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Papers - Imai, Shungo

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Contribution of pharmaceutical inquiries performed by community pharmacists based on “patient interviews”: Evaluation of current situation and patient safety

Shungo Imai, Masashi Nanba, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Yuki Sato, Yoh Takekuma, Mitsuru Sugawara

The journal of community pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences ((一社)日本薬局学会) 13 ( 1 ) 68 - 78 2021.04

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 1884-3077

薬剤師は安全な薬物療法の提供のために,患者から必要な情報を「聞き取る」ことが重要である.しかし,薬局薬剤師の「聞き取り」に対し,一部の一般市民は厳しい視線を投げかけており,患者の理解を促すためのエビデンス構築が急務である.本研究は「患者への聞き取り」に基づき実施された疑義照会に着目し,その実態解明と医療安全への貢献度評価を試みた.解析には北海道大学病院の近隣薬局の疑義照会データを用いた.その結果,聞き取りに基づく疑義照会は「薬学的疑義照会の33.3%を占め,高い許諾割合(98.5%)を有し,用法や用量などの疑義照会分類において,医療安全への貢献度が高い」ことが見いだされた.また,このうち「医師からの説明と処方内容が食い違う」ことが発端となった事例が,特に医療安全へ貢献していることが示された.「患者への聞き取り」に基づく疑義照会の有用性を広く調査するための基礎となる知見が創出された.(著者抄録)

Probiotic prescription status of pediatric patients with otitis media receiving oral amoxicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanate from April 2016 to March 2017 using a Japanese health insurance claims database

Shungo Imai, Kenji Momo, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Takayuki Miyai, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 44 ( 3 ) 448 - 452 2021.03

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a typical side effect of antibiotic treatment, especially in children. Amoxicillin (AMPC) and amoxicillin/clavulanate (AMPC/CVA) are associated with high risk of AAD; however, these antibiotics are important in the pediatric field. Recent research suggests that probiotics prevent pediatric AAD, including that caused by AMPC and AMPC/CVA. Indeed, guidelines for acute otitis media in children recommend the concomitant use of probiotics. However, the prescription status of probiotics for pediatric patients with otitis media receiving oral AMPC and AMPC/CVA remains unknown. We therefore conducted a survey to clarify the current status of these prescriptions and, in particular, to identify specific populations with a low proportion of probiotic prescriptions. Pediatric patients (≤15 years of age) newly prescribed oral AMPC or AMPC/CVA for otitis media between April 2016 and March 2017 were identified from a Japanese health insurance claims database. Eligible patients were divided into the AMPC (1303 patients) and AMPC/CVA (424 patients) groups, in which 659 (50.6%) and 293 (69.1%) patients were prescribed probiotics, respectively. Of the patients receiving probiotic prescriptions in the AMPC and AMPC/CVA groups, 632 (95.9%) and 286 (97.6%) patients received antibiotic-resistant probiotic prescriptions, respectively. When classified by the prescribing clinical department and patient age, the proportions of probiotic prescriptions in Internal Medicine and Pediatrics departments were lower than those in the Otorhinolaryngology department regardless of age. These results indicate the probability of insufficient probiotic prescriptions for pediatric patients with otitis media. Solving this issue may lead to the provision of safer antimicrobial therapy.

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Implementation status of voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: analysis of data from a large Japanese health insurance claims database

Takayuki Miyai, Shungo Imai, Kenji Momo, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Yuki Sato, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

TDM研究 38 ( 3 ) 39 - 48 2021

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted

Investigation of the Real-World Situation and Risk Factors Associated with Olanzapine Prescribed to Diabetes Patients by Using a Japanese Claims Database.

Shinsuke Yamashita, Shungo Imai, Kenji Momo, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Yuki Sato, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 44 ( 8 ) 1151 - 1155 2021

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted

Olanzapine is effective for schizophrenia management; however, it is contraindicated in diabetes patients. In addition, olanzapine is useful for treating nausea and vomiting, such as in the case of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Therefore, we hypothesized that the contraindicated prescription of olanzapine likely occurs among cancer patients with diabetes, especially by non-psychiatric physicians. Hence, we conducted a nationwide survey to elucidate the situation of such contraindicated prescriptions and the associated risk factors. We extracted the data of patients who were newly prescribed olanzapine between April 2015 and March 2017 from the health insurance claims database developed by JMDC, Inc., Tokyo. The patients who were prescribed contraindicated olanzapine were defined as those who were prescribed olanzapine after a diagnosis of diabetes and diabetes drug prescription. In all, the data of 7181 patients were analyzed. We evaluated the proportion of diabetes patients who were prescribed contraindicated olanzapine from among those who were prescribed olanzapine. Furthermore, we investigated the background of patients who were prescribed olanzapine for information such as olanzapine prescribers and history of cancer chemotherapy. In all, 100 diabetes patients (1.39%) were prescribed olanzapine. In these patients, the frequency of olanzapine prescription was higher by non-psychiatry/neurology physicians than by psychiatry/neurology physicians (3.25 and 0.85%, respectively). Additionally, all olanzapine prescriptions in cancer chemotherapy-treated diabetes patients were issued by non-psychiatry/neurology physicians. Thus, our study revealed there were diabetes patients who were prescribed olanzapine. Additionally, olanzapine for CINV management was more likely to be a contraindicated prescription.

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Implementation Status of Liver Function Tests for Monitoring Benzbromarone-Induced Hepatotoxicity: An Epidemiological Survey Using the Japanese Claims Database.

Shungo Imai, Yasuyuki Nasuhara, Kenji Momo, Hiromitsu Oki, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Yuki Sato, Takayuki Miyai, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 44 ( 10 ) 1499 - 1505 2021

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted

A major adverse effect of benzbromarone is hepatotoxicity. Therefore, periodic liver function tests are required at least for the first 6 months of benzbromarone administration. However, it is not clear whether the relevant blood tests are implemented appropriately. Here, we performed a cross-sectional survey of the implementation status of liver function tests in patients who were newly prescribed benzbromarone, using the Japanese large claims database. Male patients who were newly prescribed benzbromarone from January 2010 to December 2016 were included. We targeted patients who continued benzbromarone during the observation period (up to 180 d from the start of administration). The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients in whom periodic liver function tests were implemented. A periodic liver function test was defined as one or more liver function tests performed during both 1-90 and 91-180 d of initial benzbromarone administration. We labeled the tests as a "periodic test" or "non-periodic test" based on whether periodic liver function tests were performed or not, respectively. Furthermore, factors influencing non-periodic test were analyzed. Periodic testing was implemented only in 28.7% of patients. Additionally, factors such as number of hospital beds ≤19 (compared to 100-199 beds) and duration of the first prescription of benzbromarone were associated with non-periodic testing. Our study revealed that periodic liver function tests are not performed sufficiently in Japan. Thus, clinicians prescribing benzbromarone should be educated about the test. Our blood-test-based approach should be applied to other drugs and countries in future research.

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Construction of a Risk Prediction Model of Extended Release Oxycodone Tablet-Induced Nausea and Clarification of Predictive Factors.

Masayoshi Kumai, Shungo Imai, Shintaro Kato, Ryo Koyanagi, Kenkichi Tsuruga, Takehiro Yamada, Yoh Takekuma, Mitsuru Sugawara

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 44 ( 4 ) 593 - 598 2021

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted

Nausea is a typical adverse event associated with opioids. In this study, we performed logistic regression analysis with the aim of clarifying the risk factors for nausea induced by extended-release oxycodone (ER-OXY). Furthermore, we constructed a decision tree (DT) model, a typical data mining method, to estimate the risk of oxycodone-induced nausea by combining multiple factors. A retrospective study was conducted on patients who newly received ER-OXY for cancer pain during hospitalization at Hokkaido University Hospital in Japan from April 2015 to March 2018. In logistic regression and DT analyses, the dependent variable was the presence or absence of nausea. Independent variables were the potential risk factors. First, univariate analyses were performed to screen potential factors associated with oxycodone-induced nausea. Then, multivariate and DT analyses were performed using factors with p-values <0.1 in the univariate analysis. Of 267 cases included in this study, nausea was observed in 30.3% (81/267). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, only female sex was extracted as an independent factor affecting nausea (odds ratio, 1.98). In the DT analysis, we additionally revealed that an age <50 years was a risk factor for nausea in female patients. Thus, our DT model indicated that the risk of ER-OXY-induced nausea was highest in the subgroup comprising females <50 years of age (66.7%) and lowest in male patients (25.1%). The DT model suggested that the factor of young women may be an increased risk of ER-OXY-induced nausea.

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cAMP Signaling Pathway Prevents Dasatinib-Induced Vascular Hyperpermeability.

Tsuyoshi Aoyama, Hiroki Kuriyama, Yuki Sato, Shungo Imai, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 44 ( 8 ) 1101 - 1110 2021

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted

Dasatinib is a first-line pharmacotherapeutic treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It is more effective than traditional treatments but causes adverse effects such as pleural effusion that limits its effective treatment cycle. Since pleural effusion is caused by vascular hyperpermeability and causes discontinuation of treatment with dasatinib, it is important to explore the mechanism of pleural effusion caused by dasatinib and how to prevent it. In this study, we investigated how dasatinib increase vascular permeability, and how it can be prevented. Cytotoxicity was observed in vascular endothelial cells or epithelial cells were exposed to high concentrations of dasatinib. Thus, it was observed in vascular endothelial cells such as human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC). Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is one of the important factors that control vascular permeability. When VE-cadherin expression decreases, vascular permeability increases, but it did not change with tyrosine kinase inhibitor exposure. Monolayer permeability significantly increased only with high concentration of dasatinib, but this increase was prevented by cAMP activation. Furthermore, dasatinib affects the cell morphology of HUVEC, with increased inter celluar space compared to control and bosutinib, which were also attenuated by cAMP activation. Dasatinib significantly affected permeability control of vascular endothelial cells compared to bosutinib and imatinib. These results indicated that the cAMP signaling pathway may be involved in the pleural effusion caused by dasatinib in CML patients.

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A Risk Prediction Flowchart of Vancomycin-Induced Acute Kidney Injury to Use When Starting Vancomycin Administration: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

Takayuki Miyai, Shungo Imai, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Yuki Sato, Shota Kadomura, Kenji Yoshida, Eri Yoshimura, Toshiaki Teraya, Takashi Tsujimoto, Yukari Kawamoto, Tatsuya Itoh, Hidefumi Ueno, Yoshikazu Goto, Yoh Takekuma, Mitsuru Sugawara

Antibiotics (MDPI AG) 9 ( 12 ) 920 - 920 2020.12

Research paper (scientific journal), Corresponding author, Accepted

We previously constructed a risk prediction model of vancomycin (VCM)-associated nephrotoxicity for use when performing initial therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), using decision tree analysis. However, we could not build a model to be used at the time of initial administration due to insufficient sample size. Therefore, we performed a multicenter study at four hospitals in Japan. We investigated patients who received VCM intravenously at a standard dose from the first day until the initial TDM from November 2011 to March 2019. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was defined according to the criteria established by the “Kidney disease: Improving global outcomes” group. We extracted potential risk factors that could be evaluated on the day of initial administration and constructed a flowchart using a chi-squared automatic interaction detection algorithm. Among 843 patients, 115 (13.6%) developed AKI. The flowchart comprised three splitting variables (concomitant drugs (vasopressor drugs and tazobactam/piperacillin) and body mass index ≥ 30) and four subgroups. The incidence rates of AKI ranged from 9.34 to 36.8%, and they were classified as low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups. The accuracy of flowchart was judged appropriate (86.4%). We successfully constructed a simple flowchart predicting VCM-induced AKI to be used when starting VCM administration.

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Comparison of interactions between warfarin and cephalosporins with and without the N-methyl-thio-tetrazole side chain.

Shungo Imai, Shota Kadomura, Kenji Momo, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Yuki Sato, Takayuki Miyai, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy (Elsevier BV) 26 ( 11 ) 1224 - 1228 2020.11

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 1341-321X

Cephalosporins with an N-methyl-thio-tetrazole (NMTT) side chain interact with warfarin by reducing the production of blood clotting factors. However, cephalosporins without the NMTT side chain also enhance the effects of warfarin. Thus, we aimed to compare the effects of warfarin modified by cephalosporins with and without the NMTT side chain, using a Japanese health insurance claims database. The inclusion criteria were patients who (1) intravenously received second- or third-generation cephalosporins between April 2010 and March 2017 and (2) received warfarin during cephalosporin therapy. Patients were administered either cephalosporins with the NMTT side chain (NMTT group) or those without NMTT (non-NMTT group). After matching patient data by propensity score, the following outcomes were compared between the two groups: (1) proportion of patients administered vitamin K, (2) proportion of bleeding events, and (3) changes in the daily dose of warfarin. Among 203 patients, 100 patients (50 per group) were matched by the propensity score. The proportion of patients administered vitamin K was 6.0% in both groups. These patients intravenously received a single dose of menatetrenone; no bleeding was observed. The proportion of patients subjected to a reduction in the daily dose of warfarin was 6.5% and 4.3% in the NMTT and non-NMTT groups, respectively. As our study had a small sample size, we could not determine whether the risk of over anticoagulation of warfarin is affected by cephalosporins with or without NMTT side chain. However, we showed the bleeding risk was sufficiently low regardless of the presence/absence of the NMTT side chain.

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A cross-sectional exploratory survey on occurrence of triple-whammy prescription pattern in Japan.

Shungo Imai, Kenji Momo, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Takayuki Miyai, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

International journal of clinical pharmacy (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 42 ( 5 ) 1369 - 1373 2020.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 2210-7703

Background The concurrent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, and diuretics, known as a "triple-whammy," is related to the occurrence of acute kidney injury. However, there are few reports regarding the prescription pattern of the triple-whammy. Objective To elucidate the patterns of the triple-whammy prescription in Japan. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed using a health-insurance-claims database that included Japanese people under 75 years of age, and enrolled outpatients that were prescribed any nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, and diuretics between April 2017 and June 2017. As an outcome, the proportion of triple-whammy prescriptions was evaluated. Among the patients who received triple-whammy prescriptions, we evaluated the prevalence of chronic kidney disease and the proportion of prescriptions provided for these three drugs from different clinical departments and institutions. Results Overall, 730 of 246,721 (0.3%) patients received triple-whammy prescriptions. Among these patients, 13.3% had underlying chronic kidney disease. The proportions of any of the three drug types prescribed by different clinical departments and institutions was 48.2% and 61.8%, respectively. Conclusions We examined the patterns of triple-whammy prescriptions and concluded that pharmacists need to pay attention to triple-whammy prescriptions if the prescriptions are provided by multiple clinical departments or institutions.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use in patients with chronic kidney disease are often prescribed from different clinicians than those who diagnosed them.

Shungo Imai, Kenji Momo, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Takayuki Miyai, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety 29 ( 8 ) 873 - 880 2020.08

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted

PURPOSE: When prescribing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for chronic kidney disease (CKD), patients' pathology and concomitant medications should be considered. In our pharmaceutical experience, NSAIDs are often prescribed by departments that are different from those that diagnosed CKD. That is, NSAIDs may be prescribed for patients without the advice of the clinicians who diagnosed them. In this study, we aimed to elucidate how frequently such cases occur. METHODS: We used the large health insurance claims database constructed by JMDC Inc., Tokyo. We evaluated the proportions of CKD diagnosis and NSAID prescription by different clinical departments and institutions. RESULTS: A total of 224 014 out-patients were included in the analysis; they were divided into CKD (n = 1501) and non-CKD groups (n = 222 513). The internal medicine departments diagnosed CKD most frequently (74.8% of the patients) and surgical departments rarely diagnosed CKD. However, the proportion of prescribed NSAIDs was high in other departments, especially surgical departments. In the CKD group, 50.4% of the patients received CKD diagnosis and NSAID prescription from different clinical departments; 72.8% of the patients received a diagnosis and prescription from different medical institutions. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that NSAIDs are often prescribed to patients with CKD from different clinicians than those who diagnosed them.

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Interaction between piperacillin/tazobactam and warfarin: a single-center retrospective single-arm cohort study

Shota Kadomura, Yoh Takekuma, Shungo Imai, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Kotaro Kawamoto, Tatsuya Itoh, and Mitsuru Sugawara

BPB reports 3 ( 2 ) 65 - 69 2020.02

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted

A New Algorithm Optimized for Initial Dose Settings of Vancomycin Using Machine Learning.

Shungo Imai, Yoh Takekuma, Takayuki Miyai, Mitsuru Sugawara

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 43 ( 1 ) 188 - 193 2020

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted

This study aimed to construct an optimal algorithm for initial dose settings of vancomycin (VCM) using machine learning (ML) with decision tree (DT) analysis. Patients who were administered intravenous VCM and underwent therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) at the Hokkaido University Hospital were enrolled. The study period was November 2011 to March 2019. In total, 654 patients were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups, training (patients who received VCM from November 2011 to December 2017; n = 496) and testing (patients who received VCM from January 2018 to March 2019; n = 158) groups. For the training group, DT analysis of the classification and regression tree algorithm was performed to construct an algorithm (called DT algorithm) for the initial dose settings of VCM. For the testing group, the rates of attaining the VCM therapeutic range (trough value = 10-15 and 10-20 mg/L) with the DT algorithm and three conventional dose-setting methods were compared for model evaluation. The DT algorithm was constructed to be used for patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥50 mL/min and body weight ≥40 kg. As a result, the recommended daily doses ranged from 20.0 to 58.1 mg/kg. In model evaluation, the DT algorithm obtained the highest rates of attaining the VCM therapeutic range compared to conventional dose-setting methods. Therefore, our DT algorithm can be applied to clinical practice. In addition, ML is useful for setting drug doses.

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Validation of the usefulness of artificial neural networks for risk prediction of adverse drug reactions used for individual patients in clinical practice.

Shungo Imai, Yoh Takekuma, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Takayuki Miyai, Masaki Kobayashi, Ken Iseki, Mitsuru Sugawara

PloS one 15 ( 7 ) e0236789 2020

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted

Artificial neural networks are the main tools for data mining and were inspired by the human brain and nervous system. Studies have demonstrated their usefulness in medicine. However, no studies have used artificial neural networks for the prediction of adverse drug reactions. We aimed to validate the usefulness of artificial neural networks for the prediction of adverse drug reactions and focused on vancomycin -induced nephrotoxicity. For constructing an artificial neural network, a multilayer perceptron algorithm was employed. A 10-fold cross validation method was adopted for evaluating the resultant artificial neural network. In total, 1141 patients who received vancomycin at Hokkaido University Hospital from November 2011 to February 2019 were enrolled. Among these patients, 179 (15.7%) developed vancomycin -induced nephrotoxicity. The top three risk factors of vancomycin -induced nephrotoxicity which are relatively important in the artificial neural networks were average vancomycin trough concentration ≥ 13.0 mg/L and concomitant use of piperacillin-tazobactam and vasopressor drugs. The predictive accuracy of the artificial neural network was 86.3% and that of the multiple logistic regression model (conventional statistical method) was 85.1%. Moreover, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of the artificial neural network was 0.83. In the 10-fold cross-validation, the accuracy obtained was 86.0% and AUROC was 0.82. The artificial neural network model predicting the vancomycin -induced nephrotoxicity showed good predictive performance. This appears to be the first report of the usefulness of artificial neural networks for an adverse drug reactions risk prediction model.

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Prescription of Colchicine with Other Dangerous Concomitant Medications: A Nation-Wide Survey Using the Japanese Claims Database.

Shungo Imai, Kenji Momo, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Takayuki Miyai, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 43 ( 10 ) 1519 - 1525 2020

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted

The anti-inflammatory agent colchicine may cause toxic effects such as rhabdomyolysis, pancytopenia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in cases of overdose and when patients have renal or liver impairment. As colchicine is a substrate for CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), drug-drug interactions are important factors that cause fatal colchicine-related side effects. Thus, we conducted a nation-wide survey to determine the status of inappropriate colchicine prescriptions in Japan. Patients prescribed the regular use of colchicine from April 2014 to March 2017 were identified using the Japanese large health insurance claims database. As the primary endpoint, we evaluated the concomitant prescription proportions of strong CYP3A4 and/or P-gp inhibitors classified as "contraindications for co-administration" with colchicine in patients with renal or liver impairment. We defined these cases as "inappropriate colchicine prescriptions." Additionally, factors affecting inappropriate colchicine prescriptions were analyzed. Among the 3302 enrolled patients, 43 (1.30%) were inappropriately prescribed colchicine. Of these 43 patients, 11 had baseline renal and/or liver impairment. By multiple regression analysis, the primary diseases "gout" and "Behçet's disease" were extracted as independent factors for inappropriate colchicine prescriptions with odds ratios of 0.40 (95% confidence interval: 0.19-0.84) and 4.93 (95% confidence interval: 2.12-11.5), respectively. We found that approximately 1% of patients had important colchicine interactions. Particularly, Behçet's disease was a risk factor for inappropriate prescriptions, with approximately 25% of patients showing renal and/or liver impairment (classified as "contraindications for co-administration"). These findings may be useful for medical professionals who prescribe colchicine therapy.

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Association of the ward pharmacy service with active implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring for vancomycin and teicoplanin-an epidemiological surveillance study using Japanese large health insurance claims database.

Shungo Imai, Kenji Momo, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Takayuki Miyai, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

Journal of pharmaceutical health care and sciences 6 18 - 18 2020

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted

Background: Ward pharmacists are required for the active implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). This epidemiological study verified whether Japanese ward pharmacists contribute to improving the TDM implementation proportions of anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) agents using the large health insurance claims database. Methods: The patients who received intravenous anti-MRSA agents from April 2012 to March 2017 were enrolled. We defined ward pharmacy service as the "drug management and guidance fee" and/or "inpatient pharmaceutical services premium". In addition, implementation of TDM was identified by "the specific drug treatment management fee". We compared the proportions of TDM implementation for vancomycin (VCM), teicoplanin (TEIC), and arbekacin (ABK) in the ward and non-ward pharmacy service groups. To avoid confounding, the propensity score method was employed. Moreover, the clinical variables affecting TDM implementation in each anti-MRSA agent were analyzed by using a multiple logistic regression model. Results: The following number of patients were included in the study: VCM (n = 2138), TEIC (n = 596), and ABK (n = 142). After propensity score matching, the proportions of TDM implementation for VCM and TEIC were higher in the ward pharmacy service group than in the non-ward pharmacy service group (VCM: 69.2% vs 60.3%, TEIC: 51.4% vs 34.7%), while no significant difference was observed for ABK (21.2% vs 23.1%). As independent clinical variables affecting TDM implementation for VCM and TEIC, several clinical variables, including ward pharmacy services, were extracted. In contrast, no clinical variables were extracted for ABK. Conclusions: We found that the ward pharmacy service is associated with the active implementation of TDM for anti-MRSA agents, such as VCM and TEIC.

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Comparison of predictive performance of drug dose settings using renal function estimation equations based on the Japanese population: a preliminary retrospective study using vancomycin dosing data.

Shungo Imai, Soyoko Kaburaki, Takayuki Miyai, Hitoshi Kashiwagi, Mitsuru Sugawara, Yoh Takekuma

BPB Reports 2 ( 5 ) 80 - 85 2019.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted

Construction of a flow chart-like risk prediction model of ganciclovir-induced neutropaenia including severity grade: A data mining approach using decision tree.

Shungo Imai, Takehiro Yamada, Kumiko Kasashi, Nobuhisa Ishiguro, Masaki Kobayashi, Ken Iseki

Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics 44 ( 5 ) 726 - 734 2019.10

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0269-4727

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: Haematological toxicities such as neutropaenia are a common side effect of ganciclovir (GCV); however, risk factors for GCV-induced neutropaenia have not been well established. Decision tree (DT) analysis is a typical technique of data mining consisting of a flow chart-like framework that shows various outcomes from a series of decisions. By following the flow chart, users can estimate combinations of risk factors that may increase the probability of certain events. In our previous study, we demonstrated the usefulness of this approach in the evaluation of adverse drug reactions. Therefore, we aimed to construct a risk prediction model of GCV-induced neutropaenia including severity grade. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study at the Hokkaido University Hospital and enrolled patients who received GCV between April 2008 and March 2018. Neutropaenia was defined as an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) <1500 cells/mm3 and a decrease to <75% relative to baseline. We classified the patients who developed neutropaenia in three groups (Grades 2-4) based on the National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Data collection was achieved through the retrieval of medical records. We employed a chi-squared automatic interaction detection algorithm to construct the DT model and compared the accuracies to the logistic regression model (a conventional statistical method) to evaluate the established model. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In total, 396 adult patients were included in the study; 61 (15.4%) developed neutropaenia. Three predictive factors (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, baseline ANC <3854 cells/mm3 and duration of therapy ≥15 days) were extracted using the DT analysis to produce five subgroups, the incidence of neutropaenia ranged between 1.7% and 52.8%. In each subgroup, patients who developed neutropaenia were categorized based on the severity. The accuracies of each model were the same (84.6%), which indicated precision. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: We successfully built a risk prediction model of GCV-induced neutropaenia including severity grade. This model is expected to assist decision-making in the clinical setting.

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Safety of administering a loading dose of vancomycin in patients with renal impairment.

Yusuke Niinuma, Shungo Imai, Takehiro Yamada, Keisuke Kagami, Akira Yamagami, Takayuki Miyai, Kumiko Kasashi, Masaki Kobayashi, Ken Iseki

The Japanese Journal of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ((一社)日本TDM学会) 36 ( 3 ) 117 - 124 2019.09

Research paper (scientific journal), Accepted, ISSN 0911-1026

腎機能低下患者におけるバンコマイシン(VCM)初回負荷投与の安全性は十分に検証されていない。そこで今回、腎機能低下患者に対するVCM初回負荷投与の安全性を明らかにするために、単施設(n=1489)後ろ向き観察研究を実施した。初回負荷投与実施群(n=86)と非実施群(n=206)では、腎機能障害発現割合に有意差は認めなかった。(初回負荷投与実施群:非実施群=6.98%:9.71%、P=0.46)ベースラインの腎機能別でも同様の結果であった。また、VCMの初回トラフ値(中央値)はいずれの群も推奨濃度範囲内であり、両群間に有意差はなかった。多変量ロジスティック回帰分析で腎機能障害発現の危険因子として、投与日数9日以上、フロセミド、ピペラシリン・タゾバクタムの併用、ICU入室、初回トラフ値12.2μg/mL以上が抽出され、初回負荷投与の実施は抽出されなかった。以上より、VCMの初回負荷投与は腎機能低下患者に対しても安全に行える可能性が示唆された。(著者抄録)

Analysis of risk factors for ganciclovir-induced thrombocytopenia and construction of risk-prediction models using a decision tree analysis

Shungo Imai, Takehiro Yamada, Kumiko Kasashi, Masaki Kobayashi, Ken Iseki

Japanese Journal of Drug Informatics ((一社)日本医薬品情報学会) 21 ( 1 ) 9 - 19 2019.05

Research paper (scientific journal), Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 1345-1464

ガンシクロビル(GCV)による血小板減少症の発現因子を従来の手法であるロジスティック回帰分析を用いて探索した。さらに、2種の決定木(DT)分析アルゴリズムを用いて血小板減少症発現割合の推定モデルを構築し、そのモデルの妥当性について検討した。GCVの点滴静注製剤の投与を受けた患者386例を対象とした。血小板減少症の発現は12.2%(386例中47例)に認められ、多変量解析において白血球数7000cells/mm3未満、血小板数101000cells/mm3未満、総ビリルビン値0.8mg/dL以上が血小板減少症発現に影響する独立因子として抽出された。CHAID法で構築したDTモデルでは、ツリーは3段階、六つのサブグループに分枝し、五つのリスク因子が抽出された。また、CRT法で構築したモデルでは、ツリーは3段階、七つのサブグループに分枝し、五つのリスク因子が抽出された。ロジスティック回帰モデルならびにCHAID法で構築されたDTモデルの精度は87.8%、CRT法で構築されたDTモデルの精度は88.3%であった。

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