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APO Productivity Databook 2015

Koji Nomura and Fukunari Kimura, Asian Productivity Organization, Keio University Press, 2015.09, Page： 150

The Databook 2015 is the eighth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. The focus of the Databook is on long-term analysis. This is achieved by examining a country’s economic growth and productivity performance, as well as the sources and industry origins of the growth. This complete analysis provides readers with a more comprehensive description and comparison of a given country’s economic structure and characteristics. Baseline indicators on economic growth and labor productivity are calculated for 30 Asian economies, representing the 20 APO member economies and the 10 non-member economies in Asia. This edition covers the period from 1970 to 2013. The APO20 includes: Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The 10 non-member economies in Asia are: the People’s Republic of China (China), the Kingdom of Bhutan (Bhutan) – newly covered in this edition, Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies.

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APO Productivity Databook 2014

Koji Nomura and Fukunari Kimura, Asian Productivity Organization, Keio University Press, 2014.09

Scope: pp.1-137

This is the seventh edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. The focus of the Databook is on long-term analysis. This is achieved by examining a country’s economic growth and productivity performance, as well as the sources and industry origins of the growth. This complete analysis provides readers with a more comprehensive description and comparison of a given country’s economic structure and characteristics. Baseline indicators on economic growth and labor productivity are calculated for 29 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization (APO20) member economies and nine non-member economies in Asia. This edition covers the period 1970–2012. The APO20 include: Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. The nine non-member economies in Asia are: the People’s Republic of China (China), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). These two groups combine to make the Asia29. In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies.

APO Productivity Databook 2013

Koji Nomura, Fukunari Kimura and Eunice Y. M. Lau, Asian Productivity Organization, Keio University Press, 2013.07, Page： 136

This is the sixth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. Productivity analysis will allow valuable insights into the long-term growth potential of an economy. With a focus on long-term analysis, the APO Productivity Databook not only looks at a country’s productivity performance, but also its economic composition and sources of growth in order to provide readers with a more comprehensive description and comparison of a given country’s economic structure and characteristics.
　Baseline indicators are calculated for 29 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization (APO) member economies (referred to as the APO20) – Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam, and nine non-member economies in Asia – the People’s Republic of China (China), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In addition, Australia, the European Union (EU), Turkey, and the United States (US) are included as reference economies. Turkey has been newly included in this edition as a reference country. This edition covers the period 1970–2011.
　New developments for the upgrading of statistics systems in APO member economies have resulted in Malaysia and Hong Kong publishing their accounts based on the 2008 SNA in May 2012 and September 2012, respectively. In May 2011, the Philippines published its new accounts based on the 1993 SNA and elements of the 2008 SNA. While there are movements toward upgrading the SNA, some countries, such as Cambodia and Indonesia, have still not fully introduced the 1993 SNA. The different statuses of SNA adaptions among the member economies can result in discrepancies between data definitions and coverage, calling for data harmonization in order to perform comparative productivity analyses. This Databook project tries to reconcile the national accounts variations that are based on the different concepts and definitions, and provide harmonized estimates for international comparison.

APO Productivity Databook 2012

Koji Nomura and Eunice Y. M. Lau, Asian Productivity Organization, Keio University Press, 2012.07, Page： 136

This is the fifth edition in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a long-term cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian economies in relation to global and regional economies. Baseline indicators are calculated for 29 Asian economies, representing the 20 Asian Productivity Organization (APO) member economies (referred to as the APO20) – Bangladesh, Cambodia, the Republic of China (hereafter ROC), Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, the Islamic Republic of Iran (hereafter Iran), Japan, the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea), the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (hereafter Lao PDR), Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam, and nine non-member economies in Asia – the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (hereafter GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (hereafter UAE). In addition, as reference economies, the United States (US), the European Union (EU), and Australia are included. This edition covers the period 1970–2010.
The productivity measures in this report are based on the estimates developed for the APO Productivity Database project conducted since September 2007 as a joint research effort between the APO and the Keio Economic Observatory (KEO), Keio University. The concepts of the estimates in this edition are mainly based on the System of National Accounts in 1993 (1993 SNA). In this edition, some significant revisions on the national accounts were incorporated. Observing new developments for upgrading of statistics systems in APO member economies, in December 2011, Thailand newly published its national accounts based on the 1993 SNA, and Japan published its national accounts with the new benchmark year 2005, which has considerable impacts on its gross domestic product (GDP). In August 2011, the Philippines published its new national accounts based on the 1993 SNA and partly on the 2008 SNA. While there are movements toward upgrading the SNA, some countries, such as Cambodia and Indonesia, still have not fully introduced the 1993 SNA. The variations of data definitions and coverage occur due to these different statuses of SNA adaptions among the member economies, calling for data harmonization for performing comparative productivity analyses. This Databook project tries to reconcile the national accounts variations that are based on the different concepts and definitions to provide harmonized estimates for international comparison.
To analyze the overall productivity improvement as well as partial productivity improvement (i.e., labor productivity and capital productivity), the Databook project constructs the estimates of capital services appropriate to the concept of capital input introduced in the 2008 SNA. Based on our estimates of capital services, the sources of economic growth in each economy are decomposed to factor inputs of labor and capital and total factor productivity (TFP) for 15 Asian economies – China, the ROC, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam – along with the US as a reference economy. In addition, TFP estimates for India and Iran are newly presented in this edition.

「復興に向けて求められる情報基盤」（伊藤滋・奥野正寛・大西隆・花崎正晴編『東日本大震災復興への提言―持続可能な経済社会の構築―』）

野村浩二, 東京大学出版会, 2011.07

APO Productivity Databook 2011

Koji Nomura and Eunice Y. M. Lau, Asian Productivity Organization, Keio University Press, 2011.05, Page： 140

This is the fourth publication in the APO Productivity Databook series. The publication aims to provide a cross-country comparison of economic growth and productivity levels of Asian countries in relation to global and regional economies. The productivity measures in this report are based on the estimates developed in the APO Productivity Database project conducted since September 2007 as a joint research effort of the APO and Keio Economic Observatory (KEO), Keio University, under consultancy of Professors Dale W. Jorgenson (Harvard University) and W. Erwin Diewert (University of British Columbia).
Baseline indicators are calculated for 29 Asian economies, representing the 20 APO member economies (referred to as the APO20) and nine non-member countries in Asia – the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), Brunei, Myanmar, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (hereafter GCC) that consists of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (hereafter UAE), and two reference economies, the United States (US) and European Union (EU). The GCC countries are included in the APO Productivity Database for the first time in this publication to cover the Western Asian countries. The sources of economic growth are decomposed to factor inputs of labor and capital services and total factor productivity (TFP) during 1970–2008 for 13 Asian economies (China, the ROC, Fiji, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) and the US as reference economies.

APO Productivity Databook 2010

Koji Nomura, Eunice Y. M. Lau, and Hideyuki Mizobuchi, Asian Productivity Organization, Keio University Press, 2010.03, Page： 143

This is the third publication in the APO Productivity Databook series, based on the APO Productivity Database project that was established in September 2007. The results and analysis presented in this volume are constructed under the joint research effort of the APO and the Keio Economic Observatory (KEO), Keio University.
In this report, results presented in last year’s edition have been rerun with more harmonized data and definitions, made possible by the research progress of the APO Productivity Database. The APO questionnaire was revamped to meet the data requirements of the APO Productivity Database better, with an expanded list of economic indicators and estimates. In the questionnaire, national experts were requested to submit the whole time series. Consequently, the time series are not only updated with new data for 2007, but latest revisions to the back series are also included. Metadata of respective countries’ national accounts were also collected in a survey appended to the APO questionnaire to build a knowledge base of cross-country data comparability. Where there are discrepancies between the two editions, explanations are given.
Baseline indicators are calculated for 23 Asian economies, representing the 20 APO member economies (referred to as the APO20) and three non-member countries in Asia, which are the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), Brunei and Myanmar, and two reference economies, the US and the EU. Brunei and Myanmar are included in the APO Productivity Database for the first time to complete the ASEAN group. Furthermore, final demand analysis and real income comparisons are conducted for 17 APO member economies, China and the two reference economies, whereas total factor productivity (TFP) estimates are constructed for seven APO member economies (the ROC, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, the Philippines and Thailand) and for China and the US as reference economies. While maintaining the inclusion of all APO member economies in our analysis of the basic indicators, analysis of labor productivity is deepened for countries where the data demand can be supported.

「地球温暖化対策の経済評価」（茅陽一監修『CO2削減はどこまで可能か－温暖化ガス－25％の検証』）

NOMURA KOJI, エネルギーフォーラム, 2009.12

Scope: 第4章（pp.226-283）

"The Industry Origins of Japanese Economic Growth," in D. W. Jorgenson (eds.) The Economics of Productivity (International Library of Critical Writings in Economics)

Dale W. Jorgenson and Koji Nomura, Edward Elgar Pub, 2009.09

Scope: Chapter 14 (pp.421-481)

APO Productivity Databook 2009

Koji Nomura, Eunice Y. M. Lau, and Hideyuki Mizobuchi, Asian Productivity Organization, Keio University Press, 2009.03, Page： 143

This is the second publication in the APO Productivity Databook series, which was relaunched last year. The results and analysis presented in this volume are based on the APO Productivity Database, constructed under the joint research effort of the APO and the Keio Economic Observatory at Keio University. The APO Productivity Database project was established in September 2007. In the past year research effort has been focused on building the basic structure of the database. Among other work areas, the APO productivity questionnaire was revamped to meet the data requirements of the APO Productivity Database better, with an expanded list of economic indicators and estimates. Metadata of countries’ national accounts were also collected in a survey appended to the APO questionnaire to build a knowledge base of cross-country data comparability. These improvements are reflected in this edition of the APO Productivity Databook.
In this report, results presented in last year’s edition have been rerun with more harmonized data and definitions, made possible by the work input into the APO Productivity Database. In the questionnaire, national experts were requested to submit the whole time series. Consequently, the time series are not only updated with new data for 2006, but latest revisions to the back series are also included. Where there are discrepancies between the two editions, explanations are given.
New analysis and features have also been made available for this report. Baseline indicators (as presented in Databook 2008) are conducted for all 20 APO member economies (referred to as the　 APO20) and the three reference economies, namely the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), the US and the EU. However, due to data limitations, further analysis is not possible for all countries. Progressively more sophisticated measurements and analysis are therefore conducted for two further layers of country subgroups. For example, final demand analysis and real income comparisons are conducted for 17 APO member economies and the three reference economies, whereas total factor productivity estimates are constructed for three APO member economies (the ROC, Japan and Korea) and two reference economies (China and the US). While maintaining the inclusion of all APO member economies in our analysis of the basic indicators, analysis of labor productivity is deepened for countries where the data demand can be supported.

APO Productivity Databook 2008

Koji Nomura, Eunice Y. M. Lau, and Hideyuki Mizobuchi, Asian Productivity Organization, Keio University Press, 2008.03, Page： 101

The aim of the APO Productivity Databook 2008 is to provide a regional perspective on economic and labor productivity performance among APO member countries and show how they compare with leading economies like the U.S. and EU. Comparisons are also made with the People’s Republic of China (hereafter China), which is not an APO member. In this transitional period, measures and analysis for labor productivity provided in this publication are simple and basic due to data limitations.The data issues will be more thoroughly addressed and investigated in the future PDB (Productivity Database) Project, conducted as a joint research work of APO and Keio Economic Observatory, Keio University.

「環境保全のコストと政策の在り方」（清野一治・新保一成編『地球環境保護への制度設計』）

黒田昌裕, 野村浩二, 東京大学出版会, 2007.01

Measurement of Capital and Productivity in Japan (in Japanese)

Koji Nomura, Keio University Press, 2004.11, Page： 660

わが国の資本形成から資本ストックの蓄積、資本サービスへの変換、資本サービス投入による経済成長への寄与まで、生産と資本、資本と生産を結ぶ整合ある測定を行い、日米比較とともに高度成長期から２０００年までの経済成長を描いた本格的実証分析。

目次
第１章　資本の測定
第２章　資本ストック
第３章　資本サービス価格
第４章　資本サービスと経済成長
補章
終章　結びとして

"Technological Change and Accumulated Capital: A Dynamic Decomposition of Japan's Growth," in Erik Dietzenbacher and Michael L. Lahr (eds.) Wassily Leontief and Input-Output Economics

Masahiro Kuroda and Koji Nomura, Cambridge University Press, 2004.03

Scope: Chapter 15 (pp.256-293)

"Cost of Reducing CO2 Emissions in Japan," in Chang C. , Mendelsohn R., and Shaw D. (eds.), Global Warming and the Asian Pacific

Masahiro Kuroda and Koji Nomura, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.10

Scope: Chapter 8, Contact page： 153-167

"Forecasting Baseline CO2 Emissions in Japan," in Chang C. , Mendelsohn R., and Shaw D. (eds.), Global Warming and the Asian Pacific

Masahiro Kuroda and Koji Nomura, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003.10

Scope: Chapter 4, Contact page： 60-74

"Measurement of Total Factor Productivity in Japan: How to Evaluate Impacts of New Technologies on TFP Growth," in Tsu-Tan Fu (eds.), Economic Efficiency and Productivity Growth in the Asia-Pacific Region

Masahiro Kuroda and Koji Nomura, Edward Elgar Publishing, 1999

Scope: Chapter 11

KEO Database: Measurement of Output, Labor and Capital Inputs (in Japanese)

Masahiro Kuroda, Kazushige Shimpo, Koji Nomura, and Nobuyuki Kobayashi, Keio Economic Observatory, Keio University (KEO Monograph Series No.8), 1997.02, Page： 376

21世紀の幕開けを数年後に控えて、いまわれわれを取り巻く経済・社会の環境は大きな回天の期を迎えている。大規模生産技術に支えられた 20世紀の発展の構造への歴史的評価を踏まえて新たなる、よりグローバルな、そしてフレキシブルな経済・社会の構築が要請されている。それは、国際間の物流、人流のより流動化を可能ならしめる、情報技術に代表される革新的技術の開発に、その変化の礎をもとめることができるけれども、その技術に適合した一国の経済社会のシステムの構築は、いま始動をはじめたばかりと言って過言ではない。また一方で、その技術が招来する国際化社会での、種々異なった発展段階にある国々の相互依存の形態とその役割についても、新たな構図が描かれなければならない。このことは、わが国をはじめとする先進各国の人口構成の高齢化の現象、発展途上の国々における人口規模の更なる拡大の可能性というもうひとつの発展の制約因子と無関係には論ずることはできない。そしてまた、21世紀は、20世紀に比較的無頓着に費消してきた環境資源が発展の大きな制約となる時代でもある。技術特性の変容、国際社会の中での横断的依存の深化、世代間の人的資源の構造的変化、そして環境資源の制約といった経済・社会を取り巻く、いわば従来外延的と考えられてきた各種の因子の特性の変移が、もはや決して外延的因子として、楽天的に見過ごすことができない状況になってきていることに、ここでのわれわれが抱える問題の深刻さがあるといえるかもしれない。
　われわれの研究室では、経済の実証的分析をすすめるという観点から、従来からこうした課題に答える経済分析者としての責務を自覚し、実証科学としての経済の分析がどうあるべきかについて議論を進めてきた。20世紀の経済分析の発展は、経済の急速な発展の状況に支えられ、またある側面では、経済政策や制度の構築への指針を提供する形で、学問として飛躍的な進歩を遂げたとと評価することができるかもしれない。しかし、一方で精緻な理論展開が、ややもすれば実証的な観測事実の基礎を失って、理論と実証の乖離の幅を拡大させることになったという側面をもっているとの批判もうなずける。こうした20世紀の経済学に対する評価を考え、21 世紀にむけての経済学の飛躍を目指すとき、もう一度、迂遠ではあるが、経験科学としての原点に立ち戻って、経済現象の正確な観測から体系を再構築することがどうしても必要だと考えるに至っている。
本書の目的は、こうした発想に基づき、われわれの研究室においてこれまで蓄積してきた経済データの一部を体系的に整理し、報告することにある。ここでのデータベースは、公表の国民経済計算、産業連関表などの各種資料との整合性を保持しながら、産業43部門の投入・産出表を推計したものである。投入・産出表は、1960年から 1992年までの時系列で完成しており、価格デフレーターの推計も備わっている。また、この投入・産出表に対応した労働、資本などの要素投入に関しても推計をおこなっている。労働は、各産業部門別に、労働投入量を性別、年齢別、職能別、学歴別にクロス分類した労働者数、労働時間、賃金率の時系列資料となっている。また、資本投入に関しては、資本財（78商品分類）×産業部門の固定資本マトリックスの推計を投資フローとその累積ストックについて推計を試みている。これらの体系は、われわれが構想している経済データバンクの一部を構成するものであり、その完成にむけての一里塚であると考えている。

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