Details of a Researcher - Nomura, Shuhei

Papers - Nomura, Shuhei

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Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the …

AE Schumacher, HH Kyu, A Aali, C Abbafati, J Abbas, ...

The Lancet 403 (10440), 1989-2056 2024

Glass substrate for high-frequency device and circuit board for high-frequency device

K Ono, S Nomura, N Kidera, N Takeshita

US Patent App. 18/734,875 2024

Forecasting the effects of smoking prevalence scenarios on years of life lost and life expectancy from 2022 to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease …

D Bryazka, MB Reitsma, YH Abate, AHA Abd Al Magied, A Abdelkader, ...

The Lancet Public Health 9 (10), e729-e744 2024

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks Collaborators

Journal of the American College of Cardiology (Elsevier BV) 82 ( 25 ) 2350 - 2473 2023.12

Accepted, ISSN 07351097

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Early Outcomes of Changes to Collection of Suicide Data in Japan

Nahoko Harada, Masahide Koda, Shuhei Nomura

JAMA Network Open (American Medical Association (AMA)) 6 ( 12 ) e2347543 - e2347543 2023.12

Accepted, ISSN 2574-3805

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Modelling of salt intake reduction by incorporation of umami substances into Japanese foods: a cross-sectional study.

Shiori Tanaka, Daisuke Yoneoka, Aya Ishizuka, Megumi Adachi, Hitomi Hayabuchi, Toshihide Nishimura, Yukari Takemi, Hisayuki Uneyama, Haruyo Nakamura, Kaung Suu Lwin, Kenji Shibuya, Shuhei Nomura

BMC public health (Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}) 23 ( 1 ) 516 - 516 2023.12

Accepted, ISSN 1471-2458

BACKGROUND: Evidence has demonstrated that excess sodium intake is associated with development of several non-communicable diseases. The main source of sodium is salt. Therefore, reducing salt intake in foods is an important global public health effort to achieve sodium reduction and improve health. This study aimed to model salt intake reduction with 'umami' substances among Japanese adults. The umami substances considered in this study include glutamate or monosodium glutamates (MSG), calcium diglutamate (CDG), inosinate, and guanylate. METHODS: A total of 21,805 participants aged 57.8 years on average from the National Health and Nutrition Survey was used in the analysis. First, we employed a multivariable linear regression approach with overall salt intake (g/day) as a dependent variable, adjusting for food items and other covariates to estimate the contribution of salt intake from each food item that was selected through an extensive literature review. Assuming the participants already consume low-sodium products, we considered three scenarios in which salt intake could be reduced with the additional umami substances up to 30%, 60% and 100%. We estimated the total amount of population-level salt reduction for each scenario by age and gender. Under the 100% scenario, the Japan's achievement rates against the national and global salt intake reduction goals were also calculated. RESULTS: Without compromising the taste, the 100% or universal incorporation of umami substances into food items reduced the salt intake of Japanese adults by 12.8-22.3% at the population-level average, which is equivalent to 1.27-2.22 g of salt reduction. The universal incorporation of umami substances into food items changed daily mean salt intake of the total population from 9.95 g to 7.73 g: 10.83 g to 8.40 g for men and 9.21 g to 7.17 g for women, respectively. This study suggested that approximately 60% of Japanese adults could achieve the national dietary goal of 8 g/day, while only 7.6% would meet the global recommendation of 5.0 g/day. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides essential information on the potential salt reduction with umami substances. The universal incorporation of umami substances into food items would enable the Japanese to achieve the national dietary goal. However, the reduced salt intake level still falls short of the global dietary recommendation.

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Response to antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in Japan: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Yamagiwa Y., Tanaka K., Matsuo K., Wada K., Lin Y., Sugawara Y., Mizoue T., Sawada N., Takimoto H., Ito H., Kitamura T., Sakata R., Kimura T., Tanaka S., Inoue M., Abe S.K., Nomura S.

Scientific Reports 13 ( 1 ) 2023.12

In Japan, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality and hepatitis C virus infection is a major cause of HCC. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies evaluating patient response to antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis C on the risk of HCC occurrence in Japan. Articles were searched using terms determined a priori through PubMed, screened by title and abstract, and selected by full-text assessment according to criteria determined a priori, including HCC occurrence in response to interferon (IFN)-based or IFN-free therapy, Japanese study, and 2 or more years of follow-up. We excluded studies on HCC recurrence. We calculated the pooled estimate of the crude incidence rate ratio with data from the selected studies using the person-years method with Poisson regression model and pooled estimate of the hazard ratio adjusted for potential confounders reported by the studies using a random effects model. A total of 26 studies were identified, all of which examined only IFN-based therapy as a result of the selection process. The pooled estimate (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 25 studies was 0.37 (0.33–0.43) for sustained virologic response (SVR) and 1.70 (1.61–1.80) for non-SVR for the HCC incidence rate per 100 person-years, and 0.22 (0.19–0.26) for the incidence rate ratio (SVR vs. non-SVR). The pooled estimate of the hazard ratio (95% CI) of HCC incidence adjusted for potential confounders of 8 studies was 0.25 (0.19–0.34). SVR to interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis C reduces the risk of HCC occurrence.

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Understanding factors related to healthcare avoidance for menstrual disorders and menopausal symptoms: a cross-sectional study among women in Japan

Manae Uchibori, Akifumi Eguchi, Cyrus Ghaznavi, Yuta Tanoue, Mami Ueta, Miho Sassa, Shu Suzuki, Sayaka Honda, Yukiko Kawata, Miho Iida, Haruka Sakamoto, Shuhei Nomura

Preventive Medicine Reports (Elsevier BV) 36 102467 - 102467 2023.12

ISSN 2211-3355

This study explored the factors associated with healthcare avoidance behavior for menstrual disorders and menopausal symptoms among women in Japan. Using data from a nationally representative cross-sectional online survey conducted in September 2022, responses from 4,950 women aged 25–59 were analyzed. This study applied binomial logistic regression models specifically to participants who reported having ever felt the need to seek healthcare assistance due to health issues related to menstruation and menopause. We computed adjusted odds ratios for key sociodemographic traits, work environment factors, health literacy, menstrual and menopausal symptoms, and attitudes and understanding regarding women's health, associated with healthcare avoidance behavior in the past 12 months. As a sensitivity analysis, a regression was performed limited to those who are working. The results showed that 50.6% of respondents recognized the need for healthcare support for menstrual or menopausal health issues, but 22.8% exhibited healthcare avoidance in the past year. Younger and high-income individuals showed higher avoidance rates. Those with diagnosed gynecological conditions and those perceiving menstrual pain as something to endure also displayed increased avoidance tendencies. Women experiencing significant health effects beyond work and those lacking understanding of the purpose of health check-ups were more prone to healthcare avoidance. Our results underscore the importance of implementing strategically tailored health education initiatives, and re-examining societal attitudes concerning women's health, in order to cultivate enhanced healthcare-seeking behaviors among women.

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Estimation of the time of exposure based on interval and censored data using the <i>ε</i>‐accelerated EM algorithm

Daisuke Yoneoka, Takayuki Kawashima, Yuta Tanoue, Shuhei Nomura, Akifumi Eguchi

Statistics in Medicine (Wiley) 42 ( 25 ) 4542 - 4555 2023.11

Accepted, ISSN 02776715

Accurately estimating the timing of pathogen exposure plays a crucial role in outbreak control for emerging infectious diseases, including the source identification, contact tracing, and vaccine research and development. However, since surveillance activities often collect data retrospectively after symptoms have appeared, obtaining accurate data on the timing of disease onset is difficult in practice and can involve “coarse” observations, such as interval or censored data. To address this challenge, we propose a novel likelihood function, tailored to coarsely observed data in rapid outbreak surveillance, along with an optimization method based on an ‐accelerated EM algorithm for faster convergence to find maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs). The covariance matrix of MLEs is also discussed using a nonparametric bootstrap approach. In terms of bias and mean‐squared error, the performance of our proposed method is evaluated through extensive numerical experiments, as well as its application to a series of epidemiological surveillance focused on cases of mass food poisoning. The experiments show that our method exhibits less bias than conventional methods, providing greater efficiency across all scenarios.

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Strategies for Strengthening the Resilience of Public Health Systems for Pandemics, Disasters, and Other Emergencies

Benjamin Ryan, Mayumi Kako, Rok Fink, Perihan Şimşek, Paul Barach, Jose Acosta, Sanjaya Bhatia, Mark Brickhouse, Matthew Fendt, Alicia Fontenot, Nahuel Arenas Garcia, Shelby Garner, Abdülkadir Gunduz, D. Mike, Hardin Jr, Tim Hatch, LaShonda Malrey-Horne, Makiko MacDermot, Ryoma Kayano, Joshua McKone, Chaverle Noel, Shuhei Nomura, Jeremy Novak, Andrew Stricklin, Raymond Swienton, Ismail Tayfur, Bryan Brooks

Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 17 ( 5 ) e479 2023.09

Accepted, ISSN 19357893

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize strategies for strengthening public health system resilience for pandemics, disasters, and other emergencies using a scorecard approach. Methods: The United Nations Public Health System Resilience Scorecard (Scorecard) was applied across 5 workshops in Slovenia, Turkey, and the United States of America. The workshops focused on participants reviewing and discussing 23 questions/indicators. A Likert type scale was used for scoring with zero being the lowest and 5 the highest. The workshop scores were analyzed and discussed by participants to prioritize areas of need and develop resilience strategies. Data from all workshops were aggregated, analyzed, and interpreted to develop priorities representative of participating locations. Results: Eight themes emerged representing the need for better integration of public health and disaster management systems. These include: assessing community disease burden; embedding long-term recovery groups in emergency systems; exploring mental health care needs; examining ecosystem risks; evaluating reserve funds; identifying what crisis communication strategies worked well; providing non-medical services; and reviewing resilience of existing facilities, alternate care sites, and institutions. Conclusions: The Scorecard is an effective tool for establishing baseline resilience and prioritizing actions. The strategies identified reflect areas in most need for investment to improve public health system resilience.

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Body mass index and esophageal and gastric cancer: A pooled analysis of 10 population-based cohort studies in Japan

Koyanagi Y.N., Matsuo K., Ito H., Wang C., Tamakoshi A., Sugawara Y., Tsuji I., Ono A., Tsugane S., Sawada N., Wada K., Nagata C., Takeuchi T., Kitamura T., Utada M., Sakata R., Mizoue T., Abe S.K., Inoue M., Kimura T., Sugawara Y., Nomura S., Takimoto H., Oze I., Lin Y., Hidaka A., Hirabayashi M., Iwasaki M., Kitamura Y., Mori N., Muto M., Naito M., Nakayama T., Nishino Y., Sadakane A., Saito E., Sasazuki S., Shimazu T., Shimizu H., Sugiyama K., Suzuki H., Tamakoshi A., Tanaka K., Tanaka S., Tsubono Y., Wakai K., Yamagiwa Y., Yamaji T.

Cancer Science 114 ( 7 ) 2961 - 2972 2023.07

ISSN 13479032

The effect of body mass index (BMI) on esophageal and gastric carcinogenesis might be heterogeneous, depending on subtype or subsite. However, findings from prospective evaluations of BMI associated with these cancers among Asian populations have been inconsistent and limited, especially for esophageal adenocarcinoma and gastric cardia cancer. We performed a pooled analysis of 10 population-based cohort studies to examine this association in 394,247 Japanese individuals. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), then pooled these estimates to calculate summary HRs with a random effects model. During 5,750,107 person-years of follow-up, 1569 esophageal cancer (1038 squamous cell carcinoma and 86 adenocarcinoma) and 11,095 gastric (728 cardia and 5620 noncardia) cancer incident cases were identified. An inverse association was observed between BMI and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HR per 5-kg/m2 increase 0.57, 95% CI 0.50–0.65), whereas a positive association was seen in gastric cardia cancer (HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.00–1.32). A nonsignificant and significant positive association for overweight or obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) relative to BMI <25 kg/m2 was observed with esophageal adenocarcinoma (HR 1.32, 95% CI 0.80–2.17) and gastric cardia cancer (HR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05–1.46), respectively. No clear association with BMI was found for gastric noncardia cancer. This prospective study—the largest in an Asian country—provides a comprehensive quantitative estimate of the association of BMI with upper gastrointestinal cancer and confirms the subtype- or subsite-specific carcinogenic impact of BMI in a Japanese population.

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Estimating global changes in routine childhood vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic, 2020–2021

C Ghaznavi, A Eguchi, KS Lwin, D Yoneoka, Y Tanoue, SK Rauniyar, ...

Vaccine 41 (28), 4151-4157 (Elsevier BV) 41 ( 28 ) 4151 - 4157 2023.06

Accepted, ISSN 0264410X

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the distribution of routine immunizations globally. Multi-country studies assessing a wide spectrum of vaccines and their coverage rates are needed to determine global performance in achieving vaccination goals. Methods: Global vaccine coverage data for 16 antigens were obtained from WHO/UNICEF Estimates of National Immunization Coverage. Tobit regression was performed for all country-antigen pairs for which data were continuously available between 2015–2020 or 2015–2021 to predict vaccine coverage in 2020/2021. Vaccines for which multi-dose data were available were assessed to determine whether vaccine coverage for subsequent doses were lower than that of first doses. Results: Vaccine coverage was significantly lower-than-predicted for 13/16 antigens in 2020 and all assessed antigens in 2021. Lower-than-predicted vaccine coverage was typically observed in South America, Africa, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia. There was a statistically significant coverage drop for subsequent doses of the diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, pneumococcus, and rotavirus vaccines compared to first doses in 2020 and 2021. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic exerted larger disruptions to routine vaccination services in 2021 than in 2020. Global efforts will be needed to recoup vaccine coverage losses sustained during the pandemic and broaden vaccine access in areas where coverage was previously inadequate.

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Projection of morbidity and mortality due to breast cancer between 2020 and 2050 across 42 low- and middle-income countries

Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Masahiro Hashizume, Daisuke Yoneoka, Shuhei Nomura

Heliyon (Elsevier BV) 9 ( 6 ) e16427 - e16427 2023.06

Accepted, ISSN 24058440

Objective: Aim of the study is to predict trends in morbidity and mortality due to breast cancer in 42 LMICs between 2020 and 2050. Design: and Setting: National level cross-sectional breast cancer related data between 1990 and 2019 were used. Recurrent Neural Network, Long-Short-Term Memory (RNN-LSTM) model was employed to forecast the trend in breast cancer burden. Main outcomes and measures: Age standardized breast cancer incidence, mortality, and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rates. Results: By 2050, the age standardized breast cancer incidence rate is expected to increase in 38 LMICs with highest incidence rate in Namibia; 127.0 (78.0–176.0) followed by Nigeria 71.1 (53.9–88.3) and Papua New Guinea 70.6 (88.7–74.6). Similarly, the age standardized breast cancer mortality and DALYs rates in 2050 are expected to increase in 33 and 35 LMICs respectively. The highest mortality and DALYs rates in 2050 are expected to be 64.7 (42.6–86.7) in Namibia and 1543.6 (1463.1–1624.1) in Pakistan. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) is expected to increase uniformly in all the countries during the same period. Due to considerable variation in exposure risk, such as high plasma glucose level, high body mass index (BMI) and socio-demographic index (SDI), high regional disparity in burden of breast cancer is expected among the countries. Conclusion: and Relevance: Breast cancer burden is expected to increase in most of the LMICs with high regional disparity by 2050. Our study's finding focuses on LMICs with high breast cancer burden that require tailored strategies and effective action plans to ensure prevention from catastrophic consequences in the future. Minimizing the exposure to behavioral and metabolic risk factors such as high plasma glucose, high BMI, along with tackling the issue of low fertility rate would be important in managing breast cancer burden in LMICs.

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Changes in cerebrovascular disease–related deaths and their location during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

S Nomura, A Eguchi, C Ghaznavi, L Yamasaki, SK Rauniyar, Y Tanoue, ...

Public Health 218, 176-179 (Elsevier BV) 218 ( 218 ) 176 - 179 2023.05

Accepted, ISSN 00333506

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic placed an enormous strain on healthcare systems and raised concerns for delays in the management of patients with acute cerebrovascular events. In this study, we investigated cerebrovascular excess deaths in Japan. Study design: Vital mortality statistics from January 2012 to May 2022 were obtained from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Methods: Using quasi-Poisson regression models, we estimated the expected weekly number of cerebrovascular deaths in Japan from January 2020 through May 2022 by place of death. Estimates were calculated for deaths in all locations, as well as for deaths in hospitals, in geriatric health service facilities, and at home. The age subgroups of ≥75 and <75 years were also considered. Weeks with a statistically significant excess of cerebrovascular deaths were determined when the weekly number of observed deaths exceeded the upper bound of 97.5% prediction interval. Results: Excess deaths were noted in June 2021 and became more pronounced from February 2022 onward. The trend was notable among those aged ≥75 years and for those who died in hospitals. With respect to the location of deaths, the excess was significant in geriatric health services facilities from April 2020 to June 2021, whereas no evidence of excess hospital deaths was observed during the same period. Conclusions: Beginning in the late 2021, excess cerebrovascular deaths coincided with the spread of the Omicron variant and may be associated with increased healthcare burden. In 2020, COVID-19 altered the geography of cerebrovascular deaths, with fewer people dying in hospitals and more dying in geriatric health service facilities and at home.

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Promote global solidarity to advance health-system resilience: proposals for the G7 meetings in Japan

Hiroshima Global Health Task Force (in alphabetical order: Keishi Abe, Sarah Krull Abe, Takanori Fujita, Yoshiaki Gu, Masahiro Hashizume, Chieko Ikeda, Masaki Inaba, Kazuaki Jindai, Naoki Kondo, Osamu Kunii, Makiko Matsuo, Hiroki Nakatani, Yoshitaka Nishino, Shuhei Nomura, Haruka Sakamoto, Hideaki Shiroyama, Tomoko Suzuki, Ayako Takemi, Kayo Takuma)

The Lancet (Elsevier {BV}) 401 ( 10385 ) 1319 - 1321 2023.04

Accepted, ISSN 0140-6736

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Recent changes in the reporting of STIs in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cyrus Ghaznavi, Yuta Tanoue, Takayuki Kawashima, Akifumi Eguchi, Daisuke Yoneoka, Haruka Sakamoto, Peter Ueda, Masahiro Ishikane, Naokatsu Ando, Yusuke Miyazato, Shuhei Nomura

Sexually transmitted infections 99 ( 2 ) 124 - 127 2023.03

Accepted, ISSN 13684973

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has had variable effects on the rates of STIs reported across the globe. This study sought to assess how the number of STI reports changed during the pandemic in Japan. METHODS: We used national infectious disease surveillance data from the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (Tokyo, Japan) for the period between January 2013 and December 2021. We compared reported rates of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, condyloma acuminata and genital herpes, as well as total notifications for HIV/AIDS and syphilis during the pandemic versus previous years in Japan. We used a quasi-Poisson regression to determine whether any given week or month between January 2018 and December 2021 had a significant excess or deficit of STIs. Notification values above or below the 95% upper and lower prediction thresholds were considered as statistically significant. The start of the pandemic was defined as January 2020. RESULTS: Chlamydia generally remained within predicted range during the pandemic period. Reporting of gonorrhoea was significantly higher than expected throughout early-to-mid 2021 but otherwise generally remained within predicted range prior to 2021. Condyloma, herpes and HIV/AIDS reporting were transiently significantly lower than expected throughout the pandemic period, but no significant periods of higher-than-expected reporting were detected. Syphilis showed widespread evidence of significantly lower-than-predicted reporting throughout 2020 but eventually reversed, showing significantly higher-than-predicted reporting in mid-to-late 2021. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with variable changes in the reporting of STIs in Japan. Higher-than-predicted reporting was more likely to be observed in the later phases of the pandemic. These changes may have been attributable to pandemic-related changes in sexual behaviour and decreased STI clinic attendance and testing, but further research on the long-term impact of the pandemic on STIs is necessary.

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The impact of social isolation from COVID-19-related public health measures on cognitive function and mental health among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Prapichaya Prommas, Kaung Suu Lwin, Yi Chi Chen, Misa Hyakutake, Cyrus Ghaznavi, Haruka Sakamoto, Hiroaki Miyata, Shuhei Nomura

Ageing Research Reviews (Elsevier {BV}) 85 101839 - 101839 2023.03

Accepted, ISSN 15681637

We aimed to estimate the impact of social isolation on cognitive function and mental health among older adults during the two-year-and-a-half COVID-19 period. Pubmed Central, Medline, CINAHL Plus and PsychINFO were searched between March 1, 2020, and September 30, 2022. We included all studies that assessed proportions of older adults with the mean or the median with a minimum age above 60 reporting worsening cognitive function and mental health. Thirty-two studies from 18 countries met the eligibility criteria for meta-analyses. We found that the proportions of older adults with dementia who experienced worsening cognitive impairment and exacerbation or new onset of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) were approximately twice larger than that of older adults with HC experiencing SCD and worsening mental health. Stage of dementia, care options, and severity of mobility restriction measures did not yield significant differences in the number of older adults with dementia reporting worsening cognitive impairment and BPSD, while the length of isolation did for BPSD but not cognitive impairment. Our study highlights the impact of social isolation on cognitive function and mental health among older adults. Public health strategies should prioritize efforts to promote healthy lifestyles and proactive assessments.

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Salt intake reduction using umami substance-incorporated food: a secondary analysis of NHANES 2017-2018 data

Shuhei Nomura, Shiori Tanaka, Akifumi Eguchi, Takayuki Kawashima, Haruyo Nakamura, Kaung Suu Lwin, Lisa Yamasaki, Daisuke Yoneoka, Yuta Tanoe, Megumi Adachi, Hitomi Hayabuchi, Shosei Koganemaru, Toshihide Nishimura, Byron Sigel, Hisayuki Uneyama, Kenji Shibuya

Public Health Nutrition (Cambridge University Press (CUP)) 26 ( 2 ) 488 - 495 2023.02

Accepted, ISSN 13689800

Abstract

Objective:

Excessive salt intake raises blood pressure and increases the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and stomach cancer. Reducing the sodium content of food is an important public health measure to control the NCDs. This study quantifies the amount of salt reduced by using umami substances, i.e., glutamate, inosinate, and guanylate, for adults in the United States (US).

Design:

The secondary data analysis was performed using data of the US nationally representative cross-sectional dietary survey, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018. Per capita daily salt intake corresponding to the NHANES food groups was calculated in the four hypothetical scenarios of 0%, 30%, 60%, and 90% market share of low-sodium foods in the country. The salt reduction rates by using umami substances were estimated based on the previous study results.

Setting:

The United States

Participants:

4,139 individuals aged 20 years and older in the US

Results:

Replacing salt with umami substances could help the US adults reduce salt intake by 7.31–13.53% (7.50–13.61% for women; 7.18–13.53% for men), which is equivalent to 0.61–1.13g/day (0.54–0.98g/day for women; 0.69–1.30g/day for men) without compromising the taste. Approximately, 21.21–26.04% of the US adults could keep their salt intake below 5 g/day, the World Health Organization’s recommendation in the scenario where there is no low-sodium product on the market.

Conclusions:

This study provides essential information that the use of umami substances as a substitute for salt may help reduce the US adults’ salt intake.

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Reducing salt intake with umami: A secondary analysis of data in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey

Haruyo Nakamura, Takayuki Kawashima, Lisa Yamasaki, Kaung Suu Lwin, Akifumi Eguchi, Hitomi Hayabuchi, Yuta Tanoe, Shiori Tanaka, Daisuke Yoneoka, Cyrus Ghaznavi, Hisayuki Uneyama, Kenji Shibuya, Shuhei Nomura

Food Science & Nutrition (Wiley) 11 ( 2 ) 872 - 882 2023.02

ISSN 2048-7177

Reducing sodium content in foods is an important public health measure to reduce salt intake and decrease the incidence of noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. This study quantified the amount of salt intake that could potentially be reduced by using umami substances, including glutamate, inosinate, and guanylate, without compromising taste, for adults in the United Kingdom (UK). We used data comprised of 1834 adults aged 20 years and over from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS RP) 2016/2017–2018/2019. Four hypothetical scenarios in which the market share of low-sodium foods accounts for 0%, 30%, 60%, or 90% of consumed products were considered in the analyses. Per capita daily salt intake corresponding to the NDNS RP food groups was calculated for each scenario, and the salt intake was aggregated by gender and age groups. Replacing salt with umami substances could help UK adults reduce daily salt intake by 9.09%–18.59% (9.21%–18.43% for women; 8.83%–19.43% for men), which is equivalent to 0.45–0.92 g/day of salt reduction (0.41–0.82 g/day for women; 0.50–1.10 g/day for men). The use of umami substances may serve as one method for the UK government to encourage salt intake reduction, particularly in the context of food product reformulation, as 80% of salt consumed in the country comes from processed foods. Empirical studies with sensory evaluation should be conducted to confirm consumer tolerance. The food industry should also be engaged in conversations regarding the addition of umami to food products in the United Kingdom.

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Annual prevalence of non-communicable diseases and identification of vulnerable populations following the Fukushima disaster and COVID-19 pandemic

Michio Murakami, Shuhei Nomura

International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 84 103471 2023.01

Accepted, ISSN 22124209

Disasters, pandemics, and their response measures can have secondary effects on the physical and psychological health of affected populations. Using health insurance receipt data from 2009 to 2020, we assessed changes in the prevalence of major non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and mental disorders, among affected populations before and after the Fukushima disaster and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak in Japan. Furthermore, age and sex groups with the largest increases in prevalence after these events were identified. The participants of this study were employees of large companies and their dependent family members who were insured by health insurance societies (HIS). The dataset was provided by JMDC Inc. The annual age-adjusted prevalence of each disease belonging to the HIS scheme was used to calculate the ratio of disease prevalence before and after the events. After the Fukushima disaster, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes generally increased over a 9-year period in Fukushima Prefecture. The increase in the prevalence rate of these three NCDs and mental disorders was the highest among females aged 40–74 years compared to males and the other age groups. The prevalence of all four diseases increased after the COVID-19 outbreak in Japan, with a marked increase in males aged 0–39 years. Changes in prevalence ratios of NCDs after the COVID-19 outbreak among the areas affected by the Fukushima disaster were lower than in the whole of Japan. It is important to provide tailor-made public health support among populations in accordance with the type of disasters and pandemic.

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