論文 - 里宇　明元

Multimodal Sensory Feedback Associated with Motor Attempts Alters BOLD Responses to Paralyzed Hand Movement in Chronic Stroke Patients

Ono Takashi, Tomita Yutaka, Inose Manabu, Ota Tetsuo, Kimura Akio, Liu Meigen, Ushiba Junichi

Brain Topography 28 （ 2 ） 340 - 351 2014年

ISSN  0896-0267

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<p>Electroencephalogram-based brain–computer interfaces (BCI) have been used as a potential tool for training volitional regulation of corticomuscular drive in patients who have severe hemiplegia due to stroke. However, it is unclear whether ERD observed while attempting motor execution can be regarded as a neural marker that represents M1 excitability in survivors of severe stroke. Therefore we investigated the association between ERD and the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal during attempted movement of a paralyzed finger in stroke patients. Nine chronic stroke patients received BCI training for finger extension movement 1 h daily for a duration of 1 month. The sensorimotor rhythm was recorded from the sensorimotor area of the damaged hemisphere, and ongoing amplitude variations were monitored using a BCI system. Either a visual alert or the action of a motor-driven orthosis was triggered in response to ERD of the sensorimotor rhythm while patients attempted extension movements of the paralyzed fingers. Inter-subject covariance between ERD and the BOLD response in the sensorimotor areas was calculated. After BCI training, an increased ERD over the damaged hemisphere was confirmed in all participants while they attempted extension of the affected finger and this increase was associated with a BOLD response in primary sensorimotor area. Whole-brain MRI revealed that the primary sensorimotor area and supplementary motor area were activated in the damaged hemisphere after 1 month of BCI training. ERD reflects the BOLD responses of the primary motor areas in either hemisphere while patients who have severe chronic hemiplegia due to a stroke attempt an extension movement of the paralyzed fingers. One month of BCI can alter motor-related brain area activation. Combining BCI with other methods to facilitate such changes may help to implement BCI for motor rehabilitation after stroke.</p>

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Erratum to

Sakamoto Keizo, Endo Naoto, Harada Atsushi, Sakada Takenori, Tsushita Kazuyo, Kita Kiyoshi, Hagino Hiroshi, Sakai Akinori, Yamamoto Noriaki, Okamoto Tetsunori, Liu Meigen, Kokaze Akatsuki, Suzuki Hiromichi

Journal of Orthopaedic Science 19 （ 2 ） 373 - 374 2014年

ISSN  0949-2658

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Efficacy of brain-computer interface-driven neuromuscular electrical stimulation for chronic paresis after stroke.

Mukaino Masahiko, Ono Takashi, Shindo Keiichiro, Fujiwara Toshiyuki, Ota Tetsuo, Kimura Akio, Liu Meigen, Ushiba Junichi

Journal of rehabilitation medicine 46 （ 4 ） 378 - 382 2014年

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<p>Brain computer interface technology is of great interest to researchers as a potential therapeutic measure for people with severe neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of brain computer interface, by comparing conventional neuromuscular electrical stimulation and brain computer interface-driven neuromuscular electrical stimulation, using an A-B-A-B withdrawal single-subject design. A 38-year-old male with severe hemiplegia due to a putaminal haemorrhage participated in this study. The design involved 2 epochs. In epoch A, the patient attempted to open his fingers during the application of neuromuscular electrical stimulation, irrespective of his actual brain activity. In epoch B, neuromuscular electrical stimulation was applied only when a significant motor-related cortical potential was observed in the electroencephalogram. The subject initially showed diffuse functional magnetic resonance imaging activation and small electro-encephalogram responses while attempting finger movement. Epoch A was associated with few neurological or clinical signs of improvement. Epoch B, with a brain computer interface, was associated with marked lateralization of electroencephalogram (EEG) and blood oxygenation level dependent responses. Voluntary electromyogram (EMG) activity, with significant EEG-EMG coherence, was also prompted. Clinical improvement in upper-extremity function and muscle tone was observed. These results indicate that self-directed training with a brain computer interface may induce activity- dependent cortical plasticity and promote functional recovery. This preliminary clinical investigation encourages further research using a controlled design.</p>

Cancer Functional Assessment Set: a new tool for functional evaluation in cancer.

Miyata Chieko, Tsuji Tetsuya, Tanuma Akira, Ishikawa Aiko, Honaga Kaoru, Liu Meigen

American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 93 （ 8 ） 656 - 664 2014年

ISSN  0894-9115

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<p>OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a new measurement tool, the Cancer Functional Assessment Set (cFAS). DESIGN: A total of 119 inpatients with cancer participated in this prospective cohort study. This study took place in three phases: (1) item generation, literature search, and a round-table discussion by 32 rehabilitation specialists; (2) item reduction and selection of appropriate items from the first item pool; and (3) evaluation of psychometric properties. Concurrent validity (Spearman correlation coefficients with existing scales), internal reliability (Cronbach coefficient alpha), interrater reliability (weighted kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient), cross-validation, and responsiveness (standardized response mean values) were examined. RESULTS: The cFAS consisted of 24 items. Significant correlations were found between the cFAS and existing scales. Cronbach α for the total score was 0.92. Weighted κ values for each item ranged from 0.74 to 1.00. The intraclass correlation for the total score was 0.97. Concurrent validity and internal consistency were similar at two different hospitals. The cFAS was more responsive to changes than the other tools. CONCLUSIONS: The cFAS has acceptable psychometric properties, supporting its broad generalizability. It can be a useful tool in clinical trials and can contribute to the development of cancer rehabilitation. Copyright © 2014 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins.</p>

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Executive dysfunction is related with decreased frontal lobe blood flow in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage

Uchikawa Ken, Inaba Makoto, Kagami Hiroshi, Ichimura Shinya, Fujiwara Toshiyuki, Tsuji Tetsuya, Otaka Yohei, Liu Meigen

Brain Injury 28 （ 1 ） 15 - 19 2014年

ISSN  0269-9052

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<p>Objective: This study evaluated executive dysfunction in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) using the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS) and correlated the occurrence of executive dysfunction with cerebral blood flow (CBF) reduction in the frontal lobe as assessed by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Design: Correlational study. Subjects: Twenty-Two patients who underwent microsurgical clipping at least 3 months after SAH. Methods: This study evaluated the BADS and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III). In addition, it assessed activities of daily living (ADL). CBF was evaluated using SPECT. The patients were divided into the following groups according to the results of SPECT: (1) those with reduced CBF in the frontal lobe (reduced CBF group, n = 8) and (2) those with intact CBF (intact CBF group, n = 14). Results: The BADS score was significantly lower in the reduced CBF group compared with that of the intact CBF group, while there was no significant difference in the WAIS-III scores and ADL scale between the two groups. Conclusion: Although this result was conducted with a small sample size, executive dysfunction correlates with reduced CBF in the frontal lobes of SAH patients. A detailed evaluation of executive function is suggested in SAH patients, even if the patient's intelligence test and ADL scale reveal no abnormalities. © 2014 Informa UK Ltd. All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.</p>

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Event-related desynchronization reflects downregulation of intracortical inhibition in human primary motor cortex

Takemi Mitsuaki, Masakado Yoshihisa, Liu Meigen, Ushiba Junichi

Journal of Neurophysiology 110 （ 5 ） 1158 - 1166 2013年09月

ISSN  0022-3077

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<p>There is increasing interest in electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) as a tool for rehabilitation of upper limb motor functions in hemiplegic stroke patients. This type of BCI often exploits mu and beta oscillations in EEG recorded over the sensorimotor areas, and their event-related desynchronization (ERD) following motor imagery is believed to represent increased sensorimotor cortex excitability. However, it remains unclear whether the sensorimotor cortex excitability is actually correlated with ERD. Thus we assessed the association of ERD with primary motor cortex (M1) excitability during motor imagery of right wrist movement. M1 excitability was tested by motor evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Twenty healthy participants were recruited. The participants performed 7 s of rest followed by 5 s of motor imagery and received online visual feedback of the ERD magnitude of the contralateral hand M1 while performing the motor imagery task. TMS was applied to the right hand M1 when ERD exceeded predetermined thresholds during motor imagery. MEP amplitudes, SICI, and ICF were recorded from the agonist muscle of the imagined hand movement. Results showed that the large ERD during wrist motor imagery was associated with significantly increased MEP amplitudes and reduced SICI but no significant changes in ICF. Thus ERD magnitude during wrist motor imagery represents M1 excitability. This study provides electrophysiological evidence that a motor imagery task involving ERD may induce changes in corticospinal excitability similar to changes accompanying actual movements. © 2013 the American Physiological Society.</p>

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Early visual processing is affected by clinical subtype in patients with unilateral spatial neglect

Mizuno Katsuhiro, Tsuji Tetsuya, Rossetti Yves, Pisella Laure, Ohde Hisao, Liu Meigen

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience  （ JUL ）  2013年07月

ISSN  1662-5161

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<p>Objective: To determine whether visual evoked fields (VEFs) elicited by right and left hemifield stimulation differ in patients with unilateral spatial neglect that results from cerebrovascular accident. Methods: Pattern-reversal stimulation of the right and left hemifield was performed in three patients with left unilateral spatial neglect. Magnetoencephalography was recorded using a 160-channel system, and VEFs were quantified in the 400 ms after each stimulus. The presence or absence of VEF components at around 100 ms (P100m component) and 145 ms (N145m component) after stimulus onset was determined. The source of the VEF was determined using a single equivalent current dipole model for spherical volume conduction. All patients were evaluated using the behavioral inattention test (BIT). Results: In response to right hemifield stimulation, the P100m and N145m components of the VEF were evident in all three patients. In response to left hemifield stimulation, both components were evident in Patient 3, whereas only the P100m component was evident in Patient 1 and only the N145m component was evident in Patient 2. Patient 1 exhibited impairments on the line bisection and cancellation tasks of the BIT, Patient 2 exhibited impairments on the copying, drawing and cancellation tasks of the BIT, and Patient 3 exhibited impairments on the cancellation task of the BIT. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that early VEFs are disrupted in patients with unilateral spatial neglect and support the concept that deficits in visual processing differ according to the clinical subtype of unilateral spatial neglect and the lesion location. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using magnetoencephalography to explore subtypes of neglect. © 2013 Mizuno, Tsuji, Rossetti, Pisella, Ohde and Liu.</p>

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Rate of complications among the recipients of intrathecal baclofen pump in Japan

Taira Takaomi, Ueta Takayoshi, Katayama Yoichi, Kimizuka Mamori, Nemoto Akinobu, Mizusawa Hidehiro, Liu Meigen, Koito Motonao, Hiro Yuko, Tanabe Hirokazu

Neuromodulation 16 （ 3 ） 266 - 272 2013年05月

ISSN  1094-7159

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<p>Objective To evaluate the incidence of complications of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy for spasticity in Japan, where a unique training course and nationwide registration are required. Materials and Methods An analysis of complications was performed in all patients who underwent ITB in Japan from 2005 to 2011. Prior to surgery, all the doctors involved took a one-day training course, which included hands-on training. Surgical techniques that avoided complications were emphasized. Results A total of 406 pumps were implanted in 400 patients (277 men, 123 women) having severe spasticity. Because this study is currently in progress, among the 400 patients, 78.3% (313/400) had finished a one-year observation follow-up. There were 369 adult and 31 juvenile (under 17 years old) patients, including 12 patients under nine years old. All-cause adverse events were seen in 148 patients (37%), and 93 (23.3%) of these were regarded as severe. Catheter problems were observed in 34 (8.5%) patients: catheter migration in 25 (6.3%), breakage in 6 (1.5%), obstruction in 2 (0.5%), kinking in 1 (0.3%), and dislodgement in 1 (0.3%). Pump trouble was observed in seven (1.8%) patients: alarm abnormality in one (0.3%), memory error in one (0.3%), delayed recovery in one (0.3%), rotation in one (0.3%), malfunction in one (0.3%), and abnormal infusion rate in two (0.6%). Device-related and surgical wound infection occurred in 12 patients (3%), and nine were regarded as severe. Leakage or subcutaneous accumulation of the cerebrospinal fluid was seen in 13 patients (3.3%). Conclusion The requirement of taking of a training course before starting ITB seemed to reduce complications. Although there were surgery-related complications, the rate of complications in Japan appeared to be lower than those reported in larger series of ITB. However, whether the reported rates can be primarily ascribed to a mandatory training course requires further investigations. © 2012 International Neuromodulation Society.</p>

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The effect of active pedaling combined with electrical stimulation on spinal reciprocal inhibition

Yamaguchi Tomofumi, Fujiwara Toshiyuki, Saito Kei, Tanabe Shigeo, Muraoka Yoshihiro, Otaka Yohei, Osu Rieko, Tsuji Tetsuya, Hase Kimitaka, Liu Meigen

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 23 （ 1 ） 190 - 194 2013年02月

ISSN  1050-6411

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<p>Objective: Pedaling is widely used for rehabilitation of locomotion because it induces muscle activity very similar to locomotion. Afferent stimulation is important for the modulation of spinal reflexes. Furthermore, supraspinal modulation plays an important role in spinal plasticity induced by electrical stimulation. We, therefore, expected that active pedaling combined with electrical stimulation could induce strong after-effects on spinal reflexes. Design: Twelve healthy adults participated in this study. They were instructed to perform 7. min of pedaling. We applied electrical stimulation to the common peroneal nerve during the extension phase of the pedaling cycle. We assessed reciprocal inhibition using a soleus H-reflex conditioning-test paradigm. The magnitude of reciprocal inhibition was measured before, immediately after, 15 and 30. min after active pedaling alone, electrical stimulation alone and active pedaling combined with electrical stimulation (pedaling. +. ES). Results: The amount of reciprocal inhibition was significantly increased after pedaling. +. ES. The after-effect of pedaling. +. ES on reciprocal inhibition was more prominent and longer lasting compared with pedaling or electrical stimulation alone. Conclusions: Pedaling. +. ES could induce stronger after-effects on spinal reciprocal inhibitory neurons compared with either intervention alone. Pedaling. +. ES might be used as a tool to improve locomotion and functional abnormalities in the patient with central nervous lesion. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.</p>

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State of intracortical inhibitory interneuron activity in patients with chronic stroke

Honaga Kaoru, Fujiwara Toshiyuki, Tsuji Tetsuya, Hase Kimitaka, Ushiba Junichi, Liu Meigen

Clinical Neurophysiology 124 （ 2 ） 364 - 370 2013年02月

ISSN  1388-2457

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<p>Objectives: Few studies have assessed short intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the affected hemisphere (AH) in a large number of patients with chronic stroke. In this study, SICI was assessed in chronic stroke patients with severe hemiparesis, and its relationship to clinical parameters was examined. Methods: The participants were 72 patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke. SICI of both the AH and the unaffected hemisphere (UH) was assessed. The relationships between SICI and the location of lesion, time from onset, and finger function were studied. Motor function of the paretic finger was assessed with the Stroke Impairment Assessment Set (SIAS) and the Fugl-Meyer test upper extremity motor score. To compare the results with those of healthy subjects, SICI was assessed in seven age-matched control subjects. Results: MEPs of the UH were evoked in all 72 subjects, and MEPs of the AH were evoked in 24 subjects. SICI of the AH was inversely correlated with paretic finger motor function and time from stroke onset. SICI of the UH was not correlated with either one. SICI of the UH was higher in the cortical lesion group than in the control group. Conclusions: The state of intracortical inhibitory neuron activity depends on the state of motor function and lesion site even in chronic stroke patients with severe hemiparesis. Significance: The inhibitory system of the AH is involved in functional recovery of the paretic hand even in the chronic stage of stroke. © 2012 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology.</p>

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Why not use your own body weight to prevent falls? A randomized, controlled trial of balance therapy to prevent falls and fractures for elderly people who can stand on one leg for ≤15 s

Sakamoto Keizo, Endo Naoto, Harada Atsushi, Sakada Takenori, Tsushita Kazuyo, Kita Kiyoshi, Hagino Hiroshi, Sakai Akinori, Yamamoto Noriaki, Okamoto Tetsunori, Liu Meigen, Kokaze Akatsuki, Suzuki Hiromichi

Journal of Orthopaedic Science 18 （ 1 ） 110 - 120 2013年01月

ISSN  0949-2658

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<p>Background: Maintaining or improving motor (balance) ability is essential to extending the healthy lifespan of elderly people, and developing effective and efficient strategies to prevent falls of elderly people is an urgent. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of balance exercise on fall and fracture prevention for elderly people with poor balance. Methods: A 6-month, randomized controlled trial was conducted to verify whether one-leg standing with eyes open for a total of 1 min, three times a day (dynamic flamingo exercise) prevents falls and fractures. Setting and participants were elderly people ≥75 years of age and one-leg standing time ≤15.0 s living in their own home. They were visiting orthopaedic clinics for orthopaedic handicaps. Subjects with poor balance were allowed to hold on to something. If a subject's lifted leg touched the ground during the exercise, they were allowed to lift it again and continue so that they stood on one leg for a total of 60 s. Results: The dynamic flamingo exercise group (410 people; 86 men, 324 women) and the no exercise group (455 people; 78 men, 377 women) were compared. After dynamic flamingo exercise for 6 months, significant differences were seen in the increase in one-leg standing time with eyes open (men right/left, women right/left), in the improvement in independence in daily living (women), number of people who fell during the 6 months (women), and adverse events (women). The number of fractures was not significantly different for men or women. Conclusions: Dynamic flamingo exercise prevents falls but no significant difference was demonstrated in fracture prevention in elderly women with poor balance. © 2012 The Japanese Orthopaedic Association.</p>

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【到来 二人に一人脳卒中時代】　脳卒中の医療連携・介護・制度 障害を抱えた脳卒中患者の生活は?

里宇 明元川上 途行，里宇 明元

内科 111   911 - 915 2013年

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Is event-related desynchronization a biomarker representing corticospinal excitability?

Takemi Mitsuaki, Masakado Yoshihisa, Liu Meigen, Ushiba Junichi

  281 - 284 2013年

　概要を見る

<p>Brain computer interfaces (BCIs) using event-related desynchronization (ERD) of the electroencephalogram (EEG), which is believed to represent increased activation of the sensorimotor cortex, have attracted attention as tools for rehabilitation of upper limb motor functions in hemiplegic stroke patients. However, it remains unclear whether the corticospinal excitability is actually correlated with ERD. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between the ERD magnitude and the excitability of primary motor cortex (M1) and spinal motoneurons. M1 excitability was tested by motor evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) using transcranial magnetic stimulation, and spinal motoneuronal excitability was tested by F-waves using peripheral nerve stimulation. Results showed that large ERD during motor imagery was associated with significantly increased F-wave persistence and reduced SICI, but no significant changes in ICF and the response average of F-wave amplitudes. Our findings suggest that ERD magnitude during motor imagery represents the instantaneous excitability of both M1 and spinal motoneurons. This study provides electrophysiological evidence that ERD-based BCI with motor imagery task increases corticospinal excitability as changes accompanying actual movements. © 2013 IEEE.</p>

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Asymmetrical skull deformity in children with cerebral palsy

Kawakami Michiyuki, Liu Meigen, Otsuka Tomoyoshi, Wada Ayako, Uchikawa Ken, Aoki Asako, Otaka Yohei

Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 45 （ 2 ） 149 - 153 2013年

ISSN  1650-1977

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<p>Objective: Asymmetrical skull deformity is frequently seen in children with cerebral palsy, and may contribute to postural abnormalities and deformities. The aim of this cross-sectionalsurvey was to determine the frequency of asymmetrical skull deformity and its correlation with clinical parameters. Methods: A 10-item checklist for asymmetrical skull deformity, postural abnormalities, and deformities was developed, and its inter-rater reliability was tested. A total of 110 participants aged 1-18 years (mean age 9.3 years (standard deviation 4.7)) was assessed using the checklist. The frequency of asymmetrical skull deformity was analysed and related to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), postural abnormalities, and deformities. Results: The reliability of the checklist was satisfactory (κ &gt; 0.8). Asymmetrical skull deformity was observed in 44 children, 24 showing right and 20 showing left flat occipital deformity. Its frequency was significantly related to GMFCS and with the patterns of asymmetrical posture and deformities (p &lt; 0.05). Children with right flat occipital asymmetrical skull deformity showed predominantly rightward facial direction and right-side-dominant asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, left convex scoliosis, right-side-elevated pelvic obliquity, and left-sided hip dislocation. Those with left flat occipital asymmetrical skull deformity demonstrated the reverse tendency. Conclusion: Asymmetrical skull deformity is frequent in cerebral palsy and closely related to asymmetrical posture and deformities. This information will be useful to manage these problems. © 2013 The Authors.</p>

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A pilot study of sensory feedback by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation to improve manipulation deficit caused by severe sensory loss after stroke

Kita Kahori, Otaka Yohei, Takeda Kotaro, Sakata Sachiko, Ushiba Junichi, Kondo Kunitsugu, Liu Meigen, Osu Rieko

Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 10 （ 1 ）  2013年

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<p>Background: Sensory disturbance is common following stroke and can exacerbate functional deficits, even in patients with relatively good motor function. In particular, loss of appropriate sensory feedback in severe sensory loss impairs manipulation capability. We hypothesized that task-oriented training with sensory feedback assistance would improve manipulation capability even without sensory pathway recovery. Methods. We developed a system that provides sensory feedback by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (SENS) for patients with sensory loss, and investigated the feasibility of the system in a stroke patient with severe sensory impairment and mild motor deficit. The electrical current was modulated by the force exerted by the fingertips so as to allow the patient to identify the intensity. The patient had severe sensory loss due to a right thalamic hemorrhage suffered 27 months prior to participation in the study. The patient first practiced a cylindrical grasp task with SENS for 1 hour daily over 29 days. Pressure information from the affected thumb was fed back to the unaffected shoulder. The same patient practiced a tip pinch task with SENS for 1 hour daily over 4 days. Pressure information from the affected thumb and index finger was fed back to the unaffected and affected shoulders, respectively. We assessed the feasibility of SENS and examined the improvement of manipulation capability after training with SENS. Results: The fluctuation in fingertip force during the cylindrical grasp task gradually decreased as the training progressed. The patient was able to maintain a stable grip force after training, even without SENS. Pressure exerted by the tip pinch of the affected hand was unstable before intervention with SENS compared with that of the unaffected hand. However, they were similar to each other immediately after SENS was initiated, suggesting that the somatosensory information improved tip pinch performance. The patient's manipulation capability assessed by the Box and Block Test score improved through SENS intervention and was partly maintained after SENS was removed, until at least 7 months after the intervention. The sensory test score, however, showed no recovery after intervention. Conclusions: We conclude that the proposed system would be useful in the rehabilitation of patients with sensory loss. © 2013 Kita et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.</p>

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ペダリング運動と治療的電気刺激の併用が回復期脳卒中片麻痺患者の歩行能力へ及ぼす影響　シングルケースデザインによる検討

里宇 明元

理学療法学 40   371 - 377 2013年

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スモン患者の咳嗽力に関する検討

里宇 明元

The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 50   654 - 657 2013年

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東日本大震災を経験した私たちがなすべきこと

里宇 明元

The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 50   947 - 950 2013年

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【脳から疾患をみる-神経科学最前線!-】 機能障害　脳卒中後の機能障害に対するリハビリテーションの進歩

里宇 明元水野 勝広, 里宇 明元

治療 95   2079 - 2086 2013年

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【続　他科医に聞きたいちょっとしたこと】 廃用症候群について

里宇 明元

クリニシアン 60   961 - 963 2013年

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