Details of a Researcher - Kawamoto, Tetsuya

Papers - Kawamoto, Tetsuya

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Development and validation of a Japanese translation of the K-SF-42.

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Satoru Kiire, Rachel Zambrano, Mateo Peñaherrera-Aguirre, and Aurelio José Figueredo

PLoS ONE (PLOS) 17 ( 9 ) e0274217 2022.09

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted

In this study, we conducted the translation and validation of the K-SF-42 in Japan (Figueredo, 2017). The K-SF-42 is a new short form of the Arizona Life History Battery. We obtained empirical evidence that the original seven-factor structure could be applied to the Japanese translated version of K-SF-42 (K-SF-42-J). We also observed good internal consistency of the seven scales of K-SF-42-J. The multi-group confirmatory factor analysis findings suggest that the K-SF-42-J can be used in both sexes and diverse age groups. The K-SF-42-J scales showed similar correlates as the English original, with higher scores of other life history strategy measurement, trait emotional intelligence, well-being, and cultural and social resources in childhood. Use of the K-SF-42-J will allow researchers with Japanese speaking samples to integrate their findings with the existing life history strategy research literature. The brevity of the K-SF-42-J will be appealing to researchers who are concerned about taxing the time and motivation of their participants.

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Genetic and environmental correlations between the General Factor of Personality (GFP) and working memory

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Dimitri Van der Linden, Curtis S. Dunkel, Juko Ando

Personality and Individual Differences (Elsevier) 183 111125 2021.12

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 01918869

The present study examines the association between the General Factor of Personality (GFP) and working memory and its etiology with a behavioral genetic approach. The GFP, which explains the common variance among lower-order personality traits, is considered to reflect social effectiveness. Meanwhile, working memory also plays a significant role in social competence. Hence, we expected a substantial association between the GFP and working memory. A total of 253 Japanese twin pairs (124 monozygotic female; 52 monozygotic male; 28 dizygotic female; 17 dizygotic male; and 32 opposite sex twins) were included in the analyses. Phenotypic analyses confirmed a significant positive correlation between the GFP and working memory. Biometric analysis with a bivariate Cholesky decomposition model showed that the phenotypic correlation derived from additive genetic and non-shared environmental correlations. The present findings are in line with social effectiveness account of the GFP.

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The General Factor of Personality as Ego-Resiliency

Curtis S. Dunkel, Dimitri Van Der Linden, Tetsuya Kawamoto, Atsushi Oshio

Frontiers in Psychology (Frontiers) 12 2021.10

Lead author, Accepted

It was originally hypothesized by Block that what has come to be known as the General Factor of Personality (GFP) reflects ego-resiliency. We test Block’s hypothesis in two studies. In Study 1 a meta-analysis (N = 15,609) examining the relationship between the GFP and ego-resiliency/resilience was conducted. In Study 2 (N = 157) archival data from Block and Block was used to examine the association between rater judged ego-resiliency across childhood, adolescence, and into early adulthood and the GFP based on self-report in early adulthood. Using structural equation modeling for the meta-analytic data, the correlation between the GFP and ego-resiliency/resilience was estimated at r = 0.93. Using a trait-state occasion model to test the hypothesis in Study 2, the correlation between the GFP and rated ego-resiliency was estimated at r = 0.85. The results of the two studies offer substantial support for Block’s original hypothesis. Given the strength of the associations between the GFP and ego-resiliency/resilience one may conclude that the two constructs largely reflect the same underlying phenomenon.

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Genetic and environmental structure of altruism characterized by recipients in relation to personality

Juko Ando, Tetsuya Kawamoto

Medicina (MDPI) 57 ( 6 ) 593 2021.06

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 1010660X

Background and Objectives: Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior with the goal of increasing the fitness of another individual as a recipient while reducing the fitness of the actor. Although there are many studies on its heterogeneity, only a few behavioral genetic studies have been conducted to examine different recipient types: family members favored by kin selection, the dynamic network of friends and acquaintances as direct reciprocity, and strangers as indirect reciprocity. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the genetic and environmental structure of altruism with reference to recipient types measured by the self-report altruism scale distinguished by the recipient (the SRAS-DR) and examine the relationship to personality dimensions measured by the NEO-FFI with a sample of 461 adult Japanese twin pairs. Results: The present study shows that there is a single common factor of altruism: additive genetic effects explain 51% of altruism without a shared environmental contribution. The genetic contribution of this single common factor is explained by the genetic factors of neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness to experience (O), and conscientiousness (C), as well as a common genetic factor specific to altruism. Only altruism toward strangers is affected by shared environmental factors. Conclusions: Different types of altruistic personality are constructed by specific combinational profiles of general personality traits such as the Big Five as well as a genetic factor specific to altruism in each specific way.

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Online self-presentation and identity development: The moderating effect of neuroticism.

Tetsuya Kawamoto

PsyCh Journal (Wiley) 10 ( 5 ) 816 - 833 2021.06

Lead author, Accepted

Using social media, which provides ways to socialize and present oneself, has become normal for young people. Although previous research shows that self-presentation via social media is associated with a sense of identity, little attention has been given to the association with identity-development processes. Therefore, the present study examined these associations while controlling for offline self-presentation and tested the potential moderating effect of neuroticism. A sample of 647 Japanese young adults (401 women; Mean age = 22.70; SD age = 3.25) were recruited to complete an online questionnaire, including measures of identity-development processes, online and offline self-presentation, and neuroticism. A correlation analysis revealed that identity-development processes were associated with online surface-level self-presentation (SSP) but not online inner-level self-presentation (ISP). Further, a moderated regression analysis indicated that the negative associations between online ISP and identity processes were only found among those high in neuroticism. The results of this study suggest that neuroticism may produce variations in young people's identity development.

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Stability and change in psychological distress and early adverse environments in Japanese adults

Tetsuya Kawamoto

Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (Springer) 43 ( 4 ) 822 - 839 2021.04

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 08822689

Research has repeatedly shown that early adversities are a risk factor for psychological distress in adulthood. However, limited research has examined the association between early adversities and intraindividual changes in psychological distress among middle-aged adults. This study developed a self-report scale to retrospectively measure the level of adversity experienced in childhood (Early Environment Scale: EES) and investigated the association between the EES score and the change in psychological distress in middle-aged adults. Study 1 examined the reliability and validity of the nine-item EES using a sample of 337 Japanese adults (162 women; Meanage = 42.96, SDage = 10.55). In Study 2, a three-wave six-month longitudinal survey was conducted with a sample of 2000 Japanese adults (1000 women; Meanage = 40.94; SDage = 5.35). Psychological distress at all three waves was measured with the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-6). The results from a latent growth analysis showed significant positive associations between early adversities and the intercept and slope factors of psychological distress. Specifically, individuals who reported more early adversity showed higher initial levels of psychological distress and a stronger increase in psychological distress among Japanese middle-aged adults. Early adversities might influence the development of dispositional sensitivity for psychological distress in adulthood.

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The General Factor of Personality (GFP), trait emotional intelligence, and problem behaviors in Japanese teens

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Aiko Komoto Kubota, Ryota Sakakibara, Sera Muto, AkikoTonegawa, Sahoko Komatsu, Toshihiko Endo

Personality and Individual Differences (Elsevier) 171 110480 2021.03

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0191-8869

© 2020 Elsevier Ltd This study examined associations of the General Factor of Personality (GFP) with trait emotional intelligence (EI) and emotional and behavioral problems in Japanese children and adolescents. We used self- and parent-rated personality data to extract the two GFPs using the Ten Item Personality Inventory. Participants were 10,357 Japanese children and adolescents (M = 13.99 years; SD = 2.53; range 9–18; 5177 boys, 5168 girls, 12 unknown). Correlational and multiple regression analyses revealed that the two GFPs were significantly associated with trait EI. However, the association between the self-rated GFP and trait EI was weaker than previously reported. The GFPs were also associated with emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents above and beyond trait EI. These findings support the notion that the GFP reflects social effectiveness and imply differences in the GFP-trait EI association between youths and adults.

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Maternal prenatal stress and infantile wheeze and asthma: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Yoshihiro Miyake, Keiko Tanaka, Jun Nagano, Satoshi Sasaki, Yoshio Hirota

Journal of Psychosomatic Research (Elsevier) 135 110143 - 110143 2020.08

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0022-3999

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Association between sibling composition in the family of origin and moral foundations in adulthood.

Tetsuya Kawamoto

Journal of Adult Development (Springer) 28 ( 1 ) 64 - 75 2020.06

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 10680667

Considerable research has been performed on the association between sibling composition and various characteristics, including personality, intelligence, and social attitudes. These studies suggest that birth order among siblings could weakly but significantly affect the development of personality traits and intelligence. However, few studies on the association between sibling composition and moral foundations have been conducted. Therefore, the present study investigated whether sibling composition (only child, firstborn, laterborn) is related to moral values with a between-family design. A sample of 500 Japanese adults (250 women) completed the self-administered online questionnaire. The mean age was 45.42 years (SD = 8.53, range = 20–60, median = 46). The general linear model was used to test the association between sibling composition and moral values. The results showed no differences in five moral foundation and two higher-order moral dimension scores between firstborns and laterborns. However, only children scored lower on care/harm, fairness/cheating, and individualizing foundation than laterborns. This finding might indicate that growing up with their siblings positively affects the development of care/harm and fairness/cheating (individualizing foundation) regardless of one's position among those siblings.

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Stability and change in academic interest: A panel survey of students in a secondary school in Tokyo metropolitan area

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Ichiro Hidaka, Eriko Arai

東京大学院教育研究科附属学校教育高度化・効果検証センター研究紀要 5 76 - 93 2020.03

Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution), Joint Work, Lead author

The autonomous inquiry-based learning and its effects among students in a secondary school in Tokyo metropolitan area: The moderation effect of self-esteem

Tetsuya Kawamoto

東京大学大学院教育学研究科紀要 59 517 - 526 2020.03

Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution), Single Work, Lead author

Cross-Sectional Age Differences in the Dark Triad Traits in Two Japanese Samples

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Tadahiro Shimotsukasa, Atsushi Oshio

PSYCHOLOGY AND AGING (AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC) 35 ( 1 ) 91 - 96 2020.02

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0882-7974

This study investigated the age differences in the Dark Triad (DT) traits with 2 independent samples. Personality was measured using the Short Dark Triad and the Dark Triad Ditty Dozen. Results showed a significant negative correlation between age and DT traits except for narcissism, which differed between the samples. Significant age-by-sex interaction effects were observed for Macitiavellianism and the DT composite score, indicating that women showed a steeper downward age trend in dark personalities.

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The moderating role of attachment style on the relationship between self-concept clarity and self-esteem

Tetsuya Kawamoto

Personality and Individual Differences 152 109604 2020.01

Lead author, Accepted

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Psychosocial Twin Cohort Studies in Japan: The Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC)

Juko Ando, Keiko K. Fujisawa, Kai Hiraishi, Chizuru Shikishima, Tetsuya Kawamoto, Mari Nozaki, Shinji Yamagata, Yusuke Takahashi, Kunitake Suzuki, Yoshiaki Someya, Koken Ozaki, Minako Deno, Mami Tanaka, Shoko Sasaki, Tatsushi Toda, Kazuhiro Kobayashi, Masamichi Sakagami, Mitsuhiro Okada, Nobuhiko Kijima, Ryu Takizawa, and Kou Murayama

Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press) 22 ( 6 ) 591 - 596 2019.12

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 1832-4274

The Keio Twin Research Center (KoTReC) was established in 2009 at Keio University to combine two longitudinal cohort projects - the Keio Twin Study (KTS) for adolescence and adulthood and the Tokyo Twin Cohort Project (ToTCoP) for infancy and childhood. KoTReC also conducted a two-time panel study of self-control and psychopathology in twin adolescence in 2012 and 2013 and three independent anonymous cross-sectional twin surveys (ToTcross) before 2012 - the ToTCross, the Junior and Senior High School Survey and the High School Survey. This article introduces the recent research designs of KoTReC and its publications.

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Moral foundations and cognitive ability: Results from a Japanese sample

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Takahiro Mieda, Atsushi Oshio

Personality and Individual Differences 149 31 - 36 2019.10

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0191-8869

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd Research has indicated that human morality is associated with cognitive ability. However, morality is not a unified concept but rather is a multi-faceted concept. Moral Foundation Theory suggests that human beings have at least five innate moral foundations: Care/Injury, Fairness/Deception, Loyalty/Betrayal, Authority/Subversion, and Sacred/Fallen. The present study aimed to investigate the associations between these moral values and cognitive ability. A large-scale cross-sectional survey was conducted online, which was completed by a total of 4863 Japanese adults (2922 females, 1935 males, and 6 “other;” Mage = 48.78, SDage = 10.93, range 20–70). Correlation and multiple regression analyses revealed that cognitive ability was positively linked to Care/Injury, Fairness/Deception, and Sacred/Fallen. Notably, the positive associations of cognitive ability with Loyalty/Betrayal and Authority/Subversion were statistically significant only for people below the age of approximately 50. These findings indicate that although moral foundations are based on emotions and intuitions, they are substantially associated with cognitive ability. In addition, the positive direction of associations of cognitive ability with Loyalty/Betrayal and Authority/Subversion was inconsistent with previous findings in Western countries, which suggests that these associations are culture-dependent.

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Personality change in middle adulthood: With focus on differential susceptibility

Tetsuya Kawamoto

The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 2019.07

Lead author, Accepted

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Smokers Are Extraverted in Japan: Smoking Habit and The Big Five Personality Traits

Abe Shingo, Oshio Atsushi, Kawamoto Tetsuya, Ito Hiroyuki, Hirashima Taro, Tsubota Yuki, Tani Iori

SAGE Open July-September 2019 1 - 6 2019.07

Lead author, Accepted

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Sources of variances in personality change during adolescence

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Toshihiko Endo

Personality and Individual Differences 141 182 - 187 2019.04

Lead author, Accepted

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Age and gender differences of academic interest in Japanese adolescents: Data from a baseline survey in a secondary school in Tokyo metropolitan area

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Ichiro Hidaka, Shotaro Umehara

東京大学院教育研究科附属学校教育高度化・効果検証センター研究紀要 4 92 - 106 2019.03

Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution), Joint Work, Lead author

Early childhood social responsiveness predicts the general factor of personality in early adolescence.

Dunkel Curtis S, Van der Linden Dimitri, Kawamoto Tetsuya

Infant and Child Development 2019

Lead author, Accepted

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Why do adolescents show self-destructive behavior?:Comment on MATSUKI and SAITO (2017)

KAWAMOTO Tetsuya

The Japanese journal of adlescent psychology (日本青年心理学会) 30 ( 1 ) 53 - 57 2018

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0915-3349

The General Factor of Personality (GFP) and moral foundations

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Dimitri Van der Linden, Curtis S. Dunkel

PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD) 119 78 - 82 2017.12

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0191-8869

The present study examined whether the General Factor of Personality (GFP) is associated with moral foundations. The GFP represents the shared variance among lower-level personality traits and is assumed to reflect social effectiveness. We compare two contrasting hypotheses regarding the associations between the GFP and moral values. The social effectiveness view suggests relative independence of the two constructs, whereas, based on Life History theory, relevant associations would be expected. Two samples of Japanese adults participated in this study online. The first sample (Sample 1) consisted of 500 Japanese (M = 45.42 years; SD = 8.53; range 20-60; 250 women), and the second sample (Sample 2) of 487 Japanese (M = 41.13 years; SD = 10.08; range 20-60; 244 women). The GFP was found in the HEXACO-60 in Sample 1 and was extracted from the NEO-FFI in Sample 2. Correlational and multiple regression analyses revealed that the GFP was modestly, yet significantly associated with Ingroup/Loyalty which refers to individual differences in trueness, patriotism, and self-abnegations for ones group members. The GFP was not substantially associated with the other moral foundations. These findings indicate the relative independence of the GFP from moral values, which is more congruent to the social effectiveness view. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Secular Trends in the Development of Health-Related Physical Fitness in Japanese Adolescents

川本哲也, 遠藤利彦

発達心理学研究 = The Japanese journal of developmental psychology (日本発達心理学会) 27 ( 4 ) 379 - 394 2016.12

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0915-9029

Cross-sectional age differences in the HEXACO personality: Results from a Japanese sample

Tetsuya Kawamoto

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY (ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE) 62 1 - 5 2016.06

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0092-6566

Little research has been conducted on personality development in non-Western countries. The present study investigated age differences in personality in Japanese middle adults (N = 2000; M = 40.94 years; SD = 5.35, range 30-49; 1000 women). After controlling for educational level, annual income, marital status, and gender, it was found that the level of Emotionality was negatively associated with age. Honesty-Humility, on the other hand, was positively associated with age. However, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness were not associated with the participant age. These findings suggest that trends in personality development may differ slightly between Western and non-Western countries. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Personality Change from Life Experiences: Moderation Effect of Attachment Security

Tetsuya Kawamoto

JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH (WILEY-BLACKWELL) 58 ( 2 ) 218 - 231 2016.04

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0021-5368

This study focused on effects of life experiences on change in personality and moderation effects of attachment security on the life experience influences. With a sample of Japanese university students (N = 1,000; 679 female; M = 19.72; SD = 1.26; age range, 18-25 years), the Big Five personality traits were assessed twice. The assessment interval was 20 weeks. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses revealed that there were large between-individual differences in change and stability of the Big Five personality traits, which were accounted for by the amount of daily positive and negative life experiences during the interval period. Moreover, multi-group HLM analyses indicated that the life experience effects were moderated by participants' attachment security at Time 1. These findings suggest that the accumulation of small daily experiences may work for the personality development of university students and that environmental influences may vary by individual susceptibility to experiences, like attachment security.

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Socioemotional Development through Experiential Activities in University Students : Focusing on Emotion Regulation

川本哲也, 榊原良太, 村木良孝

発達心理学研究 = The Japanese journal of developmental psychology (日本発達心理学会) 27 ( 1 ) 32 - 46 2016.03

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0915-9029

The purpose of this study was to explore University of Tokyo students' socioemotional development in relation to their experiential activities. Participants were 276 university students (164 males, 106 females, 6 unreported). Their mean age at the time of first assessment was 20.46 years (SD＝1.43, Median＝20, range 18–27). Personality traits, sense of coherence, and emotion regulation strategies were assessed, and analyses were conducted for rank-order stability, mean-level change, and individual differences in change of students' personality traits and sense of coherence. The results showed that rank-order stability was relatively high. As for mean-level change, scores for extraversion and sense of coherence increased significantly. In addition, individual differences in changes of these traits were accounted by students' emotion regulation strategies. Specifically, students using more positive reappraisal strategies showed more increase in their extraversion scores. In contrast, students using more acceptance strategies showed more decline in extraversion. These findings indicate that extracurricular activities like experiential activities may have effects on the socioemotional development of university students.

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Development of Japanese version of the long-term mating orientation scale (LTMO-J)

Tetsuya Kawamoto

JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH (WILEY-BLACKWELL) 57 ( 4 ) 323 - 336 2015.10

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0021-5368

The purpose of this study was to validate the 7-item long-term mating orientation scale (LTMO) as translated into Japanese. Two samples of Japanese adults (N=2000; 50.0% male; Mage=40.9 for the first survey; N=300; 54.7% male; Mage=42.4 for the second survey) completed a web-based questionnaire, including the Japanese translation of the LTMO. The results showed that the psychometric properties of the Japanese LTMO scale were comparable to those of the original English version. The scale had adequate reliability based on Cronbach's and McDonald's . Convergent validity was demonstrated by the correlation between the LTMO scores and related variables: human life history strategies, short-term sociosexual orientation, attitude to infidelity, romantic attachment style, and so on. The translated scale provides a valid and reliable instrument in Japanese that measures human mating strategy.

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Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Personality Trait Stability and Change Across Adolescence: Results From a Japanese Twin Sample

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Toshihiko Endo

TWIN RESEARCH AND HUMAN GENETICS (CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS) 18 ( 5 ) 545 - 556 2015.10

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 1832-4274

We examined developmental trends and sources of stability and change in adolescent personality by using twin data collected from 1981 to 2010 (273 monozygotic (MZ) and 48 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs) from a secondary school affiliated with the University of Tokyo. Phenotypic analyses showed high rank-order stability and substantial mean-level increases in neuroticism and declines in extraversion over the adolescent years. Longitudinal bivariate genetic analyses revealed that the best-fitting model for adolescent personality includes additive genetic and non-shared environmental influences. Heritability estimates ranged approximately from 0.30 to 0.60. Additionally, three-year stability in adolescent personality was influenced mainly by genetic factors, and there were both genetic and environmental innovations in mid-adolescence. Our findings suggest that both genetic and environmental effects have significant roles in the etiology of personality development across adolescence.

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Personality change in adolescence: Results from a Japanese sample

Tetsuya Kawamoto, Toshihiko Endo

JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY (ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE) 57 32 - 42 2015.08

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0092-6566

We examined developmental trends in personality traits during adolescence by using data from the secondary school affiliated with the University of Tokyo (N = 3656; range 12-18; 1832 female), collected from 1981 to 2010. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses revealed cumulative mean-level changes in personality averaging approximately 1 SD across adolescence. Scales related to Neuroticism showed linear increases, and those related to Extraversion showed distinct developmental patterns: General Activity and Rhathymia did not change, while Ascendance and Social Extroversion declined. Additionally, we found significant gender and birth cohort effects on personality. Although the intercepts differed according to both factors, the trajectories were different only for the birth cohort. These findings suggest that personality development trajectories differ according to the sociocultural context. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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The translation and validation of the Mini-K scale in Japanese

Tetsuya Kawamoto

JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH (WILEY-BLACKWELL) 57 ( 3 ) 254 - 267 2015.07

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0021-5368

The purpose of this study was to validate the 20-item Mini-K scale, which is the short form of the Arizona Life History Battery, as translated into Japanese. Two samples of Japanese adults (N=2000; 50.0% men; Mage=40.9 for the first survey; N=400; 50.0% men; Mage=42.2 for the second survey) completed a web-based questionnaire, including the Japanese translation of the Mini-K. The results showed that the psychometric properties of the Japanese Mini-K scale were comparable to those of the original English version. The scale had good reliability based on Cronbach's and McDonald's . Convergent validity was demonstrated by the correlation between the Mini-K scores and life history indicators. In addition, the Mini-K score was related to both personality and psychosomatic health. The translated scale provides a valid and reliable instrument in Japanese that measures human life-history strategy.

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Age and Gender Differences of Big Five Personality Traits in a Cross-Sectional Japanese Sample

川本哲也, 小塩真司, 阿部晋吾

発達心理学研究 (日本発達心理学会) 26 ( 2 ) 107 - 122 2015.06

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0915-9029

This study explored the effects of age and gender on the mean levels of Big Five personality traits in Japanese adulthood. The data for the present study were drawn from a large cross-sectional study. The participants were 4,588 adults (2,476 women, M age＝53.5 years, SD age＝12.9, age range: 23–79 years), and the analyzed measure was a Japanese version of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-J; Oshio, Abe, & Cutrone, 2012). Multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine the effects of age, gender, and the interaction between the two on each Big Five scale. Age differences were found suggesting that agreeableness and conscientiousness are positively associated with age. Gender differences were also found suggesting that females have higher levels of extraversion, while males are more open to experience. An Age×Sex effect was confirmed only on neuroticism, indicating that younger females' level of neuroticism is significantly higher than males, but older females' level is lower and is at the same level as males.

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The Association between Emerging Adult Identity and Multiple Social Relationships: Differences among Attachment Styles with Parents, Friends, and Romantic Partners

Kawamoto Tetsuya

JJDP (一般社団法人日本発達心理学会) 26 ( 3 ) 210 - 224 2015

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0915-9029

This study explored the association between multidimensional identity and multiple social relationships in emerging adults. Participants were 385 students (210 men, 175 women, M＝22.4, SD＝2.4, range: 18–29 years). Identity was assessed with the Multidimensional Ego Identity Scale (Tani, 2001). Attachment to their parents, friends, and romantic partners were assessed as the key social relationships of the participants, by the Experiences in Close Relationship Questionnaire-Revised (Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000). The effects of age, gender, and social relationships on each identity dimension were estimated as follows by structural equation modeling. Attachment to parents had an effect on the Self-Sameness and Continuity dimension; age had an effect on the Self Identity dimension; attachment to friends and romantic partners had an effect on the Interpersonal Identity dimension; and age and attachment to friends had an effect on the Psychosocial Identity dimension. These results indicate that the internal aspect of identity is associated with one's relationships to parents, while the social aspect of identity is associated with relationships to friends and romantic partners.

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Cohort Effects on the Development of Performance Intelligence in Adolescence

Kawamoto Tetsuya, Endo Toshihiko

JJDP (一般社団法人日本発達心理学会) 26 ( 2 ) 144 - 157 2015

Lead author, Accepted, ISSN 0915-9029

The purpose of this study was to explore the development of adolescent intelligence and cohort effects on their intelligence. Data for the study were drawn from the archival data of the secondary school attached to the University of Tokyo's Faculty of Education. Participants were 3,841 adolescents (1,920 females, M＝12.21 years, SD＝0.49; range 12–17), and the analyzed measure was the Tanaka B Intelligence Test - New Edition (Tanaka, 1953). Structural change, rank-order stability, and mean-level change of adolescents' intelligence were analyzed. The results showed that the structure of intelligence was highly consistent through adolescence and that rank-order stability was comparable to that found in previous research. As for mean-level change, adolescents' intelligence scores increased linearly and birth cohort had a statistically significant effect on the mean and slope of change. However, the directions of the effects were inconsistent. Later-born cohorts showed an increase of the mean and slope in the perception-related domain. On the other hand, these cohorts also showed a decline in their capacity to grasp the objects' relationships.

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