論文 - 大槻　知明

Precoding aided generalized spatial modulation with an iterative greedy algorithm

Yuwen Cao, Tomoaki Ohtsuki

IEEE Access （IEEE Access）  6   72449 - 72457 2018年11月

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© 2018 IEEE. This paper divides antennas at the transmitter into several transmit antenna groups (TAGs) and extends the generalized spatial modulation (GSM) idea to a new precoding-aided multiple-input multiple-output system, which is referred to as precoding-aided GSM (PGSM) system. To mitigate the influence caused by correlated channels, we consider the interleaved grouping scheme which leads to a minimum antenna correlation within the same TAG. To select the receive antenna subset with low complexity, we propose an iterative greedy (IG) algorithm that contributes to a maximum equivalent channel gain with low-computational complexity. To reduce the complexity of maximum likelihood (ML) detector, a low complexity IG algorithm-based ML (IG-ML) detector is also derived. Simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) performance gain up to 3.5 dB is obtained by the proposed PGSM with IG-ML detector over the PGSM with an ordered block minimum mean-squared error detector at a given BER of 10-4. It is also shown that the proposed PGSM with the IG-ML detector achieves a similar BER performance in a high signal-to-noise power ratio region compared with that of an ideal precoding for the GSM with an optimal ML detector.

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Smart Image-Processing based Energy Harvesting for Green Internet of Things

Panahi F.H., Hajimirzaee P., Erfanpoor S., Panahi F.H., Ohtsuki T.

Proceedings - 2018 Smart Grid Conference, SGC 2018 （Proceedings - 2018 Smart Grid Conference, SGC 2018）  2018年11月

ISSN  9781728111384

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© 2018 IEEE. Internet of Things (IoT), as a widespread growing technology which connects various heterogeneous devices of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), plays a great role in sensing, monitoring, controlling of the covering environment. However, maximizing the lifetime of WSNs is still a major challenge. Although some approaches have been introduced to overcome the vital problem so far, research on this problem experiences a slow progress. Inspired by the promising performance of fuzzy-based Q-learning (FQL) algorithm to design practical smart sensors, this paper proposes a FQL-based approach that can maximize the lifetime of sensors and accelerate the process of wireless energy harvesting (EH) for mobile sensors which coexist with macro and small base stations (SBSs) deployed over a time-variant heterogeneous network (HetNet). The methodology is based on a centralized image-processing (IP) approach to scan and find the instant coverage map of the HetNet and then to localize red regions, i.e., regions with high levels of energy. Furthermore, mobile sensors attempt to access these regions during frequent movements. This will help to maximize the lifetime of the WSN. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the wireless EH process and smart aggregation of mobile sensors around the dense-coverage areas.

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Smart Energy Harvesting for Internet of Things

Panahi F.H., Moshirvaziri S., Mihemmedi Y., Panahi F.H., Ohtsuki T.

Proceedings - 2018 Smart Grid Conference, SGC 2018 （Proceedings - 2018 Smart Grid Conference, SGC 2018）  2018年11月

ISSN  9781728111384

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© 2018 IEEE. In this paper, we study the performance of smart networks in terms of energy efficiency (EE) based on the internet of things (IoT) technology. Energy Harvesting (EH) from surroundings is a promising solution for compensating the limitation of batteries lifetime. Fuzzy Q-Learning algorithm has been proposed to determine the sensor movement strategy toward the dedicated power stations (PSs) as energy charger nodes for mobile sensors in order to improve network lifetime via acceleration of the battery charging process of mobile sensors. Simulation results for evaluation of the proposed strategy in term of normalized network lifetime compared to the random sensor motions, confirm the effectiveness of this approach as a practical smart EH for IoT networks.

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D2D-aided Optimal Utilization of Renewable Energies for Green Powered Base Stations

Panahi F.H., Moshirvaziri S., Momene A., Panahi F.H., Ohtsuki T.

Proceedings - 2018 Smart Grid Conference, SGC 2018 （Proceedings - 2018 Smart Grid Conference, SGC 2018）  2018年11月

ISSN  9781728111384

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© 2018 IEEE. In this paper, due to the unlimited growth of service demands and high load traffic, a green wireless communication system has been considered with the aim of decreasing energy consumption of heterogeneous networks (HetNets). This system provides a proportion of required energy of Base Stations (BSs) by employing some renewable power suppliers (RPSs), while user equipments (UEs) especially benefit from short device-to-device (D2D) links as a promising technique to design energy-efficient HetNets. Indeed, we attempt to focus on efficient interaction between the RPS's random green power generations and the BS's dynamic of energy consumption via minimization of an energy-based cost function, considering the D2D impacts on efficient utilization of energy and bandwidth. Simulation results validate that the proposed framework provides significant improvements in electrical grid power-consumption and total energy efficiency (EE) of the network.

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Improved Sparse Adaptive Algorithms for Accurate Non-contact Heartbeat Detection Using Time-Window-Variation Technique

Ye C., Toyoda K., Ohtsuki T.

Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS （Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS）  2018-July   1 - 6 2018年10月

ISSN  9781538636466

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© 2018 IEEE. Recently, a sparse adaptive algorithm termed zero-attracting sign least-mean-square (ZA-SLMS), has been clarified to be able to reconstruct robustly heartbeat spectrum by Doppler radar signal. However, since the strengths of noise evidently differ under different body motions, the sparse heartbeat spectra cannot be always acquired accurately by the constant regularization parameter (REPA) that balances the gradient correction and the sparse penalty, applying in the ZA-SLMS algorithm. In this paper, an improved ZA-SLMS algorithm is proposed by introducing adaptive REPA (AREPA), where the proportion of sparse penalty is adjusted based on the standard deviation of radar data. Moreover, to enhance the stability of heartbeat detection, a time-window-variation (TWV) technique is further introduced in the improved ZA-SLMS algorithm, considering the fact that the position of spectral peak associated with the heart rate (HR) is stable when the length of time window changes within a short period. Experimental results measured against five subjects validated that our proposal reliably improves the error of HR estimation than the standard ZA-SLMS algorithm.

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A Stochastic Gradient Approach for Robust Heartbeat Detection With Doppler Radar Using Time-Window-Variation Technique

Ye C., Toyoda K., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering （IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering）  66 （ 6 ） 1730 - 1741 2018年10月

ISSN  00189294

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© 2019 IEEE. Heart rate (HR) variability indicates health condition and mental stress. The development of non-contact HR monitoring techniques with Doppler radar is attracting great attention. However, the performance of heartbeat detection via radar signals easily degrades due to respiration and body motion. In this paper, first, a stochastic gradient approach is applied to reconstruct the high-resolution spectrum of heartbeat by proposing the zero-attracting sign least-mean-square (ZA-SLMS) algorithm. To correct the quantized gradient of cost function and penalize the sparse constraint on updating the spectrum, a more accurate heartbeat spectrum is reconstructed. Then, to better adapt to the noises of different strengths caused by subjects' movements, an adaptive regularization parameter is introduced in the ZA-SLMS algorithm as an improved variant, which can adaptively regulate the proportion between gradient correction and sparse penalty. Moreover, in view of the stability of the location of the spectral peak associated with the HR when the size of time window slightly changes, a time-window-variation (TWV) technique is further incorporated in the improved ZA-SLMS (IZA-SLMS) algorithm for more stable HR estimation. Through the experiments on five subjects, our proposal is demonstrated to bring a significant improvement in accuracy compared with existing detection methods. Specifically, the IZA-SLMS algorithm with TWV achieves the smallest average error of 3.79 beats per minute when subjects type on a laptop.

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Multi-Class Sentiment Analysis in Twitter: What if Classification is Not the Answer

Bouazizi M., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Access （IEEE Access）  6   64486 - 64502 2018年10月

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© 2018 IEEE. With the rapid growth of online social media content, and the impact these have made on people's behavior, many researchers have been interested in studying these media platforms. A major part of their work focused on sentiment analysis and opinion mining. These refer to the automatic identification of opinions of people toward specific topics by analyzing their posts and publications. Multi-class sentiment analysis, in particular, addresses the identification of the exact sentiment conveyed by the user rather than the overall sentiment polarity of his text message or post. That being the case, we introduce a task different from the conventional multi-class classification, which we run on a data set collected from Twitter. We refer to this task as 'quantification.' By the term 'quantification,' we mean the identification of all the existing sentiments within an online post (i.e., tweet) instead of attributing a single sentiment label to it. For this sake, we propose an approach that automatically attributes different scores to each sentiment in a tweet, and selects the sentiments with the highest scores which we judge as conveyed in the text. To reach this target, we added to our previously introduced tool SENTA the necessary components to run and perform such a task. Throughout this work, we present the added components; we study the feasibility of quantification, and propose an approach to perform it on a data set made of tweets for 11 different sentiment classes. The data set was manually labeled and the results of the automatic analysis were checked against the human annotation. Our experiments show the feasibility of this task and reach an F1 score equal to 45.9%.

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Spectrogram-Based Non-Contact RRI Estimation by Accurate Peak Detection Algorithm

Kohei Yamamoto, Kentaro Toyoda, Tomoaki Ohtsuki

IEEE Access （IEEE Access）  6 （ 1 ） 60369 - 60379 2018年10月

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© 2013 IEEE. Demands for vital sign monitoring are increasing in the field of health care. In particular, the R-R Interval (RRI) estimation has been studied extensively, since the RRI variation is highly related with the stress of a subject. Various Doppler sensor-based-heartbeat detection methods have been proposed so far, thanks to non-contact and non-invasive features of a Doppler sensor. In our previous research, we have proposed a Doppler sensor-based RRI estimation method by a spectrogram. In this method, the spectra due to heartbeats are integrated on a spectrogram, and then the RRI is estimated by detecting the peaks of the integrated spectrum. However, the undesired peaks sometimes appear even in the situation where a subject sits still. In this paper, as the extended version of our previous method, we propose a Doppler sensor-based RRI estimation method leveraging the accurate peak detection. In the proposed method, to prevent the incorrect peak detection, the peaks due to heartbeats are detected using some peaks before and after the investigated peak. Through the experiments on 10 subjects in the cases where a subject was sitting still, typing, and speaking, we confirmed that the proposed method improved our previous and state-of-the-art ones by the root-mean-squared error of the RRI. Furthermore, based on the estimated RRI, we calculated the stress index low-frequency/high-frequency (LF/HF), which is one of the useful indices to evaluate the stress of a subject. As a result, our proposed method outperformed the other ones by the relative error of the LF/HF.

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On Physical Layer Security of α-η-κ-μ Fading Channels

Mathur A., Ai Y., Bhatnagar M., Cheffena M., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Communications Letters （IEEE Communications Letters）  22 （ 10 ） 2168 - 2171 2018年10月

ISSN  10897798

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© 1997-2012 IEEE. In this letter, we study the secrecy performance of the classic Wyner's wiretap model, where the main and eavesdropper channels are modeled by a general and versatile α-η-κ-μ fading model. Novel and exact expressions of the average secrecy capacity and secrecy outage probability have been derived. Previous results on physical layer security can be obtained through our newly derived expressions by specializing the model parameters. More importantly, the derived results are also applicable for the secrecy performance analysis of some field measurements (e.g., in millimeter wave communications), which cannot be analyzed by previous results.

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Recovery of block-structured sparse signal using block-sparse adaptive algorithms via dynamic grouping

Ye C., Gui G., Xu L., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Access （IEEE Access）  6   56069 - 56083 2018年09月

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© 2013 IEEE. A key point for the recovery of a block-sparse signal is how to treat the different sparsity distributed on the different parts of the considered signal. It has been shown recently that grouping the signal, i.e., partitioning the original signal into different groups or segments, and conducting the recovery for these groups separately provides an effective method to deal with the block-structured sparsity and can generate much better performance than the conventional sparse signal recovery (SSR) algorithms. In order to further improve the recovery performance, instead of the fixed grouping method used in the recent results, a novel dynamic grouping method will be first proposed in this paper, which classifies the segments due to the different levels of sparsity in a dynamic way. Then, by incorporating this technique into the block version of adaptive SSR algorithms. we developed recently, i.e., the block zero-attracting least-mean-square (BZA-LMS) algorithm and the block ℓ0-norm LMS (B ℓ0-LMS) algorithm, the corresponding new algorithms, i.e., the BZA-LMS-D and B ℓ0-LMS-D algorithms, will be established. The performance superiorities and the robustness against different block-sparsity and/or noise interference for the new algorithms based on dynamic grouping will be demonstrated by both analytic discussions and numerical simulations for a variety of scenarios.

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Doppler Analysis Based Fall Detection Using Array Antenna

Agata Y., Ohtsuki T., Toyoda K.

IEEE International Conference on Communications （IEEE International Conference on Communications）  2018-May 2018年07月

ISSN  9781538631805

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© 2018 IEEE. The number of elderly people who live alone is increasing in many countries. Furthermore, many of their accidents occur at home. Hence, it is an urgent demand for a system monitoring their activities to detect accidents indoor such as falling. In conventional systems of fall detection using array antennas, falling after standing still can be detected with high accuracy by leveraging the features indicating the change of radio wave propagation. However, it is difficult to detect falling after walking correctly. In this paper, to improve fall detection accuracy including falling after walking, we propose an accurate fall detection system by leveraging the features indicating the change of Doppler signals during human activities in detail. Analyzing Doppler signals is useful to detect falling since they are observed when a radio wave reflects by moving objects. We conducted experiments in actual rooms to demonstrate that the proposed method can detect falling after both standing and walking with high accuracy.

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Robust Heartbeat Detection with Doppler Radar Based on Stochastic Gradient Approach

Ye C., Toyoda K., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE International Conference on Communications （IEEE International Conference on Communications）  2018-May 2018年07月

ISSN  9781538631805

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© 2018 IEEE. Heart-rate variability (HRV) is closely related with physical or mental conditions. It is rather necessary to develop remote monitoring technologies to reduce subjects' pressure, e.g., heart-rate (HR) monitoring to drivers. Recently, the contactless heartbeat detection with Doppler radar has drawn extensive attention, due to less burden on subjects. However, the received signals of Doppler radar are easily contaminated by respiration or body motion, resulting in performance degradation. In this paper, to realize robust heartbeat detection with Doppler radar, a stochastic gradient approach is first proposed to reconstruct heartbeat spectrum. By correcting the gradient of cost function constructed by recursion error, and utilizing the sparse characteristics of heartbeat spectrum, the reconstructed spectrum can be obtained with minimum deviation. Furthermore, the zero-attracting sign least mean square (ZA- SLMS) algorithm based on stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is proposed, to accomplish more stable sparse spectrum reconstruction (SSR), by quantizing the updating of recursion error. Finally, HR is estimated by spectral peak tracking consisting of peak selection and verification. Experimental results validate that the proposed method can significantly improve detection accuracy over the conventional methods, based on the measurements from 5 subjects during sitting still or typing with a laptop.

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Doppler Sensor-Based Blink Duration Estimation by Spectrogram Analysis

Yamamoto K., Toyoda K., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE International Conference on Communications （IEEE International Conference on Communications）  2018-May 2018年07月

ISSN  9781538631805

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© 2018 IEEE. It is known that the blink duration is highly related to drowsiness, where the blink duration is the entire duration of one blink. Hence, it is important to measure the blink duration without any special wearable devices in various application, e.g., driver's monitoring. Although a Doppler sensor could be a key device to realize it, no such blink duration estimation method has been realized so far, since estimating the blink duration is difficult because of the low SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) of the signal reflected from eyelids. In this paper, we propose a Doppler sensor-based method that estimates the duration, tblink, that is proportional to the actual blink duration. In the proposed method, a spectrogram is firstly calculated from a received signal, and then the timings when eyelids close and open are extracted from that. More specifically, tblink is calculated based on the center-of-gravity of the energy on a spectrogram. We conducted the experiments on five subjects to show the estimation accuracy of our proposed method. We confirmed that our method achieved the average correlation coefficient R of 0.95, furthermore, the average RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 46 ms.

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Graph Coloring-Based Pilot Reuse with AOA and Distance in D2D Underlay Massive MIMO

Echigo H., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference （IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference）  2018-June   1 - 6 2018年07月

ISSN  9781538663554

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© 2018 IEEE. Device-to-device (D2D) underlay massive multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) is a notable technology to improve spectrum efficiency by using the same frequency among both cellular user equipments (CUEs) and D2D user equipments (DUEs). In terms of communication resources, it is required to avoid assigning orthogonal pilot sequences to all CUEs and DUEs. Although sharing the same pilot sequences among user equipments (UEs) can save the communication resources, interference arises among the same pilot sequences, which is known as pilot contamination. Because the impact of this interference is still large in the conventional pilot reuse, it is highly demanded to mitigate the effect of pilot contamination. In this paper, we propose a novel pilot reuse scheme based on a graph coloring technique to mitigate the effect of pilot contamination. By leveraging the fact that the interference is alleviated when the number of antennas is large and the angle of arrivals (AOAs) of the same pilot sequences does not overlap, our method assigns the same pilot sequences so that they are not overlapped. Furthermore, to improve the channel estimation accuracy between D2D pairs, our scheme restricts reusable pilot sequences by constructing an interference graph based on graph coloring. In this graph, the nodes near to each other are connected and assigned orthogonal pilot sequences. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional one in terms of channel estimation accuracy for UEs and spectral efficiency of the system.

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QoE-aware video streaming transmission optimization method for playout threshold adjustment in LTE

Qi Y., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference （IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference）  2018-June   1 - 5 2018年07月

ISSN  9781538663554

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© 2018 IEEE. Rate control technology could adaptively adjust the bit rate of video according to the current throughput, which could better solve the video playout interruption. The playout threshold of video playout buffer influences the overflow and underflow probabilities of the video playout and result in video playout interruption or video frame skip. In this paper we propose an optimization method that considering Quality of Experience (QoE), joint bit rate and playout threshold control under Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. An analytical framework is presented to investigate the impact of the limited playout buffer dynamics on the wireless video QoE by analyzing the transient queue length of the buffer with the diffusion approximation method. The simulation results show that the proposed method could lower the occurrence of the video playout interruption and video frame skip under the constraints of limited resources so as to improve the QoE of video.

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Nonlinear Blind Source Separation Unifying Vanishing Component Analysis and Temporal Structure

Wang L., Ohtsuki T.

IEEE Access （IEEE Access）  6   42837 - 42850 2018年07月

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© 2013 IEEE. Nonlinear blind source separation (BSS) is one of the unsolved problems in unsupervised learning, because the solutions are highly non-unique when there is no prior information for the mixing functions. In this paper, we present a novel approach to tackle the ill-posedness of the nonlinear BSS problem with a few assumptions. The derivation of our algorithm is inspired by the idea of an efficient layer-by-layer representation to approximate the nonlinearity. Once such a representation is built, a final output layer is constructed by solving a convex optimization problem. Relying on the multi-layer architecture, the algorithm transforms a time-invariant nonlinear BSS to the local linear problem with a tolerable computational cost. Then, the projected data can break the nonlinear problem down into the version of a generalized joint diagonalization problem in the feature space. Importantly, the parameters and forms of polynomials depend solely on the input data, which guarantee the robustness of the structure. We thus address the general problem without being restricted to any specific mixture or parametric model. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm has a higher estimation accuracy on audio data sets from the real world for separating various nonlinear mixtures.

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Multi-Class Bitcoin-Enabled Service Identification Based on Transaction History Summarization

Toyoda K., Ohtsuki T., Mathiopoulos P.T.

Proceedings - IEEE 2018 International Congress on Cybermatics: 2018 IEEE Conferences on Internet of Things, Green Computing and Communications, Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, Smart Data, Blockchain, Computer and Information Technology, iThings/GreenCom/CPSCom/SmartData/Blockchain/CIT 2018 （Proceedings - IEEE 2018 International Congress on Cybermatics: 2018 IEEE Conferences on Internet of Things, Green Computing and Communications, Cyber, Physical and Social Computing, Smart Data, Blockchain, Computer and Information Technology, iThings/GreenCom/CPSCom/SmartData/Blockchain/CIT 2018）     1153 - 1160 2018年07月

ISSN  9781538679753

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© 2018 IEEE. In recent years, Bitcoin has been used for many services and purposes, e.g. gambling, marketplace, but also even as an investment scam. In order to clarify how Bitcoin is used, it is in great importance to identify what kind of services are operated by Bitcoin addresses. In this paper, we propose a multiclass service identification scheme in Bitcoin based on novel transaction history summarization. Our novelty is to propose how transaction history is retrieved and how the retrieved transactions are processed for better identification. When a Bitcoin address is given, the characteristics of its transaction history is calculated as features. Then, the set of calculated features is fed into a supervised classifier and the services operated by the given Bitcoin addresses are identified among seven major services: (i) exchange, (ii) faucet, (iii) gambling, (iv) investment scam, (v) marketplace, (vi) mining pool, and (vii) mixer. To our knowledge, we are the first to propose a multi-class identification. We show that our scheme achieves 72 % of accuracy through performance evaluation with more than 26,000 Bitcoin addresses that have been used for seven services/purposes from Jan. 2009 to Feb. 2017.

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Green Heterogeneous Networks via an Intelligent Sleep/Wake-Up Mechanism and D2D Communications

Panahi F., Panahi F., Hattab G., Ohtsuki T., Cabric D.

IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking （IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking）  1 （ 4 ） 915 - 931 2018年06月

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© 2017 IEEE. The growing environmental awareness coupled with the rising costs of energy have sparked a keen interest in the deployment of energy-efficient communication technologies over the infrastructure of cellular networks. Base stations (BSs) are responsible for the largest portion of power consumption and energy usage in cellular networks. Thus, sleep/wake-up scheduling strategies for BSs can significantly improve the energy-efficiency (EE) of cellular networks. In this paper, we propose a Fuzzy Q-Learning based energy-efficient sleep/wake-up mechanism for BSs in a heterogeneous network. The goal is to save energy, without compromising the offered Quality of Service (QoS), by switching off the redundant BSs according to the local traffic profile and depending on the required area coverage and cell EE. The energy savings achieved under our proposed sleep scheduling strategy may lead to inevitable coverage holes as fewer BSs are active. To this end, we propose to enhance the sleep/wake-up mechanism with device-to-device communications to compensate for the coverage loss in areas where BSs are switched off. Simulation results validate that the proposed framework provides significant improvements in power consumption and the EE while satisfying the minimum coverage and QoS requirements.

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Transmit control for secure information sharing in untrusted relay with two antennas

Noguchi T., Takyu O., Sasamori F., Handa S., Fujii T., Ohtsuki T.

International Conference on Information Networking （International Conference on Information Networking）  2018-January   771 - 775 2018年04月

ISSN  9781538622896

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© 2018 IEEE. Relay network assisted wireless terminal has an advantage for easily constructing wireless network but a disadvantage for information leak to the wireless terminal. For secure wireless communication, an encryption but the sharing of secrete key between information source and destination are required. A secure information sharing with artificial noise and mirroring null steering for avoiding the information leak to untrusted relay has been proposed. In this paper, for enhancing the security of this proposed secure information sharing, we consider two transmit controls, transmit power control (TPC) and the adaptive node selection of information source. We evaluate the secure capacity by computer simulation.

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Consideration of security for PLNC with untrusted relay in game theoretic perspective

Shirasaki Y., Takyu O., Fujii T., Ohtsuki T., Sasamori F., Handa S.

IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, RWS （IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium, RWS）  2018-January   109 - 112 2018年02月

ISSN  9781538607091

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© 2018 IEEE. A physical layer network coding (PLNC) is a highly efficient scheme for exchanging information between two nodes. Since the relay receives the interfered signal between two signals sent by two nodes, it hardly decodes any information from received signal. Therefore, the secure wireless communication link to the untrusted relay is constructed. The two nodes optimize the transmit power control for maximizing the secure capacity but these depend on the channel state information informed by the relay station. Therefore, the untrusted relay disguises the informed CSI for exploiting the information from two nodes. This paper constructs the game of two optimizations between the legitimate two nodes and the untrusted relay for clarifying the security of PLNC with untrusted relay.

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