論文 - 星野　崇宏

Bayesian Significance Testing and Multiple Comparisons from MCMC Outputs

Takahiro Hoshino

Computational Statistics & Data Analysis （Computational Statistics and Data Analysis）  52 （ 7 ） 3543-3559. - 3559 2008年

単著, 査読有り,  ISSN  01679473

　概要を見る

This article proposes a Bayesian method to directly evaluate and test hypotheses in multiple comparisons. Transformation and integration over the coordinates relevant to the hypothesis are shown to enable us to directly test the hypotheses expressed as a linear equation of a parameter vector, given a linear constraint. When the conditional posterior distribution of the parameter vector we are interested in is the multivariate normal distribution, the proposed method can be applied to calculate the p-value of hypotheses pertaining to the parameters in any complex model such as generalized linear mixed effect models with latent variables, by using outputs from Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. Further, the proposed testing can be implemented without prior information. Some applications are presented, and the simulation results are provided to compare the powers of this method with those of other methods of conventional multiple comparisons. Simulation studies have shown that the proposed method is valid for multiple comparisons under nonequivalent variances and mean comparisons in latent variable modeling with categorical variables. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Allometric Extension Model for Conditional Distributions

Hiroshi Kurata, Takahiro Hoshino, Yasunori Fujikoshi

Journal of Multivariate Analysis （Journal of Multivariate Analysis）  99 （ 9 ） 1985 - 1998 2008年

共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  0047259X

　概要を見る

When two groups are present, they are said to form an allometric model, if one group is the extension of the other group along the main axis of variation. The model is widely used in the context of principal component analysis, especially for the description of growth processes of creatures. In this paper, the notion of allometric extension model is applied to conditional distributions. More specifically, we derive a sufficient condition, for which the two conditional distributions given the sign of the first principal component form an allometric extension model. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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構造方程式モデリングにおける検定統計量のBartlett補正

岡田 謙介, 星野 崇宏, 繁桝 算男

教育心理学研究 （Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology）  55 （ 3 ） 382 - 392 2007年09月

共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  215015

　概要を見る

Model selection is one of the most important steps in the application of structural equation modeling (SEM). In this process, the likelihood ratio test statistic, T, is a commonly employed index. Hypothesis testing can be performed on the basis that T asymptotically follows the χ2 distribution. Various fit indices have been proposed, most of which are based on the assumption that T asymptotically follows the χ2 distribution. When the size of the sample is small, however, the distribution of T deviates considerably from the χ2 distribution. This problem, especially pronounced when there is a large number of indicators per factor, is serious because it violates the theoretical justification of utilizing for model selection not only T, but also many other fit indices. In the present article, we propose a Bartlett correction of T to improve its approximation to the χ2 distribution. When the efficacy of our method was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation, the results showed that this method was superior to the current standard.

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学習科学研究の妥当性向上へ向けた統計解析法と複数データの統合手法について--傾向スコアによる共変量調整とデータフュージョン

星野 崇宏

教育システム情報学会誌 （教育システム情報学会編集事務局）  24 （ 3 ） 216 - 224 2007年

単著,  ISSN  13414135

Doubly Robust type Estimation for Covariate Adjustment in Latent Variable Modeling

Takahiro Hoshino

Psychometrika （Psychometrika）  72 （ 4 ） 535 - 549 2007年

単著, 査読有り,  ISSN  00333123

　概要を見る

Due to the difficulty in achieving a random assignment, a quasi-experimental or observational study design is frequently used in the behavioral and social sciences. If a nonrandom assignment depends on the covariates, multiple group structural equation modeling, that includes the regression function of the dependent variables on the covariates that determine the assignment, can provide reasonable estimates under the condition of correct specification of the regression function. However, it is usually difficult to specify the correct regression function because the dimensions of the dependent variables and covariates are typically large. Therefore, the propensity score adjustment methods have been proposed, since they do not require the specification of the regression function and have been applied to several applied studies. However, these methods produce biased estimates if the assignment mechanism is incorrectly specified. In order to make a more robust inference, it would be more useful to develop an estimation method that integrates the regression approach with the propensity score methodology. In this study we propose a doubly robust-type estimation method for marginal multiple group structural equation modeling. This method provides a consistent estimator if either the regression function or the assignment mechanism is correctly specified. A simulation study indicates that the proposed estimation method is more robust than the existing methods. © 2007 Psychometric Society.

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インターネット調査に対する共変量調整法のマーケティングリサーチへの適用と調整効果の再現性の検討

星野　崇宏

行動計量学 （The Behaviormetric Society of Japan）  34 （ 1 ） 33 - 48 2007年

単著, 査読有り

　概要を見る

We showed that the propensity score weighted M-estimation method proposed by Hoshino (2005) can be applied in order to adjust for the bias in sampling surveys for marketing research. Further, using real data sets, we investigated the capabilities and the limitations of the propensity score adjustment method to the adjustment of the biased internet surveys and demonstrated the validity of Hoshino's method. By using the covariates selected the method proposed by Hoshino and Maeda (2006) in two similar surveys, we found that the effectiveness of the adjustment method using the propensity score...

Decline or improvement?: age-related differences in facial expression recognition

Atsunobu Suzuki, Takahiro Hoshino, Kazuo Shigemasu, Mitsuru Kawamura

Biological Psychology （Biological Psychology）  74 （ 1 ） 75 - 84 2007年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  03010511

　概要を見る

We examined age-related differences in facial expression recognition in association with potentially interfering variables such as general cognitive ability (verbal and visuospatial abilities), face recognition ability, and the experiences of positive and negative emotions. Participants comprised 34 older (aged 62-81 years) and 34 younger (aged 18-25 years) healthy Japanese adults. The results showed not only age-related decline in sadness recognition but also age-related improvement in disgust recognition. Among other variables, visuospatial ability was moderately related to facial expression recognition in general, and the experience of negative emotions was related to sadness recognition. Consequently, age-related decline in sadness recognition was statistically explained by age-related decrease in the experience of negative emotions. On the other hand, age-related improvement in disgust recognition was not explained by the interfering variables, and it reflected a higher tendency in the younger participants to mistake disgust for anger. Possible mechanisms are discussed in terms of neurobiological and socio-environmental factors. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Simpler Calculation of Posterior Distributions of the Parameters in Structural Equation Model

Kazuo Shigemasu, Takahiro Hoshino

Bayesian Statistics and its Applications (S.K.Upadhyay, & D.K.Dey,eds)    396 - 406 2007年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

認知的ソーシャルキャピタルとしての法意識・規範意識・契約観と対人信頼感の関連 : 東アジア価値観国際比較調査データから(<特集>「東アジア価値観国際比較調査」その2)

星野 崇宏

行動計量学 （日本行動計量学会）  33 （ 1 ） 41 - 53 2006年03月

単著, 査読有り,  ISSN  3855481

傾向スコアを用いた補正法の有意抽出による標本調査への応用と共変量の選択法の提案

星野　崇宏, 前田　忠彦

統計数理 54 （ 1 ） 191 - 206 2006年

単著, 査読有り

Disgust-specific impairment of facial expression recognition in Parkinson’s disease

Atsunobu Suzuki, Takahiro Hoshino, Kazuo Shigemasu, Mitsuru Kawamura

Brain （Brain）  129 （ 3 ） 707 - 717 2006年

共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  00068950

　概要を見る

There is contradictory evidence regarding whether the impairments of the recognition of emotional facial expressions in Parkinson's disease are specific to certain emotions such as disgust and fear. Generally, neurological case reports on emotion-specific impairments have been suspected of being confounded with the factor of task difficulty. Using a refined assessment method in which the difficulty factors were controlled by means of mixed facial expressions and item response theory, we attempted to clarify whether Parkinson's disease disproportionately impaired the recognition of specific emotions. We studied 14 patients with Parkinson's disease and 39 healthy controls who were matched in terms of gender, age, years of education and intelligence quotient. Whereas the refined method revealed that the patients with Parkinson's disease displayed significantly lower scores in disgust recognition alone, conventional methods failed to detect this impairment. In addition, control measures including face recognition abilities did not statistically explain the impairment observed in the patients. The results indicate that Parkinson's disease can indeed selectively impair the recognition of facial expressions of disgust; this provides concrete evidence for emotion-specific impairments that sufficiently withstands criticisms regarding the difficulty artefacts. Furthermore, the results support the proposed role of the basal ganglia-insula system in disgust recognition. This study effectively demonstrates the benefits of refining neuropsychological assessment by taking advantage of the modern psychometric theory. © The Author (2006). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Guarantors of Brain. All rights reserved.

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Measuring Individual Differences in Sensitivities to Basic Emotions in Faces

Atsunobu Suzuki, Takahiro Hoshino, Kazuo Shigemasu

Cognition （Cognition）  99 （ 3 ） 327 - 353 2006年

共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  00100277

　概要を見る

The assessment of individual differences in facial expression recognition is normally required to address two major issues: (1) high agreement level (ceiling effect) and (2) differential difficulty levels across emotions. We propose a new assessment method designed to quantify individual differences in the recognition of the six basic emotions, 'sensitivities to basic emotions in faces.' We attempted to address the two major assessment issues by using morphing techniques and item response theory (IRT). We used morphing to create intermediate, mixed facial expression stimuli with various levels of recognition difficulty. Applying IRT enabled us to estimate the individual latent trait levels underlying the recognition of respective emotions (sensitivity scores), unbiased by stimulus properties that constitute difficulty. In a series of two experiments we demonstrated that the sensitivity scores successfully addressed the two major assessment issues and their concomitant individual variability. Intriguingly, correlational analyses of the sensitivity scores to different emotions produced orthogonality between happy and non-happy emotion recognition. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the independence of happiness recognition, unaffected by stimulus difficulty. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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傾向スコアを用いた共変量調整による因果効果の推定と臨床医学・疫学・薬学・公衆衛生分野での応用について

星野　崇宏, 岡田　謙介

保健医療科学 55 （ 3 ） 230 - 242 2006年

単著, 査読有り

A Propensity Score Adjustment for Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling

Takahiro Hoshino, Hiroshi Kurata, Kazuo Shigemasu

Psychometrika （Psychometrika）  71 （ 4 ） 691 - 712 2006年

共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  00333123

　概要を見る

In the behavioral and social sciences, quasi-experimental and observational studies are used due to the difficulty achieving a random assignment. However, the estimation of differences between groups in observational studies frequently suffers from bias due to differences in the distributions of covariates. To estimate average treatment effects when the treatment variable is binary, Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983a) proposed adjustment methods for pretreatment variables using the propensity score. However, these studies were interested only in estimating the average causal effect and/or marginal means. In the behavioral and social sciences, a general estimation method is required to estimate parameters in multiple group structural equation modeling where the differences of covariates are adjusted. We show that a Horvitz-Thompson-type estimator, propensity score weighted M estimator (PWME) is consistent, even when we use estimated propensity scores, and the asymptotic variance of the PWME is shown to be less than that with true propensity scores. Furthermore, we show that the asymptotic distribution of the propensity score weighted statistic under a null hypothesis is a weighted sum of independent χ12 variables. We show the method can compare latent variable means with covariates adjusted using propensity scores, which was not feasible by previous methods. We also apply the proposed method for correlated longitudinal binary responses with informative dropout using data from the Longitudinal Study of Aging (LSOA). The results of a simulation study indicate that the proposed estimation method is more robust than the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation method, in that PWME does not require the knowledge of the relationships among dependent variables and covariates. © 2007 The Psychometric Society.

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恒常法により推定された閾値間の統計的有意差検定法

永井　岳大, 星野　崇宏, 内川　惠二

日本視覚学会誌 18   113 - 123 2006年

単著, 査読有り

構造方程式モデリングにおける適合度指標とモデル改善について : 展望とシミュレーション研究による新たな知見

星野 崇宏, 岡田 謙介, 前田 忠彦

行動計量学 （日本行動計量学会）  32 （ 2 ） 209 - 235 2005年09月

共著, 査読有り,  ISSN  3855481

因子スコアや潜在変数得点を用いた構造方程式モデルの母数推定の偏りの解決

光永　悠彦, 星野　崇宏, 繁桝　算男, 前川　眞一

行動計量学 32   21 - 33 2005年

単著, 査読有り

A Latent Variable Model with non-ignorable missing data

Takahiro Hoshino

Behaviormetrika 32   71 - 93 2005年

単著, 査読有り

高齢者における表情認識

鈴木　敦命, 星野　崇宏, 河村　満

高次脳機能研究 25 （ 3 ） 233 - 241 2005年

単著, 査読有り,  ISSN  1348-4818|1880-6554

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欠測群の周辺分布の母数に対する傾向スコアを用いた重み付きM推定量の提案と介入効果研究への応用

星野　崇宏

行動計量学 （The Behaviormetric Society of Japan）  32 （ 2 ） 121 - 132 2005年

単著, 査読有り

　概要を見る

We propose a propensity score weighted M-estimation method for marginal parametric models for groups in which all subjects are missing. It is shown that the propose estimator is consistent and its limiting distribution is normal. We also propose a hypothetsis testing method using the proposed estimator. Using the proposed method, we estimate the intervention effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the development of the child's cognitive functioning from data obtained from the US National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth.