Details of a Researcher - Ikaga, Toshiharu

Papers - Ikaga, Toshiharu

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Economic benefits of the effects of office environment on perceived work efficiency and presenteeism

Shiro Arata, Masaki Sugiuchi, Toshiharu Ikaga, Yasuyuki Shiraishi, Tatsuya Hayashi, Shintaro Ando, Shun Kawakubo

Building and Environment (Elsevier BV) 243 110712 - 110712 2023.08

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0360-1323

As hubs of intellectual activity, offices are expected to promote work efficiency and support worker health. Many studies have analyzed the relationship of the office environment with work efficiency and the health of workers. However, few studies have compared the effects of various elements of the office environment on these outcomes and their economic benefits. To address this limitation, this study investigated the impact of various environmental elements on both work efficiency and health, and analyzed the economic benefits of optimizing these elements in office spaces. The impacts of each element of the office environment on work efficiency and worker health were analyzed for 1644 workers in 29 office buildings in Tokyo, Japan. Economic benefits were estimated by comparing perceived work efficiency to an ideal office and presenteeism to the absence of health-related barriers. The results showed that the office interior and furnishings provided the largest estimated economic benefits, followed by overall building sanitation and HVAC airflow. These elements produced economic benefits associated with high perceived work efficiency. The largest estimated economic benefits associated with low presenteeism was from desk lighting, which was the fourth largest economic benefit overall. The results suggest that healthy offices require not only improvements but also the removal of negative elements. These findings are expected to contribute to the realization of comfortable, healthy offices.

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Accelerometer-assessed physical activity of elementary schoolers in Kawasaki city

Baba Akiko, Oguma Yuko, Ito Maki, Kaneko Masashi, Ikaga Toshiharu

Research in Exercise Epidemiology (Japanese Association of Exercise Epidemiology) 25 ( 1 ) 126 - 127 2023.06

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 13475827

Accelerometer-assessed physical activity of junior high schoolers in Tokyo, Hiroshima, and Kochi

Baba Akiko, Oguma Yuko, Ito Maki, Ikaga Toshiharu

Research in Exercise Epidemiology (Japanese Association of Exercise Epidemiology) 25 ( 1 ) 128 - 129 2023.06

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 13475827

断熱改修が成人における冬季の住宅内座位行動および身体活動に及ぼす影響　スマートウェルネス住宅調査による準実験的研究

伊藤真紀, 伊香賀俊治, 小熊祐子, 齋藤義信, 藤野善久, 安藤真太朗, 村上周三

運動疫学研究: Research in Exercise Epidemiology (日本運動疫学会) 25 ( 1 ) 50 - 63 2023.06

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 1347-5827

目的:断熱改修が冬季の住宅内の座位行動と身体活動に及ぼす影響を検討した。方法:断熱改修に意欲的な成人を募集し,冬季2週間のベースライン調査(改修前)と,その1～4年後の同時期に追跡調査(改修後)を行った。住宅内の座位時間と低強度以上の身体活動量(light-to-vigorous physical activity;LVPA)は,加速度計と外出記録から評価した。断熱改修を行った介入群と断念した対照群に対象者を分け,住宅内の座位時間とLVPAの変化との関連を線形混合モデルで検討した。また,脱衣所室温変化量[低下(-1℃未満),変化なし(-1℃以上+1℃未満),上昇小(+1℃以上+5℃未満),上昇大(+5℃以上)]を説明変数に加えた解析も実施した。結果:1,751名(介入群1,640名,対照群111名)を解析対象とした。脱衣所室温は介入群で有意に上昇したが,群間で調査期間のずれが生じたことなどにより,対照群の室温も外気温の上昇に伴い上昇していた。多変量解析の結果,断熱改修と住宅内の座位時間・LVPAの変化に有意な関連は認められなかった。ただし,脱衣所室温変化量は有意に関連していた。室温が変化しなかった場合に比べて,5℃以上改善した場合は,座位時間が減少し,LVPAは増加したが,室温が低下した場合には,座位時間が増加し,LVPAは減少した。結論:断熱改修は住宅内の座位時間とLVPAの変化に関連していなかった。ただし,脱衣所等の室温改善は,住宅内の座位行動を抑制し,LVPAを増加させる可能性が示唆された。今後も検証が必要である。(著者抄録)

東日本大震災被災地域の高齢者における住居形態と住環境リスクに関する観察研究　the RIAS Study

鈴木るり子, 坪田恵[宇津木], 佐々木亮平, 下田陽樹, 藤野善久, 伊香賀俊治, 狩野徹, 坂田清美

日本公衆衛生雑誌 (日本公衆衛生学会) 70 ( 2 ) 99 - 111 2023.02

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

目的「住まい」は人が最も長く曝露を受ける場である。厚生労働省は地域包括ケアシステムの取り組みの中で,土台としての高齢者のプライバシーと尊厳が十分に守られた住環境,すなわち騒音やカビ等の「住まい(以下「物理環境」)」,住居状況や社会的支援等の関わりの「住まい方(以下「社会環境」)」の重要性を基本的要素として掲げている。本研究は,災害公営住宅への移転も進んだ2018年度の被災高齢者を対象に,現在の住居形態と「物理環境」「社会環境」の関連を明らかにすることを目的とした。方法 2011年度に岩手県沿岸部で実施した大規模コホート研究(RIAS Study)に参加した65歳以上のうち,2018年度調査票の回答者3,856人を対象とした。現在の住居形態に関する設問から住居形態は以下の分類とした:"震災前と同じ(同所再建含)","仮設・みなし仮設","災害公営住宅","新所新築","その他"。「物理環境」については,国土交通省が行うスマートウェルネス住宅等推進調査事業における住宅健康チェックリストを用い,「社会環境」については,RIAS調査票より,独居,ソーシャルネットワーク,ソーシャルキャピタルについて評価した。"震災前と同じ(同所再建含)"と比較した他の住居形態と,「物理環境」「社会環境」の各項目の関連を,多変量ロジスティック回帰分析,重回帰分析より検討した。結果最終的な解析対象は3,856人(男性39.1%,平均年齢74.6歳)であった。住居形態と「物理環境」の関連では,震災前と同じ群と比較し,新所新築,災害公営住宅,その他の群で住まいの健康度が高く,仮設・みなし仮設群の健康度が低かった。一方,「社会環境」との関連では,震災前と同じ群と比較し,災害公営住宅群で独居者が有意に多く,災害公営住宅,新所新築群でソーシャルキャピタルが有意に低かった。また,ソーシャルネットワークでは,震災前と同じ群と比較し,災害公営住宅群で有意に低く,サポートの内訳では,災害公営住宅群では家族からのサポート,新所新築群では友人からのサポートが有意に低かった。結論高齢者においては,特に既存コミュニティの有無にかかわらず新たな土地でソーシャルキャピタルやソーシャルネットワークを築くことが難しいことが示された。地域に出るきっかけづくりを含む,長期的な高齢者支援のあり方について早急な取り組みが求められる。(著者抄録)

SMART WELLNESS HOUSING AND BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL

Umishio, W; Ikaga, T; Kario, K

JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION 41 E14 - E14 2023.01

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0263-6352

EFFECTS OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM ON HEALTH SYMPTOMS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN RESIDENTS OF HOUSES

梅本大輔, 関谷佳子, 中川浩, 上林清香, 伊香賀俊治

日本建築学会環境系論文集(Web) (Journal of Environmental Engineering (Japan)) 88 ( 806 ) 325 - 333 2023

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Last author, Corresponding author, Accepted, ISSN 1881-817X

Indoor temperature environment and air quality affect the health of residents of houses, and thus efforts are underway to improve the insulation of houses. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey to investigate changes in health symptoms and quality of life after moving into a house with a central air conditioner, floor heating, and room air conditioners. The results revealed that residents of houses with central air conditioning tended to have a higher rate of improvement in health symptoms and quality of life compared with other types of air conditioning.

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Validity Verification of Work Environment Subjective Assessment Tool for Improving the Efficiency and Health of Workers: Part 2-Changes in Health and Work Efficiency Before and After the Covid-19 Pandemic

森重優子, 白石靖幸, 安部祐子, 林立也, 伊香賀俊治, 藤野善久

空気調和・衛生工学会論文集 48 ( 313 ) 35 - 43 2023

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0385-275X

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT OFFICE COOLING SYSTEMS ON WORKERS (PART 2): ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND SIMULATED WORK PERFORMANCE DURING SUMMER, WITH A FOCUS ON INDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES

臼倉里津, 伊香賀俊治, 清水洋, 佐藤啓明, 川上梨沙, 伊藤清

日本建築学会環境系論文集(Web) (Journal of Environmental Engineering (Japan)) 88 ( 807 ) 387 - 396 2023

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Corresponding author, Accepted, ISSN 1881-817X

The working space environment has a large impact on workers. To improve workplace productivity, it is important to design the office environment. In this paper, we focused on radiant air conditioning, which is attracting increasing attention for use in offices. The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in indoor environment between radiant air conditioning and convective air conditioning and evaluate their effects on workplace productivity by conducting subject experiments. Radiant air conditioning was found to reduce differences between deep body temperature and terminal skin temperature and to improve creative work performance compared with convection air conditioning.

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EFFECT OF UNIFORM THERMAL ENVIRONMENT WITH CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING ON RESIDENT SLEEP INDEX

梅本大輔, 関谷佳子, 中川浩, 上林清香, 河本紗弥, 伊香賀俊治

日本建築学会環境系論文集(Web) (Journal of Environmental Engineering (Japan)) 88 ( 807 ) 429 - 438 2023

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Last author, Corresponding author, Accepted, ISSN 13480685

The thermal environment of a house is a factor that affects sleep quality. Thus, for maintaining good health, it is important for houses to have an appropriate thermal environment. The influence of ventilation and air conditioning on a house's thermal environment cannot be ignored. Here, we investigated differences in ventilation and air conditioning equipment by comparing and evaluating the sleep quality of residents using individual air conditioners or central air conditioning. The results suggested that the central air conditioning group had reduced sleep latency, which might increase sleep efficiency in summer.

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住宅の温熱環境と高齢者の健康

伊香賀俊治

Applied Gerontology (Society for Applied Gerontology - Japan) 17 ( 1 ) 4 - 8 2023

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 18826245

国土交通省は2014年度より、厚生労働省と連携して「スマートウェルネス(健康・省エネ)住宅等推進事業調査」を実施しており、著者はこの調査を行っている医学・建築学の専門家約90名で構成される委員会の幹事と調査解析小委員会の委員長を務めている。同事業調査では、断熱改修等による住まいの改善が居住者の健康に与える影響に関する2千世帯・4千人規模の全国調査(SWH全国調査)を実施し、2023年6月現在で医学系原著論文11編が刊行されている。本稿では、それらの概要と著者らによるその他の成果について紹介した。SWH全国調査では、亜熱帯の沖縄県を除く全国2190世帯の居間、寝室、脱衣所の冬季室温を測定した。その結果、WHO勧告冬期最低室温18℃以上を、在宅中の居間平均室温で満たさない住まいが9割を占めることが明らかになった。その他、断熱改修による暖かい住まいが、高血圧緩和、血圧変動緩和、心電図異常所見の予防、脂質異常症の予防、過活動膀胱の予防、睡眠の質向上、健康関連QOLの向上、座りすぎ生活の減少、につながることについて概説した。

Effect of insulation retrofitting on sedentary behavior and physical activity at home among adults in winter: a quasi-experimental study of the Nationwide Smart Wellness Housing Survey in Japan

Ito Maki, Ikaga Toshiharu, Oguma Yuko, Saito Yoshinobu, Fujino Yoshihisa, Ando Shintaro, Murakami Shuzo, the Smart Wellness Housing Survey group

Research in Exercise Epidemiology (Japanese Association of Exercise Epidemiology) advpub 2023

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 1347-5827

Objective: We aimed to examine the effects of insulation retrofitting on sedentary behavior time (SBT) and light-to-vigorous physical activity (LVPA) at home in adults during winter.
 Methods: Adults intending to retrofit their insulation participated in a 14-day baseline survey in winter and a follow-up survey 1–4 years after retrofitting. Participants were classified into an intervention (insulation retrofitting) or a control (non-insulation retrofitting) group. SBT and LVPA changes were calculated using an accelerometer and questionnaires. A multilevel model was fitted to estimate the effects of insulation retrofitting on these changes. As a secondary analysis, the change in dressing room temperature (Td) from baseline was added as an independent variable in the model, categorized as a decrease in Td (<-1.0°C), no change in Td (-1.0°C to +0.9°C), a small increase in Td (+1.0°C to +4.9°C), and a large increase in Td (≥+5.0°C).
 Results: Of the 1751 participants, 1640 were in the intervention group. Both groups experienced an increase in Td. The intervention group experienced a slight increase in outside temperature, whereas the control group experienced a significant increase in outside temperature. Insulation retrofitting was not significantly associated with SBT and LVPA at home; however, the change in Td was significantly associated with SBT and LVPA. Compared to no change in Td, the large increase in Td was associated with a decrease in SBT and an increase in LVPA. In contrast, the decrease in Td was associated with an increase in SBT and a decrease in LVPA.
 Conclusion: Insulation retrofitting was not associated with changes in SBT and LVPA in adults during winter. However, improving room temperature, including Td, could potentially decrease SBT and increase LVPA in adults. Further research is needed to confirm the effect of insulation retrofitting on SBT and LVPA.

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Resiliency evaluation of a collective residence with an independent power outage system

Jungmin Kim, Toru Shiba, Toshiharu Ikaga, Takashi Akimoto, Shin-Ichi Tanabe

JAPAN ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW (WILEY) 6 ( 1 ) 1 - 15 2022.11

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 2475-8876

This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of a 48-h independent power outage system, evaluate the indoor thermal environment under power outage conditions, and improve residential awareness of disasters through a power outage experience. A power outage experiment was conducted in a collective residence with a 48-h independent power system. The available power for each dwelling unit was limited based on the type of heat source, at 700 and 1200 W for cogeneration (CG) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) heating, respectively. The power supply was halted when the available power limit was exceeded. During the experiment, the thermal environment, temperature, humidity, amount of power generated by the CG and SOFC, and load power of the dwelling units were analyzed. We also conducted a questionnaire survey to evaluate the indoor environment and infrastructure. The results showed that home appliances could be used because all dwelling units were supplied with sufficient power, at 700 and 1200 W. The most important appliances were electric fans, refrigerators, lighting, mobile phones, and computer chargers. Therefore, the experiment demonstrated that a comfortable evacuation living condition can be realized by using CG and SOFC during a power outage in the summer.

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[Environmental risks to housing and living arrangements among older survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake and their relationships with housing type: The RIAS Study].

Ruriko Suzuki, Megumi Tsubota-Utsugi, Ryohei Sasaki, Haruki Shimoda, Yoshihisa Fujino, Toshiharu Ikaga, Toru Kano, Kiyomi Sakata

[Nihon koshu eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health (Japanese Society of Public Health) advpub ( 2 ) 99 - 111 2022.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0546-1766

Objective Over the course of their lives, people spend most of their time in the home environment. The Community-based Integrated Care System 2018 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan declared the importance of "housing" and "living arrangements" as essential elements to enable older adults to live independently and to protect their privacy and dignity in their communities. The present study aims to clarify the relationship between current housing type and "housing" and "living arrangements" among older survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE).Methods We used data obtained from 3,856 participants, aged 65 years or older, in the Research project for prospective Investigation of health problems Among Survivors of the GEJE (RIAS). Housing types were categorized as follows: "same housing," "temporary housing," "disaster public housing," "new housing" (in a different area), and "others." Healthy housing scores were calculated using a housing health checklist from the Nationwide Smart Wellness Housing Survey in Japan. "Living arrangements" were assessed based on residential status, social network, and social capital. To determine the risks associated with each "housing" and "living arrangement" category, we used multivariate logistic and linear regression models.Results The number of participants in each housing type was as follows: 2,531 in "same housing," 146 in "temporary housing," 234 in "disaster public housing," 844 in "new housing," and 101 in "others." Compared with those living in "same housing," those living in "disaster public housing," "new housing," and "others" had a significantly higher healthy housing score, whereas those living in "temporary housing" had a lower score. However, with regards to "living arrangements," the number of residents who were living alone was significantly higher among those in "disaster public housing," and those living in "disaster public housing" as well as "new housing" had low social capital compared with those living in "same housing." The likelihood of having a poor social network was substantially higher for those living in "disaster public housing." Sub-scale analyses indicated that "disaster public housing" was associated with less family support, whereas "new housing" was associated with less support from friends.Conclusion The present results indicate that older survivors-regardless of whether they live in the existing community-find it challenging to establish new social capital and social networks in a new location without the presence of "someone" they knew before the disaster.

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Role of housing in blood pressure control: a review of evidence from the Smart Wellness Housing survey in Japan.

Wataru Umishio, Toshiharu Ikaga, Kazuomi Kario, Yoshihisa Fujino, Masaru Suzuki, Shintaro Ando, Tanji Hoshi, Takesumi Yoshimura, Hiroshi Yoshino, Shuzo Murakami

Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension (SPRINGERNATURE) 46 ( 1 ) 9 - 18 2022.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 0916-9636

Current countermeasures for preventing hypertension emphasize only improvements to lifestyle. Recently, improving life environment has attracted attention, in parallel with publication of the WHO Housing and health guidelines. We quantitatively evaluated the relationship between housing thermal environment and blood pressure (BP) in a real-world setting. We conducted a nationwide, prospective intervention study-the Smart Wellness Housing survey-in Japan, as a non-randomized controlled trial. The intervention was the retrofitting of thermal insulation in houses. Participant recruitment was done by construction companies in all 47 prefectures of Japan. Measurements of home BP and indoor temperature at 1.0 m above the floor in the living room, changing room, and bedroom were taken for 2 weeks before and after the intervention each winter (November-March) of FY 2014-2019. As of July 2022, over 2500 households and 5000 participants were registered in the database. We found that (1) about 90% of Japanese lived in cold homes (minimum indoor temperature <18 °C), (2) indoor temperature was non-linearly associated with home BP, (3) morning systolic BP (SBP) was more sensitive than evening SBP to changes in indoor temperature, (4) SBP was influenced by indoor temperature change particularly in older participants and women, (5) unstable indoor temperature was associated with large BP variability, and (6) insulation retrofitting intervention significantly reduced home BP, especially in hypertensive patients. We proposed that the BP reduction effect of the life-environment is comparable to that achievable by lifestyle.

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Influence of residential performance on residents' health status (part II): Nationwide survey of environmental performance of apartment buildings and residents' health status

Shun Kawakubo, Tomomitsu Kamata, Shuzo Murakami, Toshiharu Ikaga, Tanji Hoshi, Shintaro Ando

JAPAN ARCHITECTURAL REVIEW (WILEY) 5 ( 4 ) 576 - 591 2022.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 2475-8876

The residential environment clearly affects health. For example, a previous study has established relationships between specific environmental factors and the health status of residents in detached houses. However, studies focused on apartment buildings are still insufficient. Therefore, in this study, a large nationwide questionnaire survey of residents of apartments was conducted. The residential environment was subjectively evaluated using a Japanese Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) tool: the CASBEE Health Checklist. The results showed that residents living in apartments who score higher on the checklist tend to have a lower prevalence of various diseases, indicating that residential environment may be an important determinant of health. Furthermore, the odds ratios for residents living in apartment buildings were lower for diabetes mellitus, hypertensive diseases, heart diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, chronic lower respiratory diseases, and inflammatory polyarthropathies compared with residents living in detached houses. These findings support the general link between the residential environment and residents' health and suggest that housing typology is an important factor.

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EFFECT OF INDOOR HEATING SYSTEM AND THERMAL ENVIRONMENT ON SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR IN WINTER

MYONAI Katsuhiro, IKAGA Toshiharu, ITO Maki, KOJIMA Hiroshi

Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) (Architectural Institute of Japan) 87 ( 799 ) 579 - 587 2022.09

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Corresponding author, Accepted, ISSN 1348-0685

Physical activity contributes to a variety of health benefits. Therefore, preventing sedentary behavior is critical for the promotion of physical activity in people of all ages. This study was to clarify the relationship between sedentary behavior and the living environment. This study surveyed residents living in houses with adequate insulation performance. In the cross-sectional survey, we examined the relationship between living environment and sedentary behavior at the daily and individual levels, using multilevel analysis. In the intervention survey, we examined the relationship between changes in the indoor thermal environment and sedentary behavior by requesting the active use of heating.

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’ PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INFLUENCED BY THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL FACILTY ENVIRONMENT

KANEKO Masashi, IKAGA Toshiharu, BABA Akiko

Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) (Architectural Institute of Japan) 87 ( 799 ) 559 - 568 2022.09

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Corresponding author, Accepted, ISSN 1348-0685

The decline in physical fitness among elementary school students has become a social problem, and there is a need to promote physical activity in these students. The promotion of physical activity also has an impact on health and learning. In this study, we examined the effects of the elementary school facility environment on the physical activity of students, using a questionnaire survey and actual measurements of physical activity. The analysis results suggested that students at elementary schools having a good schoolyard environment walked more and that the operation of the school affects student’s school-time step counts.

INFLUENCE OF THERMAL INSULATION PERFORMANCE OF HOUSES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES AND REMOTE WORKING PERFORMANCE

KOMOTO Saya, IKAGA Toshiharu, MITSUKURA Yasue, YOSHIDA Satoshi, IKEDA Tomoyuki

Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) (Architectural Institute of Japan) 87 ( 798 ) 492 - 502 2022.08

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Corresponding author, Accepted, ISSN 1348-0685

It is important to prevent hypertension, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and severe COVID-19. In addition, as more people work from home, it is desirable to improve intellectual productivity at home. Therefore, in this study, we clarify the effects of the thermal insulation performance of houses on physiological responses and productivity in remote workers. We obtained the following findings. (1) When insulation performance was higher, systolic blood pressure was lower, and the skin temperature and the blood flow rate of the feet were higher; (2) As insulation performance increased, productivity increased.

HIGH RISK RESIDENTS OF COLD EXPOSURE AT WAKING AND BEDTIME: Indoor temperature measurement of 980 people in the same municipality

FUKUZUMI Yasuhiro, ANDO Shintaro, IKAGA Toshiharu, UMISHIO Wataru, NAKAGAWA Asahi, HOSHI Tanji

Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) (Architectural Institute of Japan) 87 ( 797 ) 472 - 481 2022.07

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted, ISSN 1348-0685

A field survey using actual indoor temperature measurements and questionnaires was conducted in Yusuhara, Kochi Prefecture, in November 2019. Based on the field survey, ordinal logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify common characteristics of residents living in a cold environment at waking and before bedtime. Low insulation performance, the type of heating equipment used such as electric heater and air conditioners, and personal attributes such as age, number of people in the household and length of time at home were significant risk factors for living in cold houses.

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