimated to be 1.0 and 2.0 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The developed in vivo feces-based PK/PD analysis method elucidated the optimal fecal PK/PD index, with target values of FDX and VCM against CDI.

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The G protein-coupled receptor ligand apelin-13 ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy induced by chronic kidney disease.

Enoki Y, Nagai T, Hamamura Y, Osa S, Nakamura H, Taguchi K, Watanabe H, Maruyama T, Matsumoto K

Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle (Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle) 14 ( 1 ) 553 - 564 2022.12

Joint Work, ISSN 2190-5991

Background: Targeting of the apelin–apelin receptor (Apj) system may serve as a useful therapeutic intervention for the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. We investigated the roles and efficacy of the apelin–Apj system in CKD-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Methods: The 5/6-nephrectomized mice were used as CKD models. AST-120, a charcoal adsorbent of uraemic toxins (8 w/w% in diet), or apelin (1 μmol/kg) was administered to CKD mice to investigate the mechanism and therapeutic potential of apelin on CKD-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. The effect of indoxyl sulfate, a uraemic toxin, or apelin on skeletal muscle atrophy was evaluated using mouse myoblast cells (C2C12 cells) in vitro. Results: Skeletal muscle atrophy developed over time following nephrectomy at 12 weeks, as confirmed by a significant increase of atrogin-1 and myostatin mRNA expression in the gastrocnemius (GA) muscle and a decrease of lower limb skeletal muscle weight (P < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.05, respectively). Apelin expression in GA muscle was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and elabela, another Apj endogenous ligand, tended to show a non-significant decrease at 12 weeks after nephrectomy. Administration of AST-120 inhibited the decline of muscle weight and increase of atrogin-1 and myostatin expression. Apelin and elabela expression was slightly improved by AST-120 administration but Apj expression was not, suggesting the involvement of uraemic toxins in endogenous Apj ligand expression. The administration of apelin at 1.0 μmol/kg for 4 weeks to CKD mice suppressed the increase of atrogin-1 and myostatin, increased apelin and Apj mRNA expression at 30 min after apelin administration and significantly ameliorated weight loss and a decrease of the cross-sectional area of hindlimb skeletal muscle. Conclusions: This study demonstrated for the first time the association of the Apj endogenous ligand–uraemic toxin axis with skeletal muscle atrophy in CKD and the utility of therapeutic targeting of the apelin–Apj system.

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Safety of linezolid in patients with decreased renal function and trough monitoring: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Liu X, Aoki M, Osa S, Ito C, Saiki R, Nagai T, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K

BMC pharmacology & toxicology (BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology) 23 ( 1 ) 89 2022.11

Joint Work

Background: Linezolid causes hematological toxicity, mostly thrombocytopenia, which leads to treatment discontinuation and failure. Recent studies revealed that during linezolid therapy, the incidence of treatment-related hematological toxicity is significantly higher in patients with decreased renal function (DRF) than in those with normal renal function. Linezolid monitoring is necessary due to the high frequency of hematological toxicity in patients with DRF and the relationship between blood concentration and safety. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the safety correlation between DRF and trough monitoring. Methods: Articles published before June 24, 2022, on MEDLINE, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically analyzed. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using the Mantel–Haenszel method and the variable effects model. Results: The incidence of hematological toxicity was significantly higher in patients with DRF than in those without DRF (OR = 2.37; p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis, performed according to hematotoxicity classification, including thrombocytopenia, anemia, and pancytopenia, revealed a significantly higher incidence of thrombocytopenia (OR = 2.45; p < 0.001) and anemia (OR = 2.31; p = 0.006) in patients with DRF than in those without; pancytopenia (OR = 1.41; p = 0.80) incidences were not significantly higher. Based on a systematic review, linezolid trough concentrations > 6–7 μg/mL may be associated with an increased incidence of thrombocytopenia. However, no confidential threshold values for the development of thrombocytopenia were found in the area under the concentration curve values for children or adults. Conclusion: We observed a high frequency of hematological toxicity during linezolid therapy in patients with DRF. To ensure safety, linezolid trough concentrations should be ≤6–7 μg/mL.

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Sciatic denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with persistent inflammation and increased mortality during sepsis.

Osa S, Enoki Y, Miyajima T, Akiyama M, Fujiwara Y, Taguchi K, Kim YG, Matsumoto K

Shock (Augusta, Ga.) (Shock) 59 ( 3 ) 417 - 425 2022.11

Joint Work, ISSN 1073-2322

Background: Patients with underlying skeletal muscle atrophy are likely to develop aggravated sepsis. However, no study has experimentally verified the association between the prognosis of sepsis and muscle atrophy, and the mechanism of aggravation of sepsis under muscle atrophy remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of skeletal muscle atrophy induced by sciatic denervation (DN), an experimental muscle atrophy model, on sepsis prognosis. Methods: Skeletal muscle atrophy was induced by DN of the sciatic nerve in C57BL/6J male mice. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed to induce sepsis. Results: The survival rates of the sham and DN groups 7 days after CLP were 63% and 35%, respectively, wherein an approximately 30% reduction was observed in the DN group (P < 0.05, vs. sham-CLP). The DN group had a higher bacterial count in the blood 48 h after CLP (P < 0.05, vs. sham-CLP). Notably, NOx (a metabolite of nitric oxide) concentrations in DN mice were higher than those in sham mice after CLP (P < 0.05, vs. sham-CLP), whereas serum platelet levels were lower 48 h after CLP (P < 0.05, vs. sham-CLP). In organ damage analysis, DN mice presented increased protein expression of the kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a kidney injury marker, after CLP (NGAL 48 h after CLP, P < 0.05, vs. sham-CLP; KIM-1 24 h after CLP, P < 0.01, vs. sham-CLP). Furthermore, nitro tyrosine levels in the kidneys of DN mice were higher 48 h after CLP compared with those in sham-CLP mice, indicating the accumulation of nitrative stress (P < 0.05, vs. sham-CLP). Serum cytokine levels were increased in both groups after CLP, but decreased in the sham group 48 h after CLP and remained consistently higher in the DN group (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α: P < 0.05, sham-CLP vs. DN-CLP; interleukin (IL)-1β: P < 0.01, sham-CLP vs. DN-CLP; IL-6: P < 0.05, DN vs. DN-CLP; IL-10: P < 0.05, sham-CLP vs. DN-CLP). Conclusions: We verified that skeletal muscle atrophy induced by DN is associated with poor prognosis after CLP-induced sepsis. Importantly, mice with skeletal muscle atrophy presented worsening sepsis prognosis at late onset, including prolonged infection, persistent inflammation, and kidney damage accumulation, resulting in delayed recovery.

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Clinical Practice Guideline for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Voriconazole in Non-Asian and Asian Adult Patients: Consensus Review by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Society of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.

Takesue Y, Hanai Y, Oda K, Hamada Y, Ueda T, Mayumi T, Matsumoto K, Fujii S, Takahashi Y, Miyazaki Y, Kimura T, Japanese Antimicrobial Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Guideline Committee

Clinical therapeutics (Clinical Therapeutics) 44 ( 12 ) 1604 - 1623 2022.11

Joint Work, ISSN 0149-2918

Purpose: Voriconazole, an antifungal drug, is metabolized by a cytochrome P450 isozyme. Increased adverse effects are observed in Asians because of the high rate of poor metabolizers. In this therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) guideline, recommendations were made according to ethnic group. Methods: Five clinical questions were used. For the preparation of the guideline, the performance of TDM in multicenter studies was surveyed (study 1). We also conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis (study 2) to establish recommendations for non-Asians and Asians. Findings: In study 1, 401 patients were surveyed. A risk of supratherapeutic concentrations was found in Japanese patients who adhered to the recommended dose. Target trough levels were achieved in 87% of patients with dose reductions. Although the trough level measured at the onset of adverse effects (AEs) was significantly associated with hepatotoxicity, no significant correlation was found between the initial trough level and hepatotoxicity, which indicated that hepatotoxicity was successfully prevented by the trough-guided dosing. In study 2, 22 studies (11 Asian locations and 11 non-Asian locations) were included in meta-analysis for the relationship between trough cutoff level (3, 4, 5, 5.5, and 6 µg/mL) and AEs. Significant differences were found for all cutoff levels, with the highest odds ratio for 4.0 µg/mL in Asian locations. In contrast, in non-Asian locations, no more than 1 study was available for any trough cutoff level, except for 5.5 µg/mL, at which level a significant increase in AEs was found. These findings indicate that TDM is strongly recommended to prevent AEs in Asians, and TDM is generally recommended for non-Asians to address subtherapeutic concentrations. TDM on day 3 is recommended to assess pharmacokinetic properties, including loading and maintenance doses. If the patient condition permits, delaying until day 5 is suggested for Asians because of the prolonged t½ in poor metabolizers. A trough level ≥1.0 µg/mL is strongly recommended to improve efficacy. Trough levels ≥2.0 µg/mL are suggested for invasive aspergillosis. To decrease adverse effects, trough levels <4.0 µg/mL are strongly recommended in Asians, whereas trough levels <5.5 µg/mL are generally recommended in non-Asians. Maintenance doses of 4 and 3 mg/kg twice daily are recommended in non-Asians and Asians, respectively. Implications: Different indications, timings, and target trough levels for TDM and different regimens are suggested for Asians and non-Asians.

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Differences in Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Tedizolid Against VRE and MRSA.

Liu X, Tashiro S, Igarashi Y, Takemura W, Kojima N, Morita T, Hayashi M, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K

Pharmaceutical research (Pharmaceutical Research) 40 ( 1 ) 187 - 196 2022.11

Joint Work, ISSN 0724-8741

Purpose: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have recently become a major cause of nosocomial infections and a global public health concern. Tedizolid exhibits powerful antibacterial activity against VRE in vitro, but its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the PK/PD indices of tedizolid action on VRE and the mechanisms underlying the PK/PD indices differences of tedizolid against VRE and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods: Optimal PK/PD target values of tedizolid were determined in vitro, based on time-kill curves and post-antibiotic effects (PAEs), and in vivo, using mouse models of thigh infection with VRE and MRSA strains. Results: The tedizolid bactericidal activity on VRE and MRSA was time-dependent. Correlations were closest between fAUC24/MIC and the tedizolid PK/PD index against MRSA and VRE. To achieve 1 log10 kill tedizolid fAUC24/MIC in neutropenic mouse models of thigh infection with VRE and MRSA should be 14.2 and 138.5, respectively. The PAEs of tedizolid against VRE and MRSA were 2.39 and 0.99 h, respectively. Conclusion: Tedizolid showed bactericidal effects against VRE even in neutropenic mice unlike MRSA, which could be attributed to its longer PAE against VRE. Hence, we hypothesize that tedizolid treatment against VRE infections is promising for achieving therapeutic success in clinical.

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In vitro effects of diazabicyclooctane β-lactamase inhibitors relebactam and nacubactam against three subspecies of Mycobacterium abscessus complex.

Misawa K, Nishimura T, Kashimura S, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Uno S, Uwamino Y, Matsumoto K, Hasegawa N

International journal of antimicrobial agents (International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents) 60 ( 5-6 ) 106669 2022.09

Joint Work, ISSN 0924-8579

Background: Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) pulmonary disease is notoriously difficult to treat due to intrinsic resistance to many common antibiotics. MABC is β-lactam-resistant as it produces class A β-lactamases, such as blaMab, which are inhibited by diazabicyclooctane (DBO) β-lactamase inhibitors. Objectives: To investigate the microbiological effects of the combination of β-lactam and DBO β-lactamase inhibitors (relebactam and nacubactam) against MABC and determine if the effects are associated with the MABC subspecies and colony morphotype. Methods: The antimicrobial susceptibility of three type strains and 20 clinical isolates of MABC to the combination of seven β-lactams with relebactam or nacubactam was evaluated using broth microdilution checkerboard assays. For these strains, expression levels of blaMab were assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and genotypic diversity was evaluated using 18-locus variable number tandem repeat assay. Results: Relebactam and nacubactam lowered the minimum inhibitory concentrations of β-lactams, particularly imipenem, meropenem, and tebipenem, against MABC. There was no difference in efficacy of combination treatment between three subspecies, but rough morphotypes tended to be less susceptible than smooth morphotypes. There were no differences in blaMab expression levels and genotypic diversity between the morphotypes. Conclusions: The combination of β-lactam with relebactam or nacubactam improved the efficacy of β-lactams against all MABC subspecies, but higher concentrations of β-lactams were needed for rough morphotypes.

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Efficacy of surgical skin preparation with chlorhexidine in alcohol according to the concentration required to prevent surgical site infection: meta-analysis.

Hasegawa T, Tashiro S, Mihara T, Kon J, Sakurai K, Tanaka Y, Morita T, Enoki Y, Taguchi K, Matsumoto K, Nakajima K, Takesue Y

BJS open (BJS open) 6 ( 5 ) 2022.09

Joint Work, ISSN 2474-9842

BACKGROUND: A combination of chlorhexidine gluconate and alcohol (CHG-alcohol) is recommended for surgical skin preparation to prevent surgical site infection (SSI). Although more than 1 per cent CHG-alcohol is recommended to prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections, there is no consensus regarding the concentration of the CHG compound for the prevention of SSI. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. Four electronic databases were searched on 5 November 2020. SSI rates were compared between CHG-alcohol and povidone-iodine (PVP-I) according to the concentration of CHG (0.5 per cent, 2.0 per cent, 2.5 per cent, and 4.0 per cent). RESULTS: In total, 106 of 2716 screened articles were retrieved for full-text review. The risk ratios (RRs) of SSI for 0.5 per cent (6 studies) and 2.0 per cent (4 studies) CHG-alcohol were significantly lower than those for PVP-I (RR = 0.71, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0.52 to 0.97; RR = 0.52, 95 per cent c.i 0.31 to 0.86 respectively); however, no significant difference was observed in the compounds with a CHG concentration of more than 2.0 per cent. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis is the first study that clarifies the usefulness of an alcohol-based CHG solution with a 0.5 per cent or higher CHG concentration for surgical skin preparation to prevent SSI.

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Ceftazidime encephalopathy developed without the elevation of cerebrospinal fluid concentration of ceftazidime: A case report of two cases.

Toda M, Yoshifuji A, Hosoya K, Taguchi K, Komatsu M, Kobayashi E, Fujii K, Kato A, Hasegawa N, Matsumoto K, Ryuzaki M

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy (Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy) 28 ( 12 ) 1667 - 1671 2022.08

Joint Work, ISSN 1341-321X

Background: Ceftazidime encephalopathy is reported to be caused by the repeated administration of ceftazidime in patients with renal impairment because of the high serum concentration of ceftazidime. Ceftazidime encephalopathy has been considered to be caused by the elevation of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration. However, as no reports have measured CSF concentrations, the relationship with ceftazidime encephalopathy and CSF concentration has not been clarified. Case presentation: Case 1: An 80-year-old Japanese man under a combination therapy with peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis, who had been treated for a cellulitis with ceftazidime, developed altered consciousness and was diagnosed as ceftazidime encephalopathy. His serum concentration of ceftazidime was elevated, but CSF concentration was only under 0.1 μg/mL. Case 2: An 88-year-old Japanese man with chronic kidney disease, who had been treated for a urinary tract infection with ceftazidime, developed altered consciousness and was diagnosed as ceftazidime encephalopathy. His serum concentration of ceftazidime was elevated, but CSF concentration was within the therapeutic range. However, his serum and CSF concentration of quinolinic acid was markedly increased. Conclusions: Patients with renal failure are more likely to develop ceftazidime encephalopathy. We need to pay attention to the dosage of ceftazidime and to the appearance of neurological symptoms. Ceftazidime encephalopathy was considered to be caused by the high CSF concentration, but it could be caused by quinolinic acid as neurotoxic substance.

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