研究者詳細 - 荒井　規允

論文 - 荒井　規允

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準一次元閉じ込め系におけるコレステリック液晶が形成する自己集合構造に関する散逸粒子動力学シミュレーション

辻之上弘晃, 野澤拓磨, 高橋和義, 荒井規允

日本機械学会関東支部総会講演会講演論文集（一般社団法人日本機械学会） 2021.27 （ 0 ） 10C14 2021年

研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）, 査読有り

Blue phases (BPs) are three-dimensional self-assembly structures of liquid crystals with a lattice of line defects. They have attracted considerable interest as the potential in next generation displays. It is well known that BPs occur in cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) under certain thermodynamic conditions. However, previous studies have indicated that confining surfaces may induce distinctive structural changes. For example, a quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) confinement system was investigated with the aid of numerical calculations, and a stable Q2D Skyrmion structure was attained. In this study, we investigated the CLC phase behavior at the molecular scale for a quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) nanotube system using molecular simulations. We observed the various morphological behaviors of CLCs by changing the temperature and the radius of nanotube. Specially, we discovered a self-assembly structures with cylindrical defects rather than lines by introducing a novel local orientation analysis. Our results show that the self-assembly of CLCs offers a guide to control the intensity in one-dimensional confinement and fundamental knowledge for application to optical devices.

Structure and Shear Response of Janus Colloid-Polymer Mixtures in Solution

Kobayashi Yusei, Arai Noriyoshi, Nikoubashman Arash

LANGMUIR （Langmuir） 36 （ 47 ） 14214 - 14223 2020年12月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 査読有り, ISSN 0743-7463

We investigate the structure and rheological properties of dilute colloid-polymer mixtures at rest and under shear via molecular simulations that take into account hydrodynamic interactions. Mixtures of amphiphilic Janus colloids (JCs) and hydrophobic/amphiphilic polymers are considered for various solvent qualities and polymer concentrations. Free polymers, small polymer droplets, and hybrid aggregates coexist in mixtures with slightly hydrophobic homopolymers. As the solvent quality worsens, all polymers aggregate into small droplets, covered and stabilized by the JCs. In mixtures with amphiphilic polymers, we observe the coexistence of free polymers, purely polymeric micelles, and hybrid aggregates. At low shear rates, all mixtures exhibit a Newtonian-like response with intrinsic shear viscosities that are up to 2 times as large as of pure suspensions of nonadsorbing colloids at the same concentration. Furthermore, the mean aggregation number increases slightly due to the flow-enhanced collision of aggregates. At larger shear rates, however, the aggregates break up, the polymers align in the flow direction, and the mixtures exhibit shear-thinning. This shear-induced breakup occurs at stronger shear compared to pure JC suspensions, indicating that the adsorbed polymers reinforce the hybrid aggregates.

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Effect of the Janus Amphiphilic Wall on the Viscosity Behavior of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions.

Tsujinoue H, Kobayashi Y, Arai N

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids （Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids） 36 （ 36 ） 10690 - 10698 2020年09月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 0743-7463

The effects of the chemical nature of an interface are one of the key parameters which can affect self-assembly and rheological behavior. To date, several studies have reported self-assembled structures and rheological behaviors in the development of various functional materials. In this study, we investigated the self-assembly and viscosity behavior of aqueous surfactant solutions confined in three types of Janus amphiphilic nanotubes (JANTs), which have two, four, and eight sequential domains, respectively, using molecular simulation. We found that the viscosity behavior depends on the surfactant concentration and the chemical nature of the wall surface. For instance, although the concentration levels of the surfactants are the same (c = 10%), completely different viscosity behaviors were observed in the two sequential domains (Newtonian-like) and the four and eight sequential domains (strong shear-thinning) of the JANTs. Our simulations demonstrated how the rheological properties of aqueous surfactant solutions, including viscosity and velocity profiles, can be controlled by the chemical nature of the JANT wall surface, effect of confinement, and their self-assembly structures. Considering the foregoing, we hope that our study offers new knowledge on nanofluid systems.

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Cylindrical defect structures formed by chiral nematic liquid crystals in quasi-one-dimensional systems.

Tsujinoue H, Nozawa T, Arai N

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP （Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics） 22 （ 29 ） 16896 - 16904 2020年08月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 1463-9076

© the Owner Societies. Blue phases are three-dimensional self-assembly structures of liquid crystals with a lattice of line defects. They have attracted considerable interest as photonic materials. It is well known that blue phases occur in cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs) under certain thermodynamic conditions; however, recent studies have indicated that confining surfaces may induce distinctive structural changes. For example, in a previous study, a quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) confinement system was investigated with the aid of numerical calculations, and a stable Q2D Skyrmion structure was attained. Here, we performed molecular simulations to investigate the CLC phase behavior at the molecular scale for a quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) nanotube system. Various morphological behaviors of CLCs were observed by changing the temperature and the radius of the nanotubes. In particular, we discovered a self-assembled structure with cylindrical (or ring-like) defects rather than lines by introducing a novel local orientation analysis. Our simulation results show that the self-assembly of CLCs offers a guide to control the intensity in Q1D systems and fundamental knowledge for their application to optical devices. This journal is

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A biointerface effect on the self-assembly of ribonucleic acids: a possible mechanism of RNA polymerisation in the self-replication cycle

Arai N., Kobayashi Y., Yasuoka K.

Nanoscale （Nanoscale） 12 （ 12 ） 6691 - 6698 2020年03月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 2040-3364

Despite decades of intensive research, many questions remain on the formation and growth of the first cells on Earth. Here, we used computer simulation to compare the self-assembly process of ribonucleic acids in two environments: enclosed in a vesicle-cell membrane and in the bulk. The self-assembly was found to be more favoured in the former environment, and the origin of such a biointerface effect was identified. These results will contribute to a better understanding of the origin of life on the primitive Earth.

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Performance of Coarse Graining in Estimating Polymer Properties: Comparison with the Atomistic Model

Miwatani Ryota, Takahashi Kazuaki Z., Arai Noriyoshi

POLYMERS （Polymers） 12 （ 2 ） 382 - 382 2020年02月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

© 2020 by the authors. Combining atomistic and coarse-grained (CG) models is a promising approach for quantitative prediction of polymer properties. However, the gaps between the length and time scales of atomistic and CG models still need to be bridged. Here, the scale gaps of the atomistic model of polyethylene melts, the bead-spring Kremer-Grest model, and dissipative particle dynamics with the slip-spring model were investigated. A single set of spatial and temporal scaling factors was determined between the atomistic model and each CG model. The results of the CG models were rescaled using the set of scaling factors and compared with those of the atomistic model. For each polymer property, a threshold value indicating the onset of static or dynamic universality of polymers was obtained. The scaling factors also revealed the computational efficiency of each CG model with respect to the atomistic model. The performance of the CG models of polymers was systematically evaluated in terms of both the accuracy and computational efficiency.

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Structure and dynamics of amphiphilic Janus spheres and spherocylinders under shear

Kobayashi Yusei, Arai Noriyoshi, Nikoubashman Arash

SOFT MATTER （Soft Matter） 16 （ 2 ） 476 - 486 2020年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 1744-683X

This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry. We study the structure formation and flow properties of colloidal dispersions comprised of Janus spheres, Janus spherocylinders, and their mixtures, using hybrid molecular dynamics simulations that take into account hydrodynamic interactions. We systematically vary the Janus balance and the shape anisotropy of the particles, and explore a range of colloid volume fractions in the liquid regime of the phase diagram. At rest, Janus spheres with small hydrophobic patches form spherical micelles for all investigated colloid concentrations. In contrast, Janus spheres with an entirely hydrophobic hemisphere aggregate to larger worm-like micelles and network-like structures. Janus spherocylinders exhibit a similar self-assembly behavior. At small and intermediate shear, we observe deformation and rearrangement of the micelles, accompanied by a Newtonian-like rheology with slightly higher shear viscosity compared to homoparticle dispersions at the same concentration. As the shear rate is increased further, the micelles eventually break up into small dimers and free particles, causing a distinct shear-thinning of the dispersions. The network-like structures exhibit a similar flow behavior at high shear rates, but for weak shear we find an almost threefold increase of the shear viscosity and a distinct shear-thinning behavior due to the fracturing of the intertwined networks. In general, we identify a strong correlation between the size of the aggregates and the rheology of the dispersions, allowing for the determination of dynamic properties solely based on structural information.

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界面活性剤水溶液およびコロイド懸濁液における自己集合と流動ダイナミクス

小林祐生, 荒井規允

混相流（日本混相流学会） 34 （ 1 ） 11 - 18 2020年

研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 0914-2843

In recent years, self-assembly of complex fluids has received considerable attention in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Self-assembly is involved in various functional materials that are widely used in industry and there is a strong relationship between self-assembled structures and specific functions. Hence, the understanding and controlling of the self-assembly controlling of complex fluids is important and a useful process in materials chemistry and engineering. In this paper, the recent developments on studies of the structure formation and flow properties of amphiphilic molecules and Janus colloids in solution, using coarse-grained simulation that takes into account hydrodynamic interactions are reviewed. We first briefly introduce the dissipative particle dynamics method and discuss in detail the self-assembly behavior and viscosity properties of surfactant aqueous solution in nanotubes. Following this, we describe another simulation method in which solvent particles are modeled explicitly as point particles, which is the so-called "the multi-particle collision dynamics (MPCD)". The relation between the structural and rheological properties of Janus colloids in solution, using molecular dynamics simulations coupled to MPCD is reported. In general, the shear viscosity of the dispersion correlates strongly with the size of the aggregates not aggregates shape. These results allow us to determine the dynamic properties solely based on structural information.

最近の研究から「散逸粒子動力学シミュレーションによる両親媒性テトラポッド型ナノ粒子の自己集合制御」

荒木雄介, 荒井規允

アンサンブル（分子シミュレーション学会） 22 （ 1 ） 55 - 60 2020年

研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）, 査読有り, ISSN 1884-6750

近年，合成技術の発達によって様々な形状や表面を有すナノ粒子の作製が可能となった．そのようなナノ粒子は複雑な自己集合構造を示すことが報告されている．ナノ粒子の自己集合の制御や予測は，分子レベルからの機能性材料の設計に必要不可欠である．本研究では，両親媒性テトラポッド型ナノ粒子に着目し，腕の長さや親水/疎水比が自己集合へどのような影響を及ぼすか，散逸粒子動力学シミュレーションによって調べた．

Self-assembly of spheroidal triblock Janus nanoparticle solutions in nanotubes

Kobayashi Y., Inokuchi T., Nishimoto A., Arai N.

Molecular Systems Design and Engineering （Molecular Systems Design and Engineering） 4 （ 1 ） 122 - 132 2019年02月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 2058-9689

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. We have performed coarse-grained molecular simulations to investigate the morphologies and phase diagrams of self-assembled spheroidal triblock Janus nanoparticles (JNPs) confined in nanotubes. Nanoparticles exhibit several unique behaviours through shape changes, such as high thermal conductivity in heat pipes, high strength of binding avidity in ligand-receptor interactions, high amounts of uptake between cells during endocytosis processes, and so on. In this study, we focus on the effect of shape on self-assembled structures or phases within nanospaces. We derived qualitative phase diagrams of axial pressure versus the ratio of the diameter of the nanoparticles and nanotubes. Two distinct types of nanotube walls and three types of JNP shapes were considered: hydrophobic and hydrophilic walls, and NP aspect ratios of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5. We observed diverse morphologies in spheroidal JNP solutions, many of which have not been observed before in bulk solutions. We also compared the self-assembled structures of spherical triblock JNPs. By increasing the aspect ratio of the NPs, clusters of unique structures, such as tripods, tetrapods, and hexapods, were formed. Moreover, we found that an increase in the value of the aspect ratio leads to a shift in the multilayer toroidal stacking phases to a weaker confinement effect. The self-assembly behaviours of the spheroidal JNPs can be qualitatively predicted based on the chemical nature of the nanotube walls and shapes of the JNPs.

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Self-assembly of spheroidal triblock Janus nanoparticle solutions in nanotube

Y Kobayashi, T. Inokuchi, A. Nishimoto, N. Arai

Molecular Systems Design and Engineering 4 122 - 132 2019年02月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り

Polymodal rheological behaviors induced by self-assembly of surfactants confined in nanotubes

Kobayashi Y., Arai N.

Journal of Molecular Liquids （Journal of Molecular Liquids） 274 328 - 337 2019年01月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 単著, 査読有り, ISSN 01677322

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Self-assembly is currently one of the most studied branches of materials chemistry, and has attracted a lot of attention due to its diverse potential applications in electronics, engineering, biomedical, and optical fields. Thus far, many previous studies have reported on the self-assembly of surfactants for developing various functional materials. In this study, we focus on the chemical nature of the wall surface as a critical parameter which can drastically change the self-assembled structure. We have studied the rheological properties of surfactant solutions in chemically distinct nanotubes using a computer simulation. Graphs of the Weissenberg number (Wi) versus the viscosity (η) in hydrophilic, hydroneutral, and hydrophobic nanotubes at different concentrations of surfactant were derived. We found that differences in the viscosity can be obtained depending on the chemical nature of the wall surface, even in systems without surfactant molecules. With the surfactant molecules, characteristic viscosity behaviors were observed with rich steady-state morphologies. For example, although the concentration of the surfactant is the same (c = 30%), completely different viscosity behaviors were observed in hydrophilic (shear-thinning) and hydrophobic (shear-thickening) nanotubes. Our simulations offer a guide to controlling the rheological properties of surfactant aqueous solutions by altering the chemical nature of the wall surface and elucidating the effects of confinement, the concentration of the surfactant aqueous solution, and the self-assembled structure.

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Polymorphic transitions mediated by surfactants in liquid crystal nanodroplet

Tsujinoue H., Inokuchi T., Arai N.

Liquid Crystals （Liquid Crystals） 46 （ 9 ） 1428 - 1439 2019年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 02678292

© 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Recently, various techniques have been developed using photonic crystals. Liquid crystals (LC) confined in a nanodroplet mimicked photonic crystals, such as those of opal. Therefore, investigating the phase behaviour of LC molecules in nanodroplets is very important in the next-generation optical field. In this study, the chemical interaction between surfactants and LCs in nanodroplets is reproduced using a dissipative particle dynamics method. We identify the phase behaviour of LCs and investigate how the chemical interaction affect on the orientation of LCs. In particular, by adding surfactant molecules, various morphological behaviours were observed in the LC nanodroplet. The phase transition temperature varied depending on RND (amount of surfactant molecules). Furthermore, difference of the self-assembly structure also appeared inside the droplet depending on RND. Our simulation offers a theoretical guide to control morphologies of self-assembled LCs inside a nanodroplet, a novel system that may find applications in nanofluidic devices or in photonic crystal technology.

Dissociation effect of non-covalent bond for morphological behavior of triblock copolymers: a dissipative particle dynamics study

Y Araki, N Arai

Chemical Engineering Communications, 1-13 （Chemical Engineering Communications） 208 （ 1 ） 1 - 13 2019年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 0098-6445

© 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. The nanophase separation structure produced by block polymers is used for highly functional materials and has been studied for 50 years. In recent years, researchers have shown interest in introducing non-covalent bonds, such as hydrogen bonds and metal–ligand bonds, to polymers. The non-covalent bond dissociates or recombines in response to physical conditions, including temperature and concentration. The non-covalent bond freely controls the phase separation structure, namely, the physical properties of the polymer material. However, various interactions are involved in the formation process, for example, polymer–polymer, polymer–solvent, bonding and bending in the polymer. To control the self-assembled structure, it is necessary to understand the influence of the non-covalent bond at the molecular level. In this study, we investigated the effect of the non-covalent bond on a stage of phase separation immediately after dissociation (early-stage) of self-assembled morphologies by introducing the binding site to the triblock polymers. Various stable morphologies, including lamellar, lamellar with a grain boundary, and pre-lamellar, were observed by changing the positions of the non-covalent bond, their dissociation ratio, and the initial configurations. Moreover, we calculated the radial distribution function and static structure factor to identify the structural features. The results suggested that the early-stage of self-assembled morphology in polymer melt could be controlled by the position of the non-covalent bond and its dissociation ratio.

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Replica exchange dissipative particle dynamics method on threadlike micellar aqueous solutions

Y Kobayashi, K Nomura, T Kaneko, N Arai

Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 32 (11), 115901 （Journal of Physics Condensed Matter） 32 （ 11 ） 115901 2019年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 0953-8984

© 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. The self-assembly of surfactant molecules can spontaneously result in a variety of micelle morphologies, such as spherical micelles, threadlike micelles, and vesicles, and it is therefore crucial to predict and control the self-assembly to achieve a helpful process in the fields of materials chemistry and engineering. A dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method used in a coarse-grained molecular simulation is applied to simulate various self-assembling soft matter systems because it can handle greater length and time scales than a typical molecular dynamics simulation (MD). It should be noted that the thorough sampling of a system is not assured at low temperatures because of large complex systems with coarse-grained representations. In this article, we demonstrate that the replica exchange method (REM) is very effective for even a DPD in which the energy barrier is comparatively lower than that of a MD. A replica exchange on DPD (REDPD) simulation for threadlike micellar aqueous solutions was conducted, and the values of the potential energy and the mean aggregation number were compared. As a result, the correct values and a self-assembled structure within a low-temperature range can only be obtained through the REDPD.

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Programmed self-assembly of tetrapod nanoparticles with an amphiphilic surface pattern: the effect of arm length and hydrophobic ratio

Y Araki, Y Kobayashi, N Arai

Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 4 (6), 1095-1102 （Molecular Systems Design and Engineering） 4 （ 6 ） 1095 - 1102 2019年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 2058-9689

© 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry. We studied the self-assembly processes and morphologies of tetrapod nanoparticle solutions using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. Composite-shaped nanoparticles, such as a tetrapod model with an amphiphilic surface pattern, were also synthesised experimentally. We programmed nanoparticle self-assembly using the DPD results at various values of the hydrophobic ratio (HR) and arm length (AL). Considering these two parameters, we observed the self-assembly processes and morphologies in a tetrapod nanoparticle solution. As a result, it was found that the HR and AL of tetrapod nanoparticles were effective parameters for controlling their self-assembly processes or structures under equilibrium. In this study, we programmed the AL or HR parameters, and we report their influences on self-assembly. Our simulations offer a guide to controlling the morphologies of self-assembled tetrapod nanoparticles, which constitute novel systems that may find applications in nanofluidic devices.

Predominant factor determining thermal conductivity behavior of nanofluid: Effect of cluster structures with various nanoparticles

Y Kobayashi, N Arai

Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166 (9), B3223-B3227 （Journal of the Electrochemical Society） 166 （ 9 ） B3223 - B3227 2019年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 0013-4651

© The Author(s) 2019. Despite several research efforts, the detailed mechanism that dominates the thermal conductivity of nanofluids has not been explained. We investigated the effect of the chemical surface design of NPs (hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance of the NPs containing Janus surface) and verified the influence of their self–assembled structures on the thermal conductivity of a nanofluid using molecular simulation. When hydrophobic (HO) NPs are added to a nanofluid, they only form one large cluster because they do not prefer to be in contact with water molecules. Hence, an increment in the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid added with HO NPs was observed. On the contrary, the mean cluster size of Janus NPs was limited because of their limited HO superficial areas (attractive domains). Hence, an increment in the enhancement ratio of thermal conductivity was not observed even when the volume fraction of the NPs (φNP) was increased. Thus, our results demonstrate that the mean cluster size of NPs is the key factor for thermal conductivity enhancement. In addition, this study reveals that it is possible to control the thermal conductivity of nanofluids (or the mean cluster size of Janus NPs) using Janus NPs with surfaces designed using anisotropic chemical interactions.

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Predicting molecular ordering in a binary liquid crystal using machine learning

T Inokuchi, R Okamoto, N Arai

Liquid Crystals, 1-11 （Liquid Crystals） 47 （ 3 ） 438 - 448 2019年

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 共著, 査読有り, ISSN 0267-8292

© 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. Machine learning is a category of AI technology that is utilized in the product development cycle in numerous industries. It was reported that machine learning can be applied to predict the chemical properties of functional materials, for example, the self-assembly of surfactant solutions (Nanoscale, 2018, 10, 16013) and the chemical reactions of copper nanoparticles (ACS Energy Lett., 2018, 3, 2983). A liquid crystal (LC) molecule is a representative functional material. Monodisperse systems have been targeted in many theoretical studies; however, the resulting products usually have a polydisperse distribution. It has been reported in several studies that the properties exhibited by polydisperse systems are different from those observed in monodisperse systems. In this study, we focus on the physical properties of polydisperse systems i.e. the ratio of binary LC molecules on the phase transition temperature and the possibility of predicting the physical properties of the system using machine learning. A relatively high prediction accuracy was obtained using machine learning. This study demonstrates that machine learning can be utilized to predict the phase transition temperature of polydispersed LC systems. The results of this study will contribute to the further development of material science and molecular design via the application of machine learning.

散逸粒子動力学（DPD）法を用いたソフトマターの分子シミュレーション

荒井規允

可視化情報学会誌（社団法人可視化情報学会） 39 （ 154 ） 19 - 25 2019年

研究論文（研究会，シンポジウム資料等）, 単著, 査読有り, ISSN 0916-4731

近年，コンピュータシミュレーション技術の発達によって，これまで取り扱うことのできなかった様々なシステムの再現，可視化が行われるようになってきた．散逸粒子動力学(DPD)法は分子シミュレーションの一種だが，原子や分子をある程度一纏めとして扱うことで，従来の分子シミュレーションよりも大きな時空間スケールの現象を再現できる．本稿では，DPD法の歴史，アルゴリズムを簡単に説明したあと，これまで筆者が対象としてきたいくつかのソフトマター材料(界面活性剤，ナノ粒子，液晶，高分子膜・生体膜)に対するDPDシミュレーションについて紹介する．

Water permeation in polymeric membranes: Mechanism and synthetic strategy for water-inhibiting functional polymers

Araki Y., Kobayashi Y., Kawaguchi T., Kaneko T., Arai N.

Journal of Membrane Science （Journal of Membrane Science） 564 184 - 192 2018年10月

研究論文（学術雑誌）, 単著, 査読有り, ISSN 03767388

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. The prediction and control of penetration in a polymeric membrane is of critical importance in green chemistry and energy technology, including gas separation, water purification, and desalination. We performed molecular simulations of water transport through a polymeric membrane to clarify the key factors that dominate water permeation. The effects of additives and chemical interaction (solubility) on water inhibition were investigated. We found that additives reduce water permeability into the membrane. Upon incorporation of the additive, strength of coordination of water molecules near the membrane surface increases. Thus, the penetration frequency of water molecules into the membrane decreases. It is suggested that the local environment near the membrane surface plays a significant role in controlling water permeability. In order to gain deeper insights into the polymer design, we discussed the chemical interaction (solubility) parameter change between polymer chains and additives. Using a repulsive chemical species of a polymer chain for additives can lead to higher water inhibition. The ability to control water permeability into the membrane by polymer design can be exploited for applications in water separation technology.

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