論文 - 大槻　知明

An Effective Radar Signal Recognition Method Using Neural Architecture Search

Zhang M., Luo W., Wang Y., Sun J., Yang J., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference （IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference）  2021-September 2021年

ISSN  15502252

　概要を見る

Deep learning-based radar signal recognition is considered one of the important technologies in the field of electronic countermeasure (ECM). However, existing deep learning-based methods require much time to design a specific neural network by experts for recognizing radar signals. It is difficult to employ these methods in real application scenarios. To solve this problem, we proposed an effective radar signal recognition method using neural architecture search (NAS) to automatically design convolutional neural networks (CNN). Experiments are given to validate the proposed method via comparing with both machine learning and deep learning-based methods. Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve the optimal accuracy with low parameters and floating-point operations.

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An Autoencoder-Based Fetal Heart Rate Detector for Noninvasive Recordings

Qureshi A.A., Wang L., Ohtsuki T., Owada K., Honma N., Hayashi H.

Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS （Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS）  2021-January   60 - 63 2021年

ISSN  1557170X

　概要を見る

Antenatal fetal health monitoring primarily depends on the signal analysis of abdominal or transabdominal electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. The noninvasive approach for obtaining fetal heart rate (HR) reduces risks of potential infections and is convenient for the expectant mother. However, in addition to strong maternal ECG presence, undesirable signals due to body motion activity, muscle contractions, and certain bio-electric potentials degrade the diagnostic quality of obtained fetal ECG from abdominal ECG recordings. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing an improved framework for estimating fetal HR from non-invasively acquired abdominal ECG recordings. Since the most significant contamination is due to maternal ECG, in the proposed framework, we rely on neural network autoencoder for reconstructing maternal ECG. The autoencoder endeavors to establish the nonlinear mapping between abdominal ECG and maternal ECG thus preserving inherent fetal ECG artifacts. The framework is supplemented with an existing blind-source separation (BSS) algorithm for post-treatment of residual signals obtained after subtracting reconstructed maternal ECG from abdominal ECG. Furthermore, experimental assessments on clinically-acquired subjects' recordings advocate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in comparison with conventional techniques for maternal ECG removal.

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Activity Detection using 2D LIDAR for Healthcare and Monitoring

Bouazizi M., Ye C., Ohtsuki T.

2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2021 - Proceedings （2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2021 - Proceedings）  2021年

ISSN  23340983

　概要を見る

Monitoring elderly people living alone is of the utmost importance given the amount of risk they are exposed to. Being aware of the activities of the elderly person in real time could help prevent/detect dangerous event that might occur such as falling. In this paper, we propose a method for activity detection using a 2D LIght Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) and deep learning. Unlike conventional work, where an activity refers to moving from one position to another, we use the term 'activity' to refer to a set of movements including walking, standing, falling and sitting. Not only does our approach detect these activities, but it also identifies a given person from his gait, and identifies unsteady gait (i.e., when he is about to fall or feeling dizzy). Throughout our experiments, we show that the proposed approach could reach an accuracy equal to 92.3% and 91.3% in activity and unsteady gait detection, respectively. It is also capable of identifying up to 3 people's gait with an accuracy equal to 92.4% using 10 seconds of walking data.

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A Novel Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Activity Detection Using Wide-Angle Low-Resolution Infrared Array Sensor

Muthukumar K.A., Bouazizi M., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Access （IEEE Access）  9   82563 - 82576 2021年

　概要を見る

In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based technique for activity detection that uses wide-angle low-resolution infrared (IR) array sensors. Alongside with the main challenge which is how to further improve the performance of IR array sensor-based methods for activity detection, throughout this work, we address the following challenges: we employ a wide-angle infrared array sensor with peripheral vision in comparison to a standard IR array sensor. This makes activities at different positions have different patterns of temperature distribution, making it challenging to learn these different patterns. In addition, unlike previous works, our goal is to perform the activity detection using the least possible amount of information. While the conventional works use a time window equal to 10 seconds where a single event occurs, we aim to identify the activity using a time window of less than 1 second. Nevertheless, we aim to improve over the accuracy obtained in previous work by employing deep learning, while keeping the approach light for it to run on devices with low computational power. Therefore, we use a hybrid deep learning model well suited for the classification of distorted images because the neural network learns the features automatically. In our work, we use two IR sensors ( 32\times24 pixels), one placed on the wall and one on the ceiling. We collect data simultaneously from both the IR sensors and apply hybrid deep learning classification techniques to classify various activities including 'walking', 'standing', 'sitting', 'lying', 'falling', and the transition between the activities which is referred to as 'action change'. This is done in two steps. In the first step, we classify ceiling data and wall data separately as well as the combination of both (ceiling and wall) using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). In the second step, the output of the CNN is fed to a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) with a window size equal to 5 frames to classify the sequence of activities. Through experiments, we show that the classification accuracy of the ceiling data, wall data, and combined data with the LSTM reach 0.96, 0.95, and 0.97, respectively.

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A novel compression CSI feedback based on deep learning for FDD massive MIMO systems

Wang Y., Zhang Y., Sun J., Gui G., Ohtsuki T., Adachi F.

IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC （IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC）  2021-March 2021年

ISSN  15253511

　概要を見る

Accurate channel state information (CSI) is necessary for frequency-division duplexing (FDD) massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. Existing deep learning-based CSI feedback methods, e.g., CSI sensing and recovery neural network (CsiNet), designed based on an autoencoder architecture, achieves higher feedback accuracy and reconstruction speed. However, this network needs to be retrained due to different communication scenarios and channel conditions, which is costly in practical deployment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a deep learning-based modular adaptive multiple-rate (MAMR) compression CSI feedback framework. Extra padding modules are added at the base station to pad compressed CSI into different compression rates into the same dimensions, thereby realizing a general autoencoder performing variable-rate compression. Simulation results are given to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of normalized mean square error.

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A Novel Approach for Inter-User Distance Estimation in 5G mmWave Networks Using Deep Learning

Bouazizi M., Yang S., Cao Y., Ohtsuki T.

Proceeding - 2021 26th IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, APCC 2021 （Proceeding - 2021 26th IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications, APCC 2021）     223 - 228 2021年

　概要を見る

Accurate localization of devices in 5G cellular networks is of that utmost importance. This is because location information is a key component of a variety of new emerging applications. In particular, collocation (or co-location) refers to the idea of identifying devices that are located within a certain range from one another. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for inter-user distance estimation that uses low-resolution and high-resolution beam energy-based images as location fingerprints. Our approach uses the beam energy-based images generated by different users to estimate the distance between each pair of them. Nevertheless, we explore the idea of using a deep learning technique referred to as super resolution applied on low-resolution beam energy-based images to enhance their resolution, thus identify collocated users with an accuracy comparable to that of higher resolution ones. More specifically, throughout our experiments, we generate images of resolution 4times 4 and 8times 8 and use these for distance estimation between users. Afterwards, we apply super resolution on images with size 4times 4 to improve their resolution, and compare their results to the ones obtained with the original 8times 8 images. For an area roughly equal to 60times 30 mathrm{m}, our proposed approach reaches an average mean squared error equal to 0.13 m. We also demonstrate how our proposed approach outperforms the conventional ones that rely on user location detection to measure the inter-user distance.

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A novel approach based on lightweight deep neural network for network intrusion detection

Zhao R., Li Z., Xue Z., Ohtsuki T., Gui G.

IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC （IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC）  2021-March 2021年

ISSN  15253511

　概要を見る

With the ubiquitous network applications and the continuous development of network attack technology, all social circles have paid close attention to the cyberspace security. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) plays a very important role in ensuring computer and communication systems security. Recently, deep learning has achieved a great success in the field of intrusion detection. However, the high computational complexity poses a major hurdle for the practical deployment of DL-based models. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on a lightweight deep neural network (LNN) for IDS. We design a lightweight unit that can fully extract data features while reducing the computational burden by expanding and compressing feature maps. In addition, we use inverse residual structure and channel shuffle operation to achieve more effective training. Experiment results show that our proposed model for intrusion detection not only reduces the computational cost by 61.99% and the model size by 58.84%, but also achieves satisfactory accuracy and detection rate.

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Fast Beamforming Design Method for IRS-Aided mmWave MISO Systems

He Z., Huang H., Yang J., Gui G., Ohtsuki T., Adebisi B., Gacanin H.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference （IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference）  2021-September 2021年

ISSN  15502252

　概要を見る

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input single-output (MISO) is considered one of the promising techniques in next-generation wireless communication. However, existing beamforming methods for IRS-aided mm Wave MISO systems require high computational power, so it cannot be widely used. In this paper, we combine an unsupervised learning-based fast beamforming method with IRS-aided MISO systems, to significantly reduce the computational complexity of this system. Specifically, a new beamforming design method is proposed by adopting the feature fusion means in unsupervised learning. By designing a specific loss function, the beamforming can be obtained to make the spectrum more efficient, and the complexity is lower than that of the existing algorithms. Simulation results show that the proposed beamforming method can effectively reduce the computational complexity while obtaining relatively good performance results.

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Weighted-Beam Superposition for mmWave Massive MIMO-NOMA Systems

Dai H., Yin Y., Huang H., Yang J., Ohtsuki T., Sari H., Adachi F.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference （IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference）  2021-September 2021年

ISSN  15502252

　概要を見る

Millimeter wave (mmWave) and massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) are recognized as key technologies in the forthcoming beyond the fifth-generation (B5G) and the sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. In this paper, a multibeam MIMO non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme with weighted beam superposition for mmWave is proposed to enhance the system sum rate while ensuring fairness of users as much as possible. Specifically, a method of power allocation is adopted to guarantee the minimum demanded for the quality of service (QoS) of the weak users (lower channel gain)in each group. Furthermore, to improve further the sum rate after the QoS of the weak users is satisfied, the coefficient of strong users' beam gain are set to the largest value. In system simulations, we compare the performance of three multi-beam schemes, i.e, beam splitting, beam superposition and the proposed scheme, together with a single beam scheme, and a TDMA scheme at different levels of the SNR. The simulation results demonstrate that the system sum rate of the proposed method is much higher than TDMA scheme and competitive compared to the best scheme.

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Spatial degrees of freedom exploration and analog beamforming designs for signature spatial modulation

Cao Y., Ohtsuki T.

IEICE Transactions on Communications （IEICE Transactions on Communications）  E104B （ 8 ） 934 - 941 2021年

ISSN  09168516

　概要を見る

In this paper, we focus on developing efficient multi-configuration selection mechanisms by exploiting the spatial degrees of freedom (DoF), and leveraging the simple design benefits of spatial modulation (SM). Notably, the SM technique, as well as its variants, faces the following critical challenges: (i) the performance degradation and difficulty in improving the system performance for higher-level QAM constellations, and (ii) the vast complexity cost in precoder designs particularly for the increasing system dimension and amplitude-phase modulation (APM) constellation dimension. Given this situation, we first investigate two independent modulation domains, i.e., the original signal- and spatial-constellations. By exploiting the analog shift weighting and the virtual spatial signature technologies, we introduce the signature spatial modulation (SSM) concept, which is capable of guaranteing superior trade-offs among spectral- and cost-efficiencies, and system bit error rate (BER) performance. Besides, we develop an analog beamforming for SSM by solving the introduced unconstrained Lagrange dual function minimization problem. Numerical results manifest the performance gain brought by our developed analog beamforming for SSM.

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Remote Sensing of Heartbeat based on Space Diversity Using MIMO FMCW Radar

Yamamoto K., Endo K., Ohtsuki T.

2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2021 - Proceedings （2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2021 - Proceedings）  2021年

ISSN  23340983

　概要を見る

Remote sensing of heartbeat offers various applications in the medical and health care fields. To realize non-contact heartbeat detection, an FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) radar-based heartbeat detection method has been investigated. The conventional FMCW radar-based heartbeat detection method estimates a range from an FMCW radar to a subject and extracts heartbeat components from phase changes for the range. However, the range suitable for extracting heartbeat components can change over time due to respiration and body fluctuation. Thus, when the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) of heartbeat components over phase changes is low at the estimated range, the accuracy of heartbeat detection tends to degrade. In this paper, we propose a MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) FMCW radar-based heartbeat detection method based on space diversity. A MIMO FMCW radar can estimate the range for multiple beam directions and obtain phase changes for a space specified with the range and the beam direction. The SNR of heartbeat components over phase changes differs from one space to another. Taking it into account, the proposed method detects heartbeat by exploiting the space diversity of phase changes. The experimental results showed that compared to the detection method using only one phase change, the proposed method using phase changes for multiple spaces detected heartbeat accurately, which is brought by the diversity effect of phase changes for multiple spaces.

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Overloadedwireless mimo switching for information exchanging through untrusted relay in secure wireless communication

TAKAHASHI A., TAKYU O., FUJIWARA H., FUJII T., OHTSUKI T.

IEICE Transactions on Communications （IEICE Transactions on Communications）  E104B （ 10 ） 1249 - 1259 2021年

ISSN  09168516

　概要を見る

Information exchange through a relay node is attracting attention for applying machine-to-machine communications. If the node demodulates the received signal in relay processing confidentially, the information leakage through the relay station is a problem. In wireless MIMO switching, the frequency spectrum usage efficiency can be improved owing to the completion of information exchange within a short time. This study proposes a novel wireless MIMO switching method for secure information exchange. An overloaded situation, in which the access nodes are one larger than the number of antennas in the relay node, makes the demodulation of the relay node difficult. The access schedule of nodes is required for maintaining the overload situation and the high information exchange efficiency. This study derives the equation model of the access schedule and constructs an access schedule with fewer time periods in the integer programming problem. From the computer simulation, we confirm that the secure capacity of the proposed MIMO switching is larger than that of the original one, and the constructed access schedule is as large as the ideal and minimum time period for information exchange completion.

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Noncontact heartbeat detection by Viterbi algorithm with fusion of beat-beat interval and deep learning-driven branch metrics

Yamamoto K., Ohtsuki T.

ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings （ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings）  2021-June   8308 - 8312 2021年

ISSN  15206149

　概要を見る

Heartbeat is one of essential vital signs to assess our health condition. Noncontact heartbeat detection is thus receiving a lot of attention in recent years, which motivates many researchers to investigate heartbeat detection via a Doppler radar. In this paper, to detect heartbeat with a high accuracy, we propose a Doppler radar-based heartbeat detection method by the Viterbi algorithm with a fusion of Beat-Beat Interval (BBI) and deep learning-driven Branch Metrics (BM). The Viterbi algorithm is a technique to estimate a sequence with maximum likelihood by using a pre-defined metric, namely, a BM. In the proposed method, we combine two BMs defined based on (i) a difference between two adjacent BBIs and (ii) an output probability of a deep learning model that judges whether a peak is caused by heartbeat or not. We apply the VIterbi algorithm with the fusion of the two BMs to the signal obtained by some signal processing. We experimentally confirmed that our method performed heartbeat detection with small Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) between the estimated and actual BBIs.

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Non-contact Heartbeat Detection Based on Beam Diversity Using Multibeam Doppler Sensor

Kitagawa T., Yamamoto K., Ohtsuki T.

2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2021 - Proceedings （2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2021 - Proceedings）  2021年

ISSN  23340983

　概要を見る

Heartbeat detection is a promising technology for health care and is in great demand in many applications. For non-contact and non-invasive heartbeat detection, Doppler sensor-based heartbeat detection methods have been investigated extensively. However, since the conventional methods use a single beam Doppler sensor, the accuracy of heartbeat detection tends to degrade, when the SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio) of heartbeat components for the beam direction is low. In this paper, we propose a non-contact heartbeat detection method based on beam diversity using a multibeam Doppler sensor. The effects of noises and the corresponding SNRs of heartbeat components over the received signal differ from one beam to another. Based on this fact, the proposed method detects heartbeat by exploiting beam diversity of the received signals. The experimental results showed that compared to the detection method using a single beam, our proposed method using multiple beams detected heartbeat accurately, which indicates that exploiting the beam diversity can lead to the improvement of heartbeat detection accuracy.

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Multi-Rate Compression for Downlink CSI Based on Transfer Learning in FDD Massive MIMO Systems

Wang Y., Sun J., Wang J., Yang J., Ohtsuki T., Adebisi B., Gacanin H.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference （IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference）  2021-September 2021年

ISSN  15502252

　概要を見る

Accurate downlink channel state information (CSI) is one of the essential requirements for harnessing the potential advantages of frequency-division duplexing (FDD) massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems. The current state-of-art in this vibrant research area include the use of deep learning to compress and feedback downlink CSI at the user equipments (UEs). These approaches focus mainly on achieving CSI feedback with high reconstruction performance and low complexity, but at the expense of inflexible compression rate (CR). High training overheads and limited storage capacity requirements are some of the challenges associated with the design of dynamic CR, which instantaneously adapt to propagation environment. This paper applies transfer learning (TL) to develop a multi-rate CSI compression and recovery neural network (TL-MRNet) with reduced training overheads. Simulation results are presented to validate the superiority of the proposed TL-MRNet over traditional methods in terms of normalized mean square error and cosine similarity.

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Lightweight Network Design Based on ResNet Structure for Modulation Recognition

Lu X., Tao M., Fu X., Gui G., Ohtsuki T., Sari H.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference （IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference）  2021-September 2021年

ISSN  15502252

　概要を見る

The problem of unknown modulation signal recognition has been received intensely attentions in next-generational intelligent wireless communications. The deep learning (DL) has been widely used in unknown modulation signal recognition due to its excellent performance in solving classification problems and the DL-based automatic modulation classification (AMC) had been proposed. However, DL-based AMC method usually has high space complexity and computational complexity, which limits DL-based AMC to miniaturized devices with limited storage and computing capability. Therefore, a lightweight residual neural network (LResNet) for AMC is proposed in this paper. The simulation results show that the model parameters of LResNet is about 4.8% of the traditional CNN network, and about 14.9% of the ResNet and the classification performance of LResNet improves more than 3% compared with the traditional CNN network and decreases less than 1.5% compared to the ResNet.

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Lightweight network and model aggregation for automatic modulation classification in wireless communications

Fu X., Gui G., Wang Y., Ohtsuki T., Adebisi B., Gacanin H., Adachi F.

IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC （IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC）  2021-March 2021年

ISSN  15253511

　概要を見る

This paper proposes a decentralized automatic modulation classification (DecentAMC) method using light network and model aggregation. Specifically, the lightweight network is designed by separable convolution neural network (S-CNN), in which the separable convolution layer is utilized to replace the standard convolution layer and most of the fully connected layers are cut off, the model aggregation is realized by a central device (CD) for edge device (ED) model weights aggregation and multiple EDs for ED model training. Simulation results show that the model complexity of S-CNN is decreased by about 94% while the average CCP is degraded by less than 1% when compared with CNN and that the proposed AMC method improves the training efficiency when compared with the centralized AMC (CentAMC) using S-CNN.

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HSRRS Classification Method Based on Deep Transfer Learning and Multi-Feature Fusion

Wang Z., Li Z., Wang Y., Li W., Yang J., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference （IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference）  2021-September 2021年

ISSN  15502252

　概要を見る

Convolutional neural network (CNN) is one of the most important tools to accomplish high-spatial-resolution remote sensing (HSRRS) image classification tasks with their unique feature extraction and feature expression capabilities. However, the CNN-based classification method is very limited due to the acquisition of HSRRS images is difficult and the sample size is limited. In addition, the extraction of features by a single model is very limited, which limits the further improvement of classification performance. To solve the above problems, we propose ResNet50-InceptionV3 based on deep transfer learning and multi-feature fusion (TLMFFRI) model to apply for high-spatial-resolution remote sensing image classification. First, both ResNet50 and InceptionV3 are trained on the ImageNet dataset. Then, transfer the trained convolutional layers weights to the TLMFFRI model to fuse the features and realize the HSRRS image classification. Finally, we evaluate the method on the HSRRS dataset. Compared with ResNet50 based on transfer learning (TL-ResNet50) and InceptionV3 based on transfer learning (TL-InceptionV3), the proposed method achieved better classification performance.

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Fetal Heart Rate Detection Using First Derivative of ECG Waveform and Multiple Weighting Functions

Niida N., Wang L., Ohtsuki T., Owada K., Honma N., Hayashi H.

Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS （Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS）  2021-January   434 - 438 2021年

ISSN  1557170X

　概要を見る

Fetal heart rate monitoring using the abdominal electrocardiograph (ECG) is an important topic for the diagnosis of heart defects. Many studies on fetal heart rate detection have been presented, however, their accuracy is still unsatisfactory. That is because the fetal ECG waveform is contaminated by maternal ECG interference, muscle contractions, and motion artifacts. One of the conventional methods is to detect the R-peaks from the integrated power of the frequency corresponding to the fetal heartbeats. However, the detection accuracy of the R-peaks is not enough. In this paper, we propose a method to generate the candidates of R-peaks using the first derivative of the signal and to pick up the estimated heartbeats by a multiple weighting function. The proposed multiple weighting function is designed by the Gaussian distribution, of which parameters are set from a grid search with the goal of minimizing the standard deviation of RR intervals (neighboring R-peaks intervals). The validation for the proposed framework has been evaluated on real-world data, which got the better accuracy than the conventional method that detects R-peaks from the integrated power and uses the weighting function produced by a fixed parameter of Gaussian distribution [12]. The averaged absolute error (AAE) which compares the estimated fetal heart rate and the reference fetal heart rate has been decreased by 17.528 bpm.

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Surveillance Plane Aided Air-Ground Integrated Vehicular Networks: Architectures, Applications, and Potential

Sun J., Liu F., Zhou Y., Gui G., Ohtsuki T., Guo S., Adachi F.

IEEE Wireless Communications （IEEE Wireless Communications）  27 （ 6 ） 122 - 128 2020年12月

ISSN  15361284

　概要を見る

© 2002-2012 IEEE. Future air-ground integrated vehicular network (AGVN) is a vital part of the expected ubiquitous communication system. The resources in AGVN are geographically separated and are often heterogeneous. Therefore, distributed management and cooperative management are key issues in a multi-tier based topology of AGVN. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) shows advantages in facilitating the management of AGVN; however, adequate, real-time, and secure information for driving AI is still a big concern. In this article, we propose a conceptual enhanced AGVN by introducing a so-called surveillance plane to promote the management in the control plane. Thus, components such as virtual network functions (VNFs) and service function chaining (SFC) can get profits. Concepts and trials of utilizing the surveillance plane and side information are presented from three different aspects, namely networking, security, and application. We also summarize research directions in designing a more flexible management scheme by coupling the service, surveillance, and control planes of the enhanced AGVN.

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