慶應義塾研究者情報データベース

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• Measurement of Black Carbon in Delhi: Evidences of Regional Transport, Meteorology and Local Sources for Pollution Episodes

  Malik A., Aggarwal S.G., Ohata S., Mori T., Kondo Y., Sinha P.R., Patel P., Kumar B., Singh K., Soni D., Koike M.

  Aerosol and Air Quality Research （Aerosol and Air Quality Research）  22 （ 8 ）  2022年08月

  ISSN  16808584

  　概要を見る

  Measurement of particulate matter (PM) constituent such as black carbon (BC) over urban sites is critically important owing to its adverse health and climate impacts. However, the impacts associated with BC are poorly understood primarily because of the scarcity and uncertainties of measurements of BC. Here, we present BC measurement at an urban site of Delhi using a characterized continuous soot monitoring system (COSMOS) for a year-long period, i.e., from September, 2019 to August, 2020. This measurement period covers events, i.e., period of crop residue burnings from nearby states, festive events, e.g., Diwali and New Year, and first COVID-19 lockdown period. Effects of these events combining with local emissions and meteorological conditions on BC mass concentration (MBC) are investigated to find the possible cause of severe pollution levels in Delhi. Mean MBC for the complete observation period was found to be 5.02 ± 4.40 µg m–3. MBC showed significant seasonal as well diurnal variations. Winter season (December to February) is observed to be the most polluted season owing to increased local emissions and non-favorable meteorological conditions. Regional emission from crop burning in nearby states during October and November is the main contributing factor for increased pollution in this post-monsoon season. Furthermore, analysis reveals that cracker burning during festivals can also be considered as contributing factor to high MBC for a short period in post-monsoon and winter seasons. Significant decrease in MBC due to COVID-19 lockdown is also observed. MBC in summer and monsoon are lower as compared to other seasons but are still higher than mean MBC levels in several other urban cities of different countries. Also, the BC data obtained from nearby sites and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications-version 2 (MERRA-2)’s surface black carbon (SBC) are compared against the MBC to evaluate coherency among the different datasets, and discussed in detail.

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• Contrasting source contributions of Arctic black carbon to atmospheric concentrations, deposition flux, and atmospheric and snow radiative effects

  Matsui H., Mori T., Ohata S., Moteki N., Oshima N., Goto-Azuma K., Koike M., Kondo Y.

  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics （Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics）  22 （ 13 ） 8989 - 9009 2022年07月

  ISSN  16807316

  　概要を見る

  Black carbon (BC) particles in the Arctic contribute to rapid warming of the Arctic by heating the atmosphere and snow and ice surfaces. Understanding the source contributions to Arctic BC is therefore important, but they are not well understood, especially those for atmospheric and snow radiative effects. Here we estimate simultaneously the source contributions of Arctic BC to near-surface and vertically integrated atmospheric BC mass concentrations (MBC-SRF and MBC-COL), BC deposition flux (MBC-DEP), and BC radiative effects at the top of the atmosphere and snow surface (REBC-TOA and REBC-SNOW) and show that the source contributions to these five variables are highly different. In our estimates, Siberia makes the largest contribution to MBC-SRF, MBC-DEP, and REBC-SNOW in the Arctic (defined as >70° N), accounting for 70 %, 53 %, and 41 %, respectively. In contrast, Asia's contributions to MBC-COL and REBC-TOA are largest, accounting for 37 % and 43 %, respectively. In addition, the contributions of biomass burning sources are larger (29 %-35 %) to MBC-DEP, REBC-TOA, and REBC-SNOW, which are highest from late spring to summer, and smaller (5.9 %-17 %) to MBC-SRF and MBC-COL, whose concentrations are highest from winter to spring. These differences in source contributions to these five variables are due to seasonal variations in BC emission, transport, and removal processes and solar radiation, as well as to differences in radiative effect efficiency (radiative effect per unit BC mass) among sources. Radiative effect efficiency varies by a factor of up to 4 among sources (1471-5326 W g-1) depending on lifetimes, mixing states, and heights of BC and seasonal variations of emissions and solar radiation. As a result, source contributions to radiative effects and mass concentrations (i.e., REBC-TOA and MBC-COL, respectively) are substantially different. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering differences in the source contributions of Arctic BC among mass concentrations, deposition, and atmospheric and snow radiative effects for accurate understanding of Arctic BC and its climate impacts.

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• Classification of aerosol-cloud interaction regimes over Tokyo

  Misumi R., Uji Y., Miura K., Mori T., Tobo Y., Iwamoto Y.

  Atmospheric Research （Atmospheric Research）  272 2022年07月

  ISSN  01698095

  　概要を見る

  Previous studies on the aerosol indirect effect have demonstrated that there are three regimes (aerosol-limited, updraft-limited, and transitional regimes). However, this classification of regimes has not been widely used in field observations as it requires measurements of updraft or supersaturation near the cloud base (Smax), which are not easy to perform. In this study, we attempted to classify the regimes using the effective supersaturation (Seff) which is relatively easy to estimate by matching cloud droplet number concentration (Nc) and supersaturation spectra of cloud condensation nuclei. Parcel model simulations were performed to examine the suitability of Seff as a proxy for Smax. Further, 35 low-level cloud cases observed around 458 m over Tokyo were classified into three regimes. In the aerosol-limited regime, Nc increased more rapidly with an increment of aerosols than in the other two regimes, indicating that the regime classification using Seff was sufficiently robust. The aerosol-limited regime in Tokyo appeared frequently when northerly winds prevailed, indicating the impact of local pollution sources around Tokyo on the aerosol cloud interaction. The results imply that anthropogenic aerosol emissions affect the climate of Tokyo.

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• Wetting properties of fresh urban soot particles: Evaluation based on critical supersaturation and observation of surface trace materials

  Ueda S., Mori T., Iwamoto Y., Ushikubo Y., Miura K.

  Science of the Total Environment （Science of the Total Environment）  811 2022年03月

  ISSN  00489697

  　概要を見る

  Soot particles strongly absorb solar radiation and contribute to global warming. Also, wetting properties of soot at emission can affect its lifetime. We investigated surface conditions related to wetting and hydrophobic properties of fresh soot using data from measurements taken in Tokyo. A cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter was used to clarify surface conditions of particles composed mainly of water-insoluble (WI) materials: total and active particles as CCN around critical supersaturation (Sc) of 203-nm-diameter WI particles. Averaged number fractions of inactivated particles as CCN at 1.05% supersaturation (SS), which is Sc of hydrophilic WI particles, were estimated as 1.4%. Number fractions of inactive particles changed less at 1.78%SS during rush hour and increased at 0.89%SS, implying that most of the WI particles included small amounts of water-soluble (WS) materials rather than being completely hydrophobic. Based on transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis of samples collected during rush hour, 69% of the mostly bare soot particles had Na or K small domains that are regarded as originating in fossil fuels. Based on water dialysis analysis results, some Na and K on soot were WS. Combination results with CCN measurements suggest that these WS materials decrease the Sc of soot. Moreover, the morphological structure of sulfate covering Na and K domains on the soot surface implicates pre-existing sodium and potassium compounds on soot as a trigger of soot aging. However, inactive particles at Sc at poor-hydrophilic particles and soot particles composed solely of WI materials on TEM samples were also found, although they were minor. Such particles, which are unfavorable for obtaining a wettable surface, might retain non-hygroscopicity for a longer period in the atmosphere. Evaluation of long-range soot transport can benefit from consideration of slight and inhomogeneous differences of chemical compounds on soot that occur along with their emission.

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• Estimates of mass absorption cross sections of black carbon for filter-based absorption photometers in the Arctic

  Ohata S., Mori T., Kondo Y., Sharma S., Hyvärinen A., Andrews E., Tunved P., Asmi E., Backman J., Servomaa H., Veber D., Eleftheriadis K., Vratolis S., Krejci R., Zieger P., Koike M., Kanaya Y., Yoshida A., Moteki N., Zhao Y., Tobo Y., Matsushita J., Oshima N.

  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques （Atmospheric Measurement Techniques）  14 （ 10 ） 6723 - 6748 2021年10月

  ISSN  18671381

  　概要を見る

  Long-Term measurements of atmospheric mass concentrations of black carbon (BC) are needed to investigate changes in its emission, transport, and deposition. However, depending on instrumentation, parameters related to BC such as aerosol absorption coefficient (babs) have been measured instead. Most ground-based measurements of babs in the Arctic have been made by filter-based absorption photometers, including particle soot absorption photometers (PSAPs), continuous light absorption photometers (CLAPs), Aethalometers, and multi-Angle absorption photometers (MAAPs). The measured babs can be converted to mass concentrations of BC (MBC) by assuming the value of the mass absorption cross section (MAC; MBCCombining double low lineg babs/g MAC). However, the accuracy of conversion of babs to MBC has not been adequately assessed. Here, we introduce a systematic method for deriving MAC values from babs measured by these instruments and independently measured MBC. In this method, MBC was measured with a filter-based absorption photometer with a heated inlet (COSMOS). COSMOS-derived MBC (MBC (COSMOS)) is traceable to a rigorously calibrated single particle soot photometer (SP2), and the absolute accuracy of MBC (COSMOS) has been demonstrated previously to be about 15g % in Asia and the Arctic. The necessary conditions for application of this method are a high correlation of the measured babs with independently measured MBC and long-Term stability of the regression slope, which is denoted as MACcor (MAC derived from the correlation). In general, babs-MBC (COSMOS) correlations were high (r2Combining double low lineg 0.76-0.95 for hourly data) at Alert in Canada, Ny-Ålesund in Svalbard, Barrow (NOAA Barrow Observatory) in Alaska, Pallastunturi in Finland, and Fukue in Japan and stable for up to 10 years. We successfully estimated MACcor values (10.8-15.1g m2g g-1 at a wavelength of 550g nm for hourly data) for these instruments, and these MACcor values can be used to obtain error-constrained estimates of MBC from babs measured at these sites even in the past, when COSMOS measurements were not made. Because the absolute values of MBC at these Arctic sites estimated by this method are consistent with each other, they are applicable to the study of spatial and temporal variation in MBC in the Arctic and to evaluation of the performance of numerical model calculations.

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• 帯電した化学種ごとの数濃度の測定手法の確立と実大気観測による動態解明

  森, 樹大

  学事振興資金研究成果実績報告書 （慶應義塾大学）  2022年

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• ブラックカーボンの帯電状態の測定法の開発とその変動要因の観測的解明

  2024年04月

  -

  2027年03月

  森 樹大, 基盤研究(C), 補助金,  研究代表者

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• 自然科学実験

  2024年度

• 応用化学実験Ｃ

  2024年度

• 自然科学実験

  2023年度

• 応用化学実験Ｃ

  2023年度

• 自然科学実験

  2022年度

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