Details of a Researcher - Negishi, Kazuno

Papers - Negishi, Kazuno

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Ide, T., Negishi, K., Yamaguchi, T., Hara, S., Toda, I. and Tsubota, K.

Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 1 ( 2 ) 68 2012.03

ISSN 2162-0989

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New Compact Accommodometer to Measure Accommodation Amplitude as a Biomarker

Ide, T., Negishi, K., Yamaguchi, T., Hara, S., Toda, I. and Tsubota, K.

Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 1 ( 1 ) 24 - 7 2012.01

ISSN 2162-0989

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate a newly designed compact accommodometer (CA) and compare this with a conventional accommodometer for measuring accommodation as a biomarker for aging and lifestyle. DESIGN: This is an observational case series. METHODS: Accommodative amplitude was measured using 2 different accommodometers in 114 patients. We obtained the data of the near-point accommodation amplitude. Subsequently, we used smoking habit as an example of lifestyle-related factor to evaluate its effect on the accommodative power. RESULTS: The first part of the study included 60 eyes of 60 men and 54 eyes of 54 women, with a mean (SD) age of 43.8 (12.9) years (range, 18-58 years). There was a consistency within each measuring method despite a significant difference between the 2 devices (P < 0.01). Measuring accommodation by CA was significantly faster than by conventional modality (190.9 +/- 58.1 seconds for CA and 371.8 +/- 123.6 seconds for D'ACOMO, P < 0.0001, paired t test). In the second part of the study, we found a significant correlation between age and accommodative amplitude both in smokers and in nonsmokers. The accommodative amplitude of the smoker group was significantly lower than that of the nonsmoker group (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Compact accommodometer may work as an alternative and convenient method in place of the conventional accommodometer for measuring accommodative amplitude as an aging biomarker. Lifestyle factors can affect the magnitude of accommodation, which can be measured by this newly developed CA.

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Simple and accurate alignment of toric intraocular lenses and evaluation of their rotation errors using anterior segment optical coherence tomography

Watanabe Kazuhiro, Negishi Kazuno, Torii Hidemasa, Saiki Megumi, Dogru Murat, Tsubota Kazuo

Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology (Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology) 56 ( 1 ) 31 - 37 2012.01

ISSN 0021-5155

Purpose: To describe a new method of alignment of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) and evaluation of their rotation errors using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Methods: Twenty-nine eyes of 22 patients who had cataract extraction and implantation of an acrylic toric IOL were included. The new AS-OCT method was used for the alignment of toric IOLs and evaluation of their rotation errors. These rotation errors were evaluated and compared with those measured using the internal map of a wavefront aberrometer. Results: The mean rotation error ± standard deviation (SD) of the toric IOLs evaluated by AS-OCT was 3.2 ± 2.2° and 3.2 ± 2.4° at 1 week and 1 month after surgery, respectively. The mean difference in the reference axis between the visits was 1.8 ± 2.1°. The mean difference between the rotation errors of the alignment axes measured by AS-OCT and the internal map was 2.5 ± 1.9° (P = 0.037). Conclusion: The current method is clinically useful not only for the accurate alignment of toric IOLs but also for evaluating their rotation errors. © Japanese Ophthalmological Society 2011.

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Severe Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis Following Laser in Situ Keratomileusis with an Iatrogenic Double Flap.

Torii H.,Negishi K.,Dogru M.,Tsubota K.

Open Journal of Ophthalmology 34 - 36 2012

3D映像サービスに対する他覚的疲労感評価法の一検討

川嶋喜美子、岡本淳、石川和夫、根岸一乃

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告,112 13 - 18 2012

3D映像サービスに対する他覚的疲労感評価法の一検討

川嶋喜美子、岡本淳、石川和夫、根岸一乃

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 112 ( 218 ) 13 - 18 2012

左右眼映像品質差のある3D映像による疲労感の主観評価検討

川嶋喜美子、岡本淳、石川和夫、根岸一乃

電子情報通信学会ソサイエティ大会講演　論文集 B-11 - 3 2012

Correlation between contrast sensitivity and higher-order aberration based on pupil diameter after cataract surgery

Yamaguchi Takefumi, Negishi Kazuno, Ohnuma Kazuhiko, Tsubota Kazuo

Clinical Ophthalmology (Clinical Ophthalmology) 5 ( 1 ) 1701 - 1707 2011.12

ISSN 1177-5467

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between contrast sensitivity and calculated higher-order aberrations based on individual natural pupil diameter after cataract surgery. Methods: This prospective study included 120 eyes from 92 patients who were randomized to receive one of four lenses, including three aspheric lenses (Acrysof SN60WF, Tecnis ZA9000, and Hoya Py60AD) and one spherical lens (Acrysof SN60AT). Contrast sensitivity, higher-order aberrations of the whole eye, and pupil diameter under photopic and mesopic conditions were measured 1 month postoperatively. Higher-order aberrations were decomposed into Zernike coefficients, calculated according to individual pupil diameter. The correlation between higher-order aberrations and contrast sensitivity was evaluated. Results: There were no significant differences in contrast sensitivity function between the four types of lenses under photopic conditions. However, the contrast sensitivity function and area under log contrast sensitivity function in the aspheric lenses were significantly better than in the spherical lens under mesopic conditions. Under mesopic conditions, spherical aberration in eyes with aspheric lenses was significantly lower than in eyes with spherical lenses (P,<0.05). Under photopic conditions, coma aberration had a significant negative correlation with contrast sensitivity at 12 cycles/degree. Under mesopic conditions, spherical aberration had a significant negative correlation with contrast sensitivity at 3, 6, and 12 cycles/degree with glare, and with contrast sensitivity at 6 and 18 cycles/degree without glare. Conclusion: In terms of influence on visual function, coma aberration may be more significant under photopic conditions and spherical aberration under mesopic conditions. © 2011 Yamaguchi et al, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.

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Inflammation after phakic implants

Torii Hidemasa, Negishi Kazuno, Dogru Murat, Saiki Megumi, Yamaguchi Takefumi, Watanabe Kazuhiro, Kato Naoko, Tsubota Kazuo

Ophthalmology 118 ( 12 ) 2011.12

ISSN 0161-6420

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多焦点眼内レンズ挿入眼の近方実用視力

手島ひとみ, 鳥居秀成, 佐伯めぐみ, 荻野理香, 根岸一乃, 村戸ドール, 坪田一男

IOL & RS ((株)杏林舎内「IOL&RS」編集事務局) 25 ( 4 ) 544 - 549 2011.12

ISSN 1341-3678

目的:多焦点眼内レンズ(MIOL)挿入眼の近方実用視力を検討する。方法:対象は白内障手術を施行した合併症のない白内障患者16例27眼、平均年齢57.4歳で、使用したMIOLはNXG1(AMO社)、ZM900(AMO社)、SN6AD3(Alcon社)である。術後3ヵ月の自覚屈折、遠方視力、近方視力と近方実用視力(遠方矯正下)を測定した。結果:術後平均屈折は-0.03D、平均遠方視力(logMAR)は裸眼、矯正の順に-0.04、0.13、平均近方視力(logMAR)は裸眼、遠方矯正下、最良矯正の順に0.15、0.08、0.02だった。遠方矯正下において平均近方実用視力は近方視力よりも有意に低かった(p<0.001)。遠方矯正下における近方視力と近方実用視力は3種のIOLの間で有意差はなかった。結論:MIOL挿入眼の遠方矯正下における近方実用視力は、遠方矯正下近方視力より不良であった。(著者抄録)

Effect of controlled adverse chamber environment exposure on tear functions in silicon hydrogel and hydrogel soft contact lens wearers

Kojima Takashi, Matsumoto Yukihiro, Ibrahim Osama M A, Wakamatsu Tais Hitomi, Uchino Miki, Fukagawa Kazumi, Ogawa Junko, Dogru Murat, Negishi Kazuno, Tsubota Kazuo

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science) 52 ( 12 ) 8811 - 8817 2011.11

ISSN 0146-0404

Purpose. To prospectively evaluate the effect of controlled adverse chamber environment (CACE) exposure on tear function, including tear osmolarity, in subjects wearing narafilcon A versus those wearing etafilcon A soft contact lens (SCL). Methods. Thirty-one healthy subjects with no history of contact lens wear (13 women, 18 men; average age, 30.5 ± 6.5 years) were randomly divided into age- and sex-matched groups (15 subjects wearing narafilcon A SCL; 16 subjects wearing etafilcon A SCL) and entered a CACE for 20 minutes. All subjects underwent tear osmolarity, tear evaporation rate, strip meniscometry, tear film breakup time, fluorescein vital staining, and functional visual acuity measurement before and after exposure to the controlled adverse chamber. Results. The mean blink rate increased with significant deteriorations in the mean symptom VAS scores, mean tear osmolarity, tear evaporation rate, strip meniscometry score, and tear stability with CACE exposure along with a decrease in visual maintenance ratio in functional visual acuity testing in etafilcon A wearers. The mean symptom VAS scores, mean tear evaporation rate, tear stability, blink rates, and visual maintenance ratios did not change significantly in narafilcon A wearers after CACE exposure. Conclusions. This study suggested marked tear instability, higher tear osmolarity, and increased tear evaporation with marked dry eye and visual symptomatology in nonadapted hydrogel SCL wearers, suggesting that silicone hydrogel SCLs may be suitable for persons who live and work in cool, low-humidity, and windy environments, as tested in this study. © 2011 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

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The application of in vivo confocal scanning laser microscopy in the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment responses in mooren's ulcer

Hatou Shin, Dogru Murat, brahim Osama M A, Wakamatsu Tais, Sato Enrique Adan, Shimmura Shigeto, Negishi Kazuno, Tsubota Kazuo

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science) 52 ( 9 ) 6680 - 6689 2011.08

ISSN 0146-0404

Purpose. To evaluate the extent of corneal inflammation and the response to treatment in patients with Mooren's ulcer, by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM). Methods. Twenty-two eyes of 15 patients with Mooren's ulcer were enrolled in this prospective study. All subjects underwent routine ophthalmic examinations, IVCM, and conjunctival histopathologic examination of specimens in patients undergoing conjunctival excision. Eyes with active ulcer were treated with topical corticosteroids and additional therapy, depending on the signs and symptoms. Eyes in remission continued to receive the previous treatment protocols. The relation between the severity of ulcer and inflammation status as assessed by IVCM was also studied. The endpoints were inflammatory cell density (ICD), counted by IVCM, and the extent of the limbal arc involved with ulcers. Results. Ten eyes had active corneal ulcers, and 12 eyes had been in remission for the past year. The mean ICD of eyes with active ulcers before treatment was 2092.7 ± 1538.6 cells/mm2 (range, 835.3-7832.7; 95% CI, 3232.5-952.9). Nine of the eyes improved at 8 weeks, with a decrease in ICD to 249.1 ± 109.0 cells/mm2 (range, 100.3-595.3; 95% CI, 329.8-168.3). One eye had corneal perforation, and ICD immediately before perforation was 1677.6 ± 247.6 cells/mm2. The mean ICD of 12 eyes in remission was 357.5 ± 266.8 cells/mm2 (range, 12.7-1127.0; 95% CI, 555.2-159.8). The correlation of the ICD and the extent of limbal involvement with ulcers was strong (R2 = 0.8119). Conclusions. ICD evaluated by IVCM is a useful and promising parameter for evaluation of the degree of inflammation in eyes with Mooren's ulcer and for assessment of response to treatment. © Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.

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The contribution of the posterior surface to the corneal aberrations in eyes after keratoplasty

Yamaguch Takefumi, Ohnuma Kazuhiko, Tomida Daisuke, Konomi Kenji, Satake Yoshiyuki, Negishi Kazuno, Tsubota Kazuo, Shimazaki Jun

Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science (Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science) 52 ( 9 ) 6222 - 6229 2011.08

ISSN 0146-0404

Purpose. To investigate the contribution of posterior corneal surfaces to higher-order aberrations (HOAs) of the cornea, optical quality, and visual acuity after keratoplasty. METHODS. Corneal topography of anterior and posterior surfaces and pachymetry were conducted using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) in 40 eyes (10 eyes after penetrating keratoplasty [PK], 10 eyes after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty [DALK], 10 eyes after Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty [DSAEK], and 10 normal eyes). Anterior, posterior, and total corneal HOAs were calculated using ray-tracing and decomposition into Zernike polynomials and were evaluated as root mean square values. Modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were also evaluated. RESULTS. Topography maps of the anterior and posterior surfaces showed reverse patterns in the normal, PK, and DALK eyes, but not in DSAEK eyes. In the normal, PK, and DALK eyes, the total corneal HOAs were significantly smaller (~10%) than were the HOAs of the anterior surface (P<0.01), whereas there was no significant difference between total and anterior HOAs in the DSAEK eyes (P=0.483). In the normal, PK, and DALK eyes, the MTFs of the total cornea were slightly better than those of the anterior surface. In the DSAEK eyes, the MTFs of the total cornea were lower than those of the anterior surface. Visual acuity was significantly correlated with total and anterior surface HOAs (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS. Posterior surfaces compensate for anterior aberrations in normal, PK, and DALK eyes. In DSAEK eyes, the posterior surface increased total corneal HOAs and had a negative influence on MTFs. © 2011 The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Inc.

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Repositioning and scleral fixation of subluxated lenses using a T-shaped capsule stabilization hook

Yaguchi Saori, Yaguchi Shigeo, Asano Yasuhiko, Kozawa Tadahiko, Miyawaki Takaya, Negishi Kazuno, Tsubota Kazuo

Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery) 37 ( 8 ) 1386 - 1393 2011.08

ISSN 0886-3350

We describe a T-shaped capsule stabilization hook (modified capsule expander [M-CE]) used for repositioning and scleral fixation of the lens capsule of subluxated lenses. The 5-0 polypropylene device is flexible and attached to a curved needle. The contact portion is bent at 1.25 mm, and the end bifurcates in a T configuration to form a 3.75 mm footpad from which the capsular bag can be suspended. Modified capsule expanders were implanted in 4 eyes of 4 patients with subluxated cataractous lenses and provided excellent support and centration of the intraocular lens (IOL)-capsular bag complex. The IOLs remained well centered and stable. The corrected distance visual acuity improved to at least 20/20 in all patients after surgery. Thus, M-CEs were effective in fixating the lens capsule to the sclera in patients with significant zonular weakness. Financial Disclosure: Saori Yaguchi, Y. Asano, T. Kozawa, T. Miyawaki, K. Negishi, and K. Tsubota have no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. Additional disclosure is found in the footnotes. © 2011 ASCRS and ESCRS.

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Retinal image contrast obtained by a model eye with combined correction of chromatic and spherical aberrations

Ohnuma Kazuhiko, Kayanuma Hiroyuki, Lawu Tjundewo, Negishi Kazuno, Yamaguchi Takefumi, Noda Toru

Biomedical Optics Express (Biomedical Optics Express) 2 ( 6 ) 1443 - 1451 2011.06

Correcting spherical and chromatic aberrations in vitro in human eyes provides substantial visual acuity and contrast sensitivity improvements. We found the same improvement in the retinal images using a model eye with/without correction of longitudinal chromatic aberrations (LCAs) and spherical aberrations (SAs). The model eye included an intraocular lens (IOL) and artificial cornea with human ocular LCAs and average human SAs. The optotypes were illuminated using a D65 light source, and the images were obtained using two-dimensional luminance colorimeter. The contrast improvement from the SA correction was higher than the LCA correction, indicating the benefit of an aspheric achromatic IOL. © 2011 Optical Society of America.

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Comparison of corneal thickness and haze in DSAEK and penetrating keratoplasty

Uchino Yuichi, Shimmura Shigeto, Yamaguchi Takefumi, Kawakita Tetsuya, Matsumoto Yukihiro, Negishi Kazuno, Tsubota Kazuo

Cornea (Cornea) 30 ( 3 ) 287 - 290 2011.03

ISSN 0277-3740

Purpose: To compare corneal thickness and haze in Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Methods: This study included 30 consecutive patients undergoing DSAEK (18 patients) and PK (12 patients). Central corneal thickness and corneal haze were analyzed longitudinally by Pentacam (Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after grafting. Results: The mean age of patients in the DSAEK group was 71.42 ± 9.91 years (range, 55-85 years) and in the PK group was 60.58 ± 16.58 years (range, 31-81 years). Two weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery, the cornea was significantly thicker in the DSAEK group compared with the PK group (P < 0.01). Two weeks, 1 month, and 3 months after the operation, the cornea had significantly more haze in the DSAEK group compared with the PK group (P < 0.05). Haze in the DSAEK group was mainly observed in the subepithelial stroma. Conclusions: DSAEK grafts were significantly thicker with increased haze for up to 3 months after surgery. Scheimpflug system is available for quantifying not only corneal thickness but also corneal haze after various keratoplasty procedures. Copyright © 2011 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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Functional visual acuity after neodymium

Wakamatsu Tais Hitomi, Yamaguchi Takefumi, Negishi Kazuno, Kaido Minako, Matsumoto Yukihiro, Ishida Reiko, Kojima Takashi, Ibrahim Osama Mohamed Aly, Saiki Megumi, Dogru Murat, Tsubota Kazuo

Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery) 37 ( 2 ) 258 - 264 2011.02

ISSN 0886-3350

Purpose: To evaluate the changes in functional visual acuity before and after neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy. Setting: Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. Design: Case series. Methods: Eyes that had previous cataract surgery with a clinical diagnosis of central posterior capsule opacity requiring Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy were evaluated. All patients had refractive error and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) measurements; slitlamp microscopy examinations, including posterior capsule opacification evaluation; high-contrast visual acuity measured at 5 m using a Landolt chart; 10% low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA); functional visual acuity; wavefront examination; and a Schirmer test without anesthesia. Results: The study enrolled 9 patients (4 women, 5 men; 10 eyes) with a mean age of 57.3 years ± 7.0 (SD) (range 47 to 68 years). Although there was no significant difference in CDVA before and after Nd:YAG capsulotomy, there was a significant improvement in the mean functional visual acuity, from 0.18 ± 0.11 logMAR (range -0.03 to 0.31 logMAR) to 0.08 ± 0.07 logMAR (range -0.04 to 0.18 logMAR) (P<.05). The LCVA improved significantly after Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy (P=.003). Higher-order aberrations and the root mean square of the 4th-order coefficients decreased significantly after capsulotomy, and these aberrations were significantly correlated with functional visual acuity and LCVA. Conclusion: Results indicate that measurement of functional visual acuity is useful in assessing the quality of vision in patients who have Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy after cataract surgery. Financial Disclosure: No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned. © 2011 ASCRS and ESCRS.

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Functional visual acuity measurement in cataract and intraocular lens implantation

Yamaguchi Takefumi, Negishi Kazuno, Tsubota Kazuo

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology (Current Opinion in Ophthalmology) 22 ( 1 ) 31 - 36 2011.01

ISSN 1040-8738

Purpose of review: Recently, functional visual acuity (FVA) measurement has been reported to be an important method of determining 'masked impairment of visual function' and assessing visual acuity in detail. This review discusses a new continuous FVA measurement system for the assessment of visual performance and introduces the application of FVA measurement in cataract and intraocular lens implantation. Recent findings: The FVA was first developed to detect impaired visual function for daily activities in dry eye syndrome. The usefulness of this new methodology has been described in patients with tear instability, undergoing laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis surgery, with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Sjögren syndrome and mild cataract opacities. The microstructure of the lenticular opacities is highly variable (nucleus sclerosis and/or posterior capsular cataract and/or cortical opacity) causing a combination of different effects on the incident light rays that can be refracted, reflected, absorbed or scattered. In some cases, patients have a good visual acuity but may complain of disturbances in vision quality. We reported the improvement of FVA after cataract surgery in patients with mild cataracts and visual symptomatology despite a good preoperative and postoperative conventional visual acuity. To detect visual impairment due to cataract, measurement of FVA was useful in the evaluation of vision quality and changes in kinetic vision after phacoemulsification surgery. Summary: FVA measurement is an effective and noninvasive test that reflects the complaints of blurring/glare and postoperative satisfaction in patients with mild cataract. © 2010 Wolters Kluwer Health.

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Comparison of anterior and posterior corneal surface irregularity in descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty and penetrating keratoplasty

Yamaguchi Takefumi, Negishi Kazuno, Yamaguchi Kazuko, Dogru Murat, Uchino Yuichi, Shimmura Shigeto, Tsubota Kazuo

Cornea (Cornea) 29 ( 10 ) 1086 - 1090 2010.10

ISSN 0277-3740

Purpose: To evaluate the irregularity of the anterior and posterior cornea after Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Methods: This clinical study comprised 39 eyes: 13 consecutive eyes after DSAEK, 13 consecutive eyes after PK, and 13 age-matched normal eyes. Corneal elevation data were acquired using a rotating Scheimpflug camera 1 and 3 months after DSAEK and PK. Anterior and posterior corneal elevation data were decomposed into a set of Zernike polynomials up to eighth order. Total higher-order root mean square (RMS) and RMS from third to eighth order were calculated. The astigmatism and irregularity of the anterior and posterior surfaces were compared between DSAEK and PK. Results: The regular astigmatism and tilt components of the anterior surface were significantly lower after DSAEK than after PK at 1 and 3 months (P < 0.001), whereas there was no difference in astigmatism of the posterior surface between the groups (P = 0.07, 0.22). The higher-order RMS and RMSs of third- to eighth-order components of the anterior surface were significantly larger after PK than those after DSAEK at 1 and 3 months (P < 0.01), whereas there were no significant differences between DSAEK and PK in higher-order aberration RMS and RMSs of third- to eighth-order components of the posterior surface. Conclusions: Postoperative corneal irregularity of the anterior surface was greater after PK than after DSAEK, whereas there was no significant difference in posterior surface irregularity. DSAEK is superior to PK in terms of the higher-order irregularity of the anterior surface. Copyright © 2010 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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多焦点眼内レンズ両眼挿入例の遠方・中間・近方両眼視力

清水努, 根岸一乃, 鳥居秀成, 奥山宏美, 佐伯めぐみ, 山口剛史, 村戸ドール, 坪田一男

IOL & RS ((株)杏林舎内「IOL&RS」編集事務局) 24 ( 3 ) 437 - 441 2010.09

ISSN 1341-3678

目的:多焦点眼内レンズ(IOL)両眼挿入例の術後3ヵ月の両眼視力について検討する。方法:両眼多焦点IOL挿入術を受けた18例36眼(21〜73歳、平均年齢59.1±12.7歳)を対象とし、両眼屈折型多焦点IOLを使用した群をR群、回折型をD群、優位眼に屈折型、非優位眼に回折型のミックスアンドマッチ症例をM群とし、術後3ヵ月の遠方、中間、近方の裸眼、矯正視力および自覚的屈折力を検討した。結果:術後の自覚的屈折力(D)は各群間に有意差はなかった。両眼裸眼視力はR群とD群の遠方、近方に有意差はなく(R≒D)、中間はR群がD群より有意によかった(R>D)。また全距離ともM群がD群よりよく(M>D)、近方のみM群がR群よりもよかった(M>R)。両眼矯正視力は、R群とD群では遠方、近方とも有意差がなく(R≒D)、遠方、近方ともM群がD群より有意によかったが(M>D)、R群とは有意差はなかった(R≒M、R≒D)。結論:ミックスアンドマッチ症例は両眼屈折型または回折型を挿入した症例よりも全距離で両眼裸眼視力が良好だった。(著者抄録)

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