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Aesthetic Responses to Microtonal Intervals

Ho MJ, Konno R, Tomokane J, McDermott J, Tokui N, Fujii S, Savage PE

The 2019 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC2019) (New York University, New York City, USA) ,

2019.08

Poster presentation, Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)

Musical pitches are one of the core building blocks of almost all of the world’s music (Savage et al., 2015, PNAS). In many cultures, different relationships between pitches are associated with different aesthetic responses. For example, in most Western music, consonant intervals based on simple integer ratios (e.g., octaves, perfect fifths) are perceived as pleasant while dissonant intervals based on more complex ratios (e.g., 2nds, 7ths) are perceived as unpleasant (McDermott et al., 2010, Current Biology). However, there remains limited experimental data for intervals outside of the standard 12-note Western chromatic scale. Here we present experimental data on aesthetic responses to all possible interval dyads within a single octave based on a quartertone (50-cent) 24-note equal-tempered scale, including both melodic and harmonic intervals. Pilot data from four Japanese participants suggest that for both melodic and harmonic intervals, microtonal intervals are perceived as less pleasant than chromatic intervals (melodic: t = 2.5, p = .02; har- monic: t = 3.9, p = .0008) and that aesthetic ratings are correlated with the degree of harmonic similarity between overtone spectra (melodic: r = .68, p = .0002; harmonic: r = .42, p = .04). These results provide tentative support for the role of general psychoacoustic harmonicity principles in shaping aesthetic preferences to music, with the caveat that these pilot data come from a small sample with extensive exposure to Western musical systems. By SMPC we plan to collect additional data from Japanese participants both with and without extensive training in Japanese traditional music to investigate the role of musical experience in shaping aesthetic responses to musical intervals.

Single, Double, and Triple Finger Tapping Performance of Professional Hand Percussionists

Honda K, Savage PE, Fujii S

The 2019 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC2019) (New York University, New York City, USA) ,

2019.08

Poster presentation, Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)

Background: Manual skills of professional musicians can be regarded as a model to investigate human motor skill acquisition after prolonged practice. Previous study showed that pianists was able to perform single finger tapping faster than non-pianists especially with the ring finger (Aoki, et al., Motor Control, 2005). Double-finger tapping of pianists was also faster than that of non-pianist. Although tapping skills of drummers were investigated previously (Fujii et al., Neurosci Lett, 2009), finger coordination skill of hand percussionist is still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the finger tapping skill of professional hand percussionists (Darbuka players). Methods: Eight professional percussionists and eight amateur percussionists participated in this study. All participants were right-handed. They were asked to perform finger tapping as fast as possible for 12 seconds. There were eleven finger tapping tasks: four single-finger tapping task (i.e., each of the left-index, left-ring, right-index, right-ring fingers), six double-finger tapping task (i.e., all combinations of the above four fingers), and one triple-finger tapping task (i.e., right-index, left-index, and left-ring finger coordination). The tasks were repeated three times each. The mean tapping frequency was calculated for each trial and averaged over the three trials. Results: As for the single-finger tapping task, there was no significant difference between the professional and amateur percussionists. As for the double- and triple-finger tapping tasks, professional percussionists performed faster than the amateur percussion- ists (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The professional percussionists showed faster performance in the double- and triple-finger tapping tasks but not in the single-finger tapping task compared with the amateur percussionists. The result suggest that professional percussionists have acquired organized finger coordination skill over the prolonged practice.

The Beat Processing Abnormality in Patients with Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia

Honda S, Tarumi R, Noda Y, Matsushita K, Nomiyama N, Ochi R, Tsugawa S, Savage PE, Nakajima S, Mimura M, Fujii S

The 2019 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC2019) (New York University, New York City, USA) ,

2019.08

Poster presentation, Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)

Background: Amusia is often found in patients with schizophrenia. Although previous studies suggested that there is a close link between amusia and cognitive dysfunction, the relationship between beat deafness and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia has not yet been fully elucidated. Patients with schizophre- nia can be subdivided into Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia (TRS) and non-TRS based on antipsychotic treatment response. However, there has been no study investigating the difference of beat-processing ability between TRS and non-TRS. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between beat deafness and cognitive dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with schizophrenia (27 TRS and 31 non-TRS) and thirty healthy controls (HC) participated in this study. To assess beat- processing ability and cognitive performance, we used the Harvard Beat Assessment Test (H-BAT) and Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), respectively. H-BAT has subtests for assessing beat perception and production abilities. We performed a two-way analysis of vari- ance and post-hoc analyses for the H-BAT measures. The within-subject factor was beat processing [perception/production] and the between-subject factor was group [TRS/non-TRS/HC]. We conducted the partial correlation analyses between the difference of perception and production abilities and cognitive performance, controlling for severity of extrapyramidal impairment as well as chlorpromazine equivalent dose. Re- sults: The ANOVA showed a significant interaction between beat-processing ability [perception/production] and groups[TRS/non-TRS/HC] (F2,64=4.84, p=0.016). Compared with HC, TRS group had lower beat perception and production ability while non-TRS group had lower beat perception ability (F2,84=6.45, p=0.002). There were correlations between the beat processing ability and RBANS scores in patients with non-TRS (r=0.55, p=0.003). Conclusions: There may be a significant difference in the beat-processing ability be- tween TRS and non-TRS, suggesting a close link between the beat-processing and the pathophysiology of antipsychotic response in patients with schizophrenia. Future studies are needed in order to clarify the neural underpinnings.

Does Cold Stimulation Enhance Musical Frisson? Effect of Cold Stimulation on Perceptual Rating of Consonant and Dissonant Intervals

Ishikawa Y, Savage PE, Nakatani M, Fujii S

The 2019 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC2019) (New York University, New York City, USA) ,

2019.08

Poster presentation, Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)

Music listening sometimes induces the sensation of frisson, a pleasant tingling feeling accompanied with raised body hairs and gooseflesh. Some believe that we feel an emotion and physiological response occurs subsequently. On the contrary, the James-Lange theory proposes that physiological change is primary, and emotion is then experienced. Considering the James-Lange theory, we hypothesized that providing cold stimulation to a skin while listening to sounds may change our sound perception. Here we tested this hy- pothesis by providing cold stimulus to skin during listening to consonant and dissonant intervals. Ten healthy students participated in the pilot study. We used perfect fifth and minor second. Each of the chord had two different root notes in order to counterbalance the pitch. A cold stimulation was provided to the mastoid using a cooling device. As a control sham condition, we touched the skin with another cooling device while turning off the power. Participants rated the degree of frisson and pleasantness using the Visual Analog Scale. We performed a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the factors of musical interval (consonant/dissonant) and stimulus condition (cold/control). The ANOVA showed no significant interaction between the musical interval and stimulus condition. As for the frisson rating, the main effect of stimulus condition was significant (F(1,9)=10.744 , p<0.01, η2=0.544), showing that the cool stimulus increased the frisson rating. The main effect of interval was not significant (F(1,9)=3.011, p=0.117, η2=0.251). As for the pleasantness rating, there was no significant main effect of stimulus condition (F(1,9)=0.003, p=0.957, η2<0.001). There was a significant main effect of interval (F(1,9)=18.116, p<0.01, η2=0.668), showing that perfect fifth was perceived as more pleasant than minor second. The results suggest that cold stimulation may increase the subjective frisson rating but not affect the pleasantness rating while listening to intervals. Our finding partially supported the James-Lange theory of emotion.

Melodic Similarity in Music Copyright Law: An Experimental Investigation

Oishi S, Konno R, Cronin C, Müllensiefen D, Atkinson Q, Fujii S, Savage PE

The 2019 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC2019) (New York University, New York City, USA) ,

2019.08

Poster presentation, Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)

Music copyright lawsuits often result in multimillion dollar settlements, yet there are few objective guidelines for applying copyright law in infringement claims involving musical works. Recent research has attempted to develop objective methods based on automated melodic similarity algorithms (Müllensiefen & Pendzich, 2009, Musicae Scientiae; Savage et al., 2018, Proc. Folk Music Analysis), but there remains almost no perceptual data on the role of melodic similarity in music copyright decisions (Lund, 2011, Virginia Sports and Entertainment Law Journal). We conducted a pilot experiment (n = 19 participants) collecting perceptual judgments of copyright infringement for 13 copyright cases from the Music Copyright Infringement Resource database (mcir.edu) involving musical similarity for which we could prepare both full-audio and melody-only (MIDI) versions. Due to the historical emphasis in legal opinions on melody as the key criterion for deciding infringement (Fishman, 2018, Harvard Law Review), we predicted that listening to melody-only versions would result in perceptual judgments that more closely matched actual past legal decisions. Surprisingly, however. the reverse was true: participant judgments more closely matched past decisions when listening to full audio including non-melodic factors such as timbre, instrumentation, and lyrics (paired t = 2.2, p = 0.049). By SMPC we plan to expand this pilot study to include more copyright cases. Our findings have important practical implications regarding whether jury members should be allowed to listen to full audio recordings during copyright cases – a point of major contention during recent high-profile cases such as the dispute involving Blurred Lines.

The Reliability of iOS Application of the Harvard Beat Assessment Test: Consistency between Different Versions of iPad Devices

Konno R, Schlaug G, Savage PE, Fujii S

The 2019 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC2019) (New York University, New York City, USA) ,

2019.08

Poster presentation, Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)

The Harvard Beat Assessment Test (H-BAT) is a battery of tests to assess individual differences in the abilities to perceive, produce, and synchronize with a music beat [Fujii & Schlaug, 2013]. However, the original version of H-BAT is difficult to distribute because it requires particular hardware setups. Thus, we developed an iOS application of H-BAT and reported the results of the reliability previously [Konno, et al., International Conference on Music Information Retrieval, 2018]. However, the number of participants was limited in the previous report, and the reliability across the different iOS devices had not been tested. Here, we increased the number of participants and compared the reliability across different iOS devices to further test the reliability of the H-BAT iOS application. The H-BAT was run on iPad Pro 9.7 inch and 10.5 inch (iOS 11 and iOS 10, respectively), and the data from 21 participants were recorded. Ten participants were tested with the iPad 9.7 inch while eleven participants were tested with the iPad 10.5 inch. For each of the iPad, tapping was recorded on both of the iOS and Matlab setups. The reliability between the iOS and Matlab setups were evaluated with the Intra-class Correlation Coefficients (ICC) and the Bland-Altman methods. As for the inter-tap interval measure, the ICC was very high between the iOS and Matlab setups on both iPad devices (iPad Pro 9.7 inch, ICC = 0.996~0.997; iPad Pro 10.5 inch, ICC = 0.999~0.999, respectively). We also confirmed that the asynchrony measure (i.e., the synchronization error between a tap and a beat) was highly correlated between the iOS and Matlab setups on both iPad devices (iPad Pro 9.7 inch, ICC = 0.995~0.995; iPad Pro 10.5 inch, ICC = 0.997~0.997, respectively). These results suggest that the H-BAT iOS application can be reliably used regardless of different iPad devices.

Cortical Thickness and Beat Processing Ability in Patients with Schizophrenia

Matsushita K, Tarumi R, Noda Y, Honda S, Ochi R, Nomiyama N, Tsugawa S, Savage PE, Nakajima S, Mimura M, Fujii S

The 2019 Biennial Meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC2019) (New York University, New York City, USA) ,

2019.08

Poster presentation, Society for Music Perception and Cognition (SMPC)

Background: People with amusia show cortical thinning in the medial orbital frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus. It was noted that two thirds of patients with schizophrenia showed symptoms of amusia and that they showed malformations of cortical thickness in the frontal and temporal lobes. However, the link between beat processing ability and cortical thickness remains unclear in the schizophrenia. Thus, we investigated the relationship between beat processing ability and the cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia. Methods: Fifty-five patients with schizophrenia and age- and sex- matched 25 healthy controls participated in this study. We used the Harvard Beat Assessment Test (H-BAT), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and the Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS) to assess beat-processing ability, clinical severity, and extrapyramidal symptoms, respectively. Participants were scanned with a GE 3.0T MRI scanner and the cortical thickness was evaluated with the FreeSurfer software. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between the cortical thickness and H-BAT scores in the control group. For the patient group, the partial correlation coefficients were calculated controlling for PANSS and SAS scores, and daily antipsychotic dose. Results: The cortical thickness of medial orbitofrontal cortex was negatively correlated with the H-BAT scores in the patient group (r=-0.45, p<0.001), and positively in the control group (r=0.46, p=0.02). No other region showed these correlations. Conclusion: Cortical thinning in the medial orbitofrontal cortex may relate to impaired beat-processing ability in patients with schizophrenia. Increased cortical thickness may also explain the individual difference in the beat processing ability in healthy controls. Future research will be needed for the interpretation of the relationship. This research will ultimately contribute to the elucidation of the relationship between the symptoms of amusia and pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

音楽リズムの知覚生成とヒトの音楽性の起源

藤井進也

日本赤ちゃん学会第19回学術集会 (聖心女子大学，東京) ,

2019.07

Oral presentation (invited, special), 日本赤ちゃん学会

ドラマーとして音楽を演奏する傍ら、音楽家の身体運動の不思議さに魅了され、音楽家の運動スキル研究をこれまで行ってきた（Fujii et al., J Neurophysiol, 2010 他）。研究すればするほど、ヒトにとって音楽とは何か、リズムとは何か、より本質的な問いに迫りたいと思うようになり、近年では音楽リズム同期・同調の発達的起源や（Fujii et al., PLoS ONE, 2014）、音楽リズムの知覚生成能力の個人差（Fujii & Schlaug, Front Hum Neurosci, 2013）、言語・音楽リズムの脳内処理（Fujii & Wan, Front Hum Neurosci, 2014）、精神疾患とリズム知覚生成能力の関連性（Fujii et al., ICMPC, 2018）等に焦点を当て研究を行っている。本シンポジウムでは特に、生後３～４か月の乳児の手足の運動リズムと音楽リズムの同調・同期現象、音楽リズム知覚生成の個人差評価のために開発したハーバードビート評価テスト、音楽リズムの知覚生成能力の個人差と脳の灰白質構造の関連、言語・音楽リズムの脳内処理の共通性と相違性、統合失調症患者のリズム知覚生成能力等について話題提供させていただく予定である。音楽リズムの知覚生成をキーワードとして、ヒトの音楽性の起源について、皆さまと闊達に議論できれば幸いである。

乳児の音遊び行動と心拍変動：自発的な四肢運動の聴覚フィードバックによる検討

新屋裕太, 奥絢介, 藤井進也, 多賀厳太郎, 渡辺はま

日本赤ちゃん学会第19回学術集会 (聖心女子大学, 東京) ,

2019.07

Poster presentation, 日本赤ちゃん学会

Individual Differences in Rhythm Perception, Production and Synchronization: From Infants to Drummers

Fujii S

Lorentz Center Workshop @ Oort: Synchrony and Rhythmic Interaction: From Neurons to Ecology (Leiden, The Netherlands) ,

2019.07

Poster presentation, Backwell P, Greenfield M, Honing H, Kotz S, Ravignani A

統合失調症患者におけるリズム情報処理能力異常

本多栞，垂水良介，野田賀大，松下佳鈴，野見山菜摘，越智涼，津川幸子，中島振一郎，三村將，藤井進也

聴覚研究会 (東京大学先端科学技術研究センター4号館講堂) ,

2019.06

Oral presentation (general)

リズムを処理する脳―ヒトの音楽性の起源

藤井進也

聴覚研究会 (東京大学先端科学技術研究センター4号館講堂) ,

2019.06

Oral presentation (invited, special)

Glutamate Levels in Patients with Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia: A Cross-sectional Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study

Tarumi R, Tsugawa S, Noda Y, Plitman E, Honda S, Matsushita K, Ochi R, Chavez S, Sawada K, Ogyu K, Wada M, Fujii S, Miyazaki T, Chakravarty MM, Uchida H, Remington G, Graff-Guerrero A, Mimura M, Nakajima S

The 41st Annual Meeting of Japanese Society of Biological Psychiatry (朱鷺メッセ：新潟コンベンションセンター) ,

2019.06

Poster presentation

赤ちゃん学概論～赤ちゃんの「聞く」～

藤井進也

同志社大学複合領域科目「赤ちゃん学概論」,

2019.06

Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech

Does Passive Action Improve Rhythm Perception? Use of Electrical Muscle Stimulation for Beat Interval Perception Task

Konno R, Anzai R, Honda K, Savage PE, Lopes P, Fujii S

The 17th Rhythm Perception and Production Workshop (RPPW) (Traverse City, Michigan, USA) ,

2019.06

Poster presentation

"Moving to the beat" has been shown to improve rhythm perception, such as tapping to the beat improves the perception of timing [Manning & Schultz, 2013], and moving bodies affects how we perceive the meter [Phillips-Silver, Trainor, 2005; 2007; 2008]. While the previous studies have focused on the effect of voluntary movement on rhythm perception, the effect of non-voluntary passive movement on rhythm perception has not been clarified. In this study, we used the electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) to investigate whether a non-voluntary passive body movement improves our rhythm perception. Nine individuals (five male, age = 21~29) participated in this study. The Beat Interval Test in the Harvard Beat Assessment Test [Fujii & Schlaug, 2013] was used to assess the perception threshold of beat interval changes. We electrically stimulated the finger flexor muscles of the participants and they were asked to discriminate whether the inter-stimulus interval is getting faster or slower in the test. To compare if passive body movements affect the beat interval perception, we used the EMS in two conditions; one elicited the finger movements with the EMS (i.e., passive movement condition) and the other stimulated the muscles while constraining the finger-joint movement (i.e., non-movement condition). We performed Wilcoxon Signed Rank test to compare the perception thresholds between the two conditions. As a result, we found that the participants showed better beat interval discrimination in the passive movement condition compared to the non-movement condition (p = 0.018). This result suggests that not only voluntary movement but also non-voluntary passive body movement may improve rhythm perception. By RPPW, we plan to collect additional data to further investigate why the non-voluntary passive movement may improve the beat interval perception.

Glutamate Levels in the Caudate Correlate Beat Perception in Patients with Schizophrenia

Honda S, Tarumi R, Noda Y, Matsushita K, Nomiyama N, Ochi R, Tsugawa S, Savage PE, Nakajima S, Mimura M, Fujii S

The 17th Rhythm Perception and Production Workshop (RPPW) (Traverse City, Michigan, USA) ,

2019.06

Poster presentation

Use of Electrical Muscle Stimulation for Learning Rapid Drumming Movements: An Exploratory Study

Anzai R, Konno R, Honda K, Savage PE, Lopes P, Fujii S

The 17th Rhythm Perception and Production Workshop (RPPW) (Traverse City, Michigan, USA) ,

2019.06

Poster presentation

赤ちゃんの「聞く」

藤井進也