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Papers - Imai, Shungo

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The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics reduces the incidence of surgical site infection after pancreatoduodenectomy

Kimitaka Tanaka, Toru Nakamura, Shungo Imai, Hiroki Kushiya, Daisuke Miyasaka, Yoshitsugu Nakanishi, Toshimichi Asano, Takehiro Noji, Takahiro Tsuchikawa, Keisuke Okamura, Toshiaki Shichinohe, Satoshi Hirano

Surgery Today (Springer Tokyo) 48 ( 9 ) 1 - 10 2018.04

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 1436-2813

Purpose: The development of surgical site infection (SSI) after biliary reconstruction is highly influenced by the presence of preoperative bacteria in the bile juice. We selected vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam (VCM + PIPC/TAZ) as perioperative prophylactic antibiotics for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the effectiveness of VCM + PIPC/TAZ compared to cefmetazole. Methods: Seventy-two patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy between April 2015 and March 2017 at our department were evaluated. Forty patients were administered cefmetazole as the perioperative prophylactic antibiotic, and 32 were administered VCM + PIPC/TAZ. The intraoperative VCM blood concentration (incision, biliary reconstruction, and wound closure) was measured during surgery to confirm the hemodynamics. Results: The frequency of SSIs was significantly lower in the VCM + PIPC/TAZ group (8/32 patients) than in the cefmetazole group (20/40 patients, P = 0.031). Postoperatively, significantly fewer patients in the VCM + PIPC/TAZ group (4/32 patients) required ≥ 15 days of additional antibiotic administration compared to those in the cefmetazole group (14/40 patients, P = 0.033). Six of 32 patients in the VCM + PIPC/TAZ group showed redneck syndrome symptoms. There was no significant difference in the VCM blood concentration between patients with and without SSIs. Conclusions: The use of VCM + PIPC/TAZ can reduce the incidence of SSI after pancreaticoduodenectomy and also reduce the need for the additional administration of antibiotics for ≥ 15 days after surgery.

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[Possibility of Poor Outcomes after Treatment Using Teicoplanin at the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of >2 μg/mL in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia].

Keisuke Kagami, Shungo Imai, Yuki Tazawa, Sumio Iwasaki, Tatsuya Fukumoto, Koji Akizawa, Takehiro Yamada, Nobuhisa Ishiguro, Ken Iseki

Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 138 ( 9 ) 1181 - 1189 2018

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 0031-6903

Only minimal information exists regarding the treatment outcomes of patients suffering from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia treated with teicoplanin (TEIC) when the TEIC minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is close to the upper limit of the "susceptibility range" according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). We investigated the outcome of TEIC-treated patients in MRSA bacteremia, focusing on TEIC MIC against MRSA. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on patients with MRSA bacteremia. TEIC treatment failure was defined as any of the following: (1) all-cause 60-day mortality, (2) persistent bacteremia until the end of TEIC treatment, or (3) 30-day recurrence of MRSA bacteremia. Nineteen patients were enrolled, of whom 15 exhibited TEIC MICs ≤2 μg/mL and the remaining 4 exhibited >2 μg/mL. The rate of treatment failure and all-cause 60-day mortality in patients with MIC >2 μg/mL were significantly higher than those in patients with MIC ≤2 μg/mL [4 patients (100%) versus 4 patients (26.7%) (p=0.018) and 4 patients (100%) versus 2 patients (13.3%) (p=0.004), respectively]. Three of four patients (75%) with MIC >2 μg/mL had persistent bacteremia, which was quantitatively higher than in patients with MIC ≤2 μg/mL (1 of 7 patients, 14.3%). Our finding suggests that TEIC MIC >2 μg/mL may be related to poor treatment outcome in MRSA bacteremia, and that TEIC should not be used in this case.

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Usefulness of a decision tree model for the analysis of adverse drug reactions: Evaluation of a risk prediction model of vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity constructed using a data mining procedure.

Shungo Imai, Takehiro Yamada, Kumiko Kasashi, Masaki Kobayashi, Ken Iseki

Journal of evaluation in clinical practice 23 ( 6 ) 1240 - 1246 2017.12

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 1356-1294

OBJECTIVES: Several publications concerning decision tree (DT) analysis in medical fields have recently demonstrated its usefulness for defining prognostic factors in various diseases. However, there are minimal reports on the predictors of adverse drug reactions. We attempted to use DT analysis to discover combinations of multiple risk factors that would increase the risk of nephrotoxicity associated with vancomycin (VCM). To demonstrate the usefulness of DT analysis, we compared its predictive performance with that of multiple logistic regression analysis. METHOD: A single-centre, retrospective study was conducted at Hokkaido University Hospital. A total of 592 patients, who received intravenous administrations of VCM between November 2011 and April 2016, were enrolled. Nephrotoxicity was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of ≥0.5 mg/dL or a ≥50% increase in serum creatinine from the baseline. Risk factors for VCM nephrotoxicity were extracted from previous reports. In the DT analysis, a chi-squared automatic interaction detection algorithm was constructed. For evaluating the established algorithms, a 10-fold cross validation method was adopted to calculate the misclassification risk of the model. Moreover, to compare the accuracy of the DT analysis, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Eighty-seven (14.7%) patients developed nephrotoxicity. A VCM trough concentration of ≥15.0 mg/L, concomitant medication (vasopressor drugs and furosemide), and a duration of therapy ≥14 days were extracted to build the DT model, in which the patients were divided into 6 subgroups based on variable rates of nephrotoxicity, ranging from 4.6 to 69.6%. The predictive accuracies of the DT and logistic regression models were similar (87.3%, respectively), indicating that they were accurate. CONCLUSION: This study suggests the usefulness of DT models for the evaluation of adverse drug reactions.

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データマイニング手法を用いたガンシクロビル誘発性好中球減少症の要因分析．

今井俊吾, 山田武宏, 笠師久美子, 小林正紀, 井関健

医療薬学 43 ( 10 ) 552 - 562 2017.11

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted

Improved Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Positive Blood Culture by Proactive Intervention of Antimicrobial Use-Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Implementation on Clinical Practice

Takehiro Yamada, Keisuke Kagami, Shungo Imai, Koji Akizawa, Sumio Iwasaki, Tatsuya Fukumoto, Nobuhisa Ishiguro, Ken Iseki

YAKUGAKU ZASSHI-JOURNAL OF THE PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN (PHARMACEUTICAL SOC JAPAN) 137 ( 7 ) 917 - 925 2017.07

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 0031-6903

Bacteremia is one of the most serious infectious illness resulting from nosocomial infection. Therefore, appropriate antimicrobial chemotherapy should be provided as soon as possible to patients exhibiting symptoms of infectious disease and having positive blood culture results. Antimicrobial stewardship (AS) guidelines were recently released by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. The guidelines recommend "proactive intervention and feedback" as one of the core strategies for implementing optimal antimicrobial drug use to improve patient outcomes in clinical settings. We began using the AS program for optimizing antimicrobial chemotherapy in patients with positive blood culture results. The results of blood cultures and antimicrobial prescriptions for the corresponding patients were daily reviewed by a pharmacist and a physician, members of the infection control team (ICT). If the antimicrobial agents selected were inappropriate, ICT made a recommendation to the attending physicians who prescribed the antibiotics. To evaluate the outcomes of this program, we conducted a single-center, retrospective investigation for near a hundred of patients who underwent intervention by infection-control physician and pharmacist. Resolution of bacteremia (determined by blood culture results) was 96.3% in the group that accepted intervention, whereas only 16.7% of the cases resolved in the group that did not accept intervention. These results strongly suggest the importance of the infection disease-specialist team intervention. This program could become an important method for improving clinical outcomes in patients with bacteremia.

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Validating the Effectiveness of Switching the Vancomycin TDM Analysis Software Based on the Predictive Accuracy.

Shungo Imai, Takehiro Yamada, Nobuhisa Ishiguro, Takenori Miyamoto, Keisuke Kagami, Naoki Tomiyama, Yusuke Niinuma, Daisuke Nagasaki, Koji Suzuki, Akira Yamagami, Kumiko Kasashi, Masaki Kobayashi, Ken Iseki

Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 137 ( 9 ) 1185 - 1192 2017

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0031-6903

Based on the predictive performance in our previous study, we switched the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) analysis software for dose setting of vancomycin (VCM) from "Vancomycin MEEK TDM analysis software Ver2.0" (MEEK) to "SHIONOGI-VCM-TDM ver.2009" (VCM-TDM) in January 2015. In the present study, our aim was to validate the effectiveness of the changing VCM TDM analysis software in initial dose setting of VCM. The enrolled patients were divided into two groups, each having 162 patients in total, who received VCM with the initial dose set using MEEK (MEEK group) or VCM-TDM (VCM-TDM group). We compared the rates of attaining the therapeutic range (trough value; 10-20 μg/mL) of serum VCM concentration between the groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm that changing the VCM TDM analysis software was an independent factor related to attaining the therapeutic range. Switching the VCM TDM analysis software from MEEK to VCM-TDM improved the rate of attaining the therapeutic range by 21.6% (MEEK group: 42.6% vs. VCM-TDM group: 64.2%, p<0.01). Patient age ≥65 years, concomitant medication (furosemide) and the TDM analysis software used VCM-TDM were considered to be independent factors for attaining the therapeutic range. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of switching the VCM TDM analysis software from MEEK to VCM-TDM for initial dose setting of VCM.

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Three-day regimen of oseltamivir for postexposure prophylaxis of influenza in wards

N. Ishiguro, R. Oyamada, Y. Nasuhara, T. Yamada, T. Miyamoto, S. Imai, K. Akizawa, T. Fukumoto, S. Iwasaki, H. Iijima, K. Ono

JOURNAL OF HOSPITAL INFECTION (W B SAUNDERS CO LTD) 94 ( 2 ) 150 - 153 2016.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 0195-6701

Inpatients who had been in close contact with patients with influenza were given oseltamivir [75 mg capsules once daily for adults or 2 mg/kg (maximum of 75 mg) once daily for children] for three days as postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). The index patients with influenza were prescribed a neuraminidase inhibitor and were discharged immediately or transferred to isolation rooms. The protective efficacy of oseltamivir for three days was 93% overall [95% confidence interval (CI) 53-99%; P = 0.023] and 94% for influenza A (95% CI 61-99%; P = 0.017), which is comparable to that of seven- to 10-day regimens of oseltamivir as PEP. (C) 2016 The Healthcare Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Factors Affecting the Timing of Signal Detection of Adverse Drug Reactions

Masayuki Hashiguchi, Shungo Imai, Keiko Uehara, Junya Maruyama, Mikiko Shimizu, Mayumi Mochizuki

PLOS ONE (PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE) 10 ( 12 ) e0144263 2015.12

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 1932-6203

We investigated factors affecting the timing of signal detection by comparing variations in reporting time of known and unknown ADRs after initial drug release in the USA. Data on adverse event reactions (AERs) submitted to U.S. FDA was used. Six ADRs associated with 6 drugs (rosuvastatin, aripiprazole, teriparatide, telithromycin, exenatide, varenicline) were investigated: Changes in the proportional reporting ratio, reporting odds ratio, and information component as indexes of signal detection were followed every 3 months after each drugs release, and the time for detection of signals was investigated. The time for the detection of signal to be detected after drug release in the USA was 2-10 months for known ADRs and 19-44 months for unknown ones. The median lag time for known and unknown ADRs was 99.0-122.5 days and 185.5-306.0 days, respectively. When the FDA released advisory information on rare but potentially serious health risks of an unknown ADR, the time lag to report from the onset of ADRs to the FDA was shorter. This study suggested that one factor affecting signal detection time is whether an ADR was known or unknown at release.

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Evaluation of Predictive Accuracy between Two Types of Vancomycin TDM Analysis Software

Imai Shungo, Yamada Takehiro, Nishimura Ayako, Oki Hiromitsu, Kumai Masayuki, Miyamoto Takenori, Kasashi Kumiko, Iseki Ken

Iyakuhin Johogaku (Japanese Society of Drug Informatics) 16 ( 4 ) 169 - 178 2015

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 1345-1464

Objective: To attain optimal blood concentration rapidly, it is needed to perform initial dose setting appropriately when vancomycin (VCM) used.  In order to design initial dose settings of VCM more currently, we compared the predictive performance of two types of VCM therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) analysis software retrospectively. Method: We utilized two TDM analysis software, SHIONOGI-VCM-TDM ver.2009 (VCM-TDM) and “Vancomycin MEEK TDM analysis software Ver. 2.0” (MEEK), based on patient’s background. 112 patients who received VCM and performed TDM were analyzed during the period from October 2011 through September 2012 and compared the actual trough level with the predictive trough level.  The predictive performance was evaluated by calculating ME (mean prediction error), MAE (mean absolute prediction error), and RMSE (root mean squared error).  Age, gender, and a renal function were evaluated as patient’s background. Results: VCM-TDM gave good predictive performance for patients overall.  When classified patient’s background complexly (sex, age, and renal function), as for male patients, VCM-TDM showed good predictive performance except for the group over 65 years old and CCr over 85 mL/min.  For female patients, the difference of predictive performance was not accepted by all groups. Conclusion: These results suggest, for male patients, we should use VCM-TDM for initial dose settings except for the group over 65 years old and over CCr 85 mL/min.  For the other patients, we consider that both of software can be used.  These new findings seem to contribute to proper dosage settings of VCM.

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オーダリングシステムと連動した特定抗菌薬使用届出システムの導入とその有用性

山田武宏, 宮本剛典, 川岸亨, 今井俊吾, 沖洋充, 秋沢宏次, 笠師久美子, 石黒信久, 井関健

日本病院薬剤師会雑誌 ((一社)日本病院薬剤師会) 50 ( 3 ) 293 - 297 2014.03

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 1341-8815

院内感染制御を適正に行うにあたって、抗methicillin-resistant Staphyrococcus aureus(以下、MRSA)薬および広域抗菌薬等の使用は、届出制等によりその適正使用を推進することが求められている。今回、より効率的かつ確実に特定抗菌薬(抗MRSA薬およびカルバペネム系薬)の使用を管理する目的で、処方オーダリングシステムと連動した特定抗菌薬使用届出システム(以下、本システム)の運用を開始した。本システム導入後では、導入前に比してリネゾリド錠の使用量および長期使用件数が著明に減少し、抗MRSA薬使用金額は年間で約2割減少した。また、本システムは、届出内容を臨床検査値や投与履歴と共に一括表示・外部出力する機能を有している。この機能を活用して、効率的な特定抗菌薬の使用状況把握が可能となった。以上より、本システムの活用は抗菌薬適正使用に有用であることが示唆された。(著者抄録)

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