Details of a Researcher - Einaga, Yasuaki

Papers - Einaga, Yasuaki

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Electrochemical reduction of CO<inf>2</inf> using palladium modified boron-doped diamond electrodes: Enhancing the production of CO

Jiwanti P.K., Einaga Y.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics) 21 ( 28 ) 15297 - 15301 2019

ISSN 14639076

© 2019 the Owner Societies. In recent years, boron-doped diamond (BDD) has been utilized as an electrode for the electrochemical reduction of CO2, and several reports have been published on this. The wide potential window of BDD enables the hydrogen evolution reaction, which competes with CO2 reduction, to be suppressed. On the other hand, the high overpotential is still a problem. We attempted to overcome this problem by depositing metal on the BDD electrode. Pd metal was chosen to modify the surface of the BDD electrode (PdBDD). Employing this electrode at a lower potential of-1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl, we increased the production of CO (53.3% faradaic efficiency) from the reduction of CO2. We present various attempts made to improve the CO production.

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Electrochemical properties of fluorinated boron-doped diamond electrodes: Via fluorine-containing plasma treatment

Yamaguchi C., Natsui K., Iizuka S., Tateyama Y., Einaga Y.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics) 21 ( 25 ) 13788 - 13794 2019

ISSN 14639076

© the Owner Societies. Since a boron-doped diamond (BDD) exhibits excellent electrode properties such as wide potential window, low back-ground current, and high physical and chemical durability, it has been studied as an electrode material for various electrochemical applications. The electrochemical behavior of BDD depends on the surface termination, which can be easily converted by chemical reactions. Fluorine termination has attracted interest because it exhibits unique surface properties such as high hydrophobicity and a low coefficient of friction, and the electrochemical properties also drastically change. However, so far, it has not been elucidated why fluorinated BDD exhibits specific electrochemical properties. In this article, fluorine-terminated BDD was fabricated by a fluorine-containing plasma treatment, and the electrochemical properties were systematically investigated. Together with experiments, we have calculated the interfacial structures and electronic states of hydrogenated, oxygenated, and fluorinated BDD electrodes. As a result, fluorinated BDD showed lower electrochemical reactivity than hydrogenated and oxygenated BDD. Especially, electron transfer between anionic compound and fluorinated BDD was significantly suppressed. Considered together with theoretical calculations, this reactivity could be attributed to the larger interfacial band bending in fluorinated BDD and electrostatic interactions between BDD and redox species.

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Development of in vivo drug sensing system with needle-type diamond microelectrode

Ogata G., Asai K., Sano Y., Sawamura S., Takai M., Kusuhara H., Einaga Y., Hibino H.

Folia Pharmacologica Japonica (Folia Pharmacologica Japonica) 153 ( 6 ) 273 - 277 2019

ISSN 00155691

© 2019, Japanese Pharmacological Society. All rights reserved. Continuous and real-time measurement of local concentrations of systemically administered drugs in vivo must be crucial for pharmacological studies. Nevertheless, conventional methods require considerable samples quantity and have poor sampling rates. Additionally, they cannot determine how drug kinetics correlates with target function over time. Here, we describe a system with two different sensors. One is a needle-type microsensor composed of boron-doped diamond with a tip of ~40 μm in diameter, and the other is a glass microelectrode. We first tested bumetanide. This diuretic can induce deafness. In the guinea-pig cochlea injected intravenously with bumetanide, the changes of the drug concentration and the extracellular potential underlying hearing were simultaneously measured in real time. We further examined an antiepileptic drug lamotrigine in the rat brain, and tracked its kinetics and at the same time the local field potentials representing neuronal activity. The action of the anticancer reagent doxorubicin was also monitored in the cochlea. This microsensing system may be applied to analyze pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of various drugs at local sites in vivo, and contribute to promoting the pharmacological researches.

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In Situ ATR-IR Observation of the Electrochemical Oxidation of a Polycrystalline Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Acidic Solutions

Ogose T., Kasahara S., Ikemiya N., Hoshi N., Einaga Y., Nakamura M.

Journal of Physical Chemistry C (Journal of Physical Chemistry C) 122 ( 48 ) 27456 - 27461 2018.12

ISSN 19327447

© 2018 American Chemical Society. Electrochemical surface oxidation in acidic solutions was investigated on a boron-doped diamond film electrode, fabricated on a silicon prism, using attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy. At positive potentials above +1.3 V (reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE), the bands of surface oxygen species appear at 1745 and 1250 cm-1. Since these bands exhibit no isotope shift in deuterium solution, they are assigned to the C=O and C-O stretching modes, respectively. These bands have the maximum intensity at +3.3 V (RHE) and reversibly disappear around +0.9 V (RHE) in the potential step to the negative direction. The potentials at which the bands appear and disappear are identical to those of the anodic and cathodic peaks of the cyclic voltammogram, respectively.

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Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence with Peroxydisulfate as a Coreactant Using Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes

Fiorani A., Irkham, Valenti G., Paolucci F., Einaga Y.

Analytical Chemistry (Analytical Chemistry) 90 ( 21 ) 12959 - 12963 2018.11

ISSN 00032700

© 2018 American Chemical Society. We report on the use of boron doped diamond electrodes for the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of the coreactant peroxydisulfate and the luminophore ruthenium(II)-tris(2,2′-bipyridine). Compared to common electrode materials (i.e., Pt, Au, glassy carbon), boron doped diamond has a large overpotential for the evolution of hydrogen in aqueous electrolyte solutions. This intrinsic feature enables reductive-oxidation ECL with peroxydisulfate to be obtained without interference from hydrogen evolution and with high reproducible signals and stable emission. We investigated the effects of the peroxydisulfate concentration and the pH on the ECL emission to find the optimal conditions for enhancing the signal.

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Comparison of performance between boron-doped diamond and copper electrodes for selective nitrogen gas formation by the electrochemical reduction of nitrate

Kuang P., Natsui K., Einaga Y.

Chemosphere (Chemosphere) 210 524 - 530 2018.11

ISSN 00456535

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd The electrochemical nitrate reduction by using boron-doped diamond (BDD) and copper (Cu) electrodes was investigated at various potentials. Product selectivity of nitrate reduction was strongly dependent on the applied potential for both electrodes. The highest selectivity of nitrogen gas production was obtained at −2.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) by using a BDD electrode with a faradaic efficiency as high as 45.2%. Compared with Cu electrode, nitrate reduction on BDD electrode occurred at more positive potential, and the production of nitrogen gas was larger. The transformation of surface-adsorbed nitrate into molecular nitrogen would be accelerated on BDD electrode with hindering nitrite production. In addition, low concentration of surface-adsorbed hydrogen on the BDD would also retard the ammonia generation, leading to increase in the selectivity of nitrogen gas formation. Meanwhile, BDD electrode could hinder the hydrogen evolution reaction, which enhanced the efficiency for nitrate reduction and decreased energy consumption. BDD electrode has excellent stability to remain better performance for reducing nitrate during electrolysis without any variation of surface morphology or chemical components.

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The local structure in heavily boron-doped diamond and the effect this has on its electrochemical properties

Watanabe T., Yoshioka S., Yamamoto T., Sepehri-Amin H., Ohkubo T., Matsumura S., Einaga Y.

Carbon (Carbon) 137 333 - 342 2018.10

ISSN 00086223

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and first principles calculations of EEL spectra were utilized to elucidate the relationship between the microscopic structure and the electrochemical properties of heavily boron-doped diamond (h-BDD). The electrochemical properties of h-BDD containing 1 at.% and 3 at.% boron are very different. TEM observations showed that 1 at.% h-BDD consists of small densely packed diamond crystallites, while 3 at.% h-BDD contains small voids and a graphite phase partly along the grain boundaries. The EEL spectrum of the grain interior in 1 at.% h-BDD and comparison of this with a theoretical spectrum shows that the boron atoms are mostly dispersed as single isolated substitutional atoms on diamond lattice sites in the grain interior and that only a small amount of sp2-bonded carbon is present. In contrast, in the grain interior of 3 at.% h-BDD, the boron atoms are mostly associated with nearest neighbor boron pairs, and consequently sp2-bonded carbon is formed. Thus, the local structure has a significant effect on the amount of sp2-bonded carbon. The quite different electrochemical properties of the samples are ascribed to the amount of sp2-bonding arising from the different local structures.

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Influence of Electrolyte on the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes

Tomisaki M., Natsui K., Ikemiya N., Nakata K., Einaga Y.

ChemistrySelect (ChemistrySelect) 3 ( 36 ) 10209 - 10213 2018.09

© 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Electrochemical reduction of CO2 to useful compounds have been actively investigated. The faradaic efficiency and selectivity for products of CO2 reduction depend on some factors, such as electrode materials and electrolytes. Recently, boron-doped diamond (BDD) was found to be a promising electrode material for production of formic acid by CO2 reduction, but the influence of electrolytes has not been sufficiently elucidated. Here, we studied the impact of various cations and anions on CO2 reduction using BDD electrodes. The faradaic efficiency for producing formic acid became higher by using larger alkali metal cations, because these hydrated cations would keep the pH near the cathode suitable for CO2 reduction by their buffer effect. Moreover, formic acid was efficiently obtained by using specifically-adsorbed anions such as halides and sulfate. Finally, we achieved the maximum faradaic efficiency for producing formic acid as high as 95% in RbBr aqueous solution.

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Long-Term Continuous Conversion of CO<inf>2</inf> to Formic Acid Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes

Ikemiya N., Natsui K., Nakata K., Einaga Y.

ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering (ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering) 6 ( 7 ) 8108 - 8112 2018.07

© Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society. The long-term durability of boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDD) used continuously in the electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formic acid was investigated. Although the Faradaic efficiency (FE) for the production of formic acid decreased with increasing electrolysis time, the FE was easily recovered by electrochemical oxidation of the BDD electrodes in H2SO4, Na2SO4 or K2SO4 solutions. For practical application, the long-term production of formic acid using BDD electrodes can be successfully accomplished just by successive polarity reversal of plus and minus terminals. Furthermore, at a current density of -20 mA cm-2, the rate of production reached 328 μmol h-1 cm-2, which is the highest value ever obtained using plate electrodes. Consequently, we found that BDD electrodes are ideal for industrial application of CO2 reduction.

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Effect of doping level on the electrochemical reduction of CO<inf>2</inf> on boron-doped diamond electrodes

Xu J., Natsui K., Naoi S., Nakata K., Einaga Y.

Diamond and Related Materials (Diamond and Related Materials) 86 167 - 172 2018.06

ISSN 09259635

© 2018 Elsevier B.V. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have been applied on the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Although boron doping level can strongly affect the electrochemical properties of BDD electrodes, there are, so far, no reports about the effect of doping level on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 using BDD electrodes. Here, we investigated the relationship between boron content of BDD electrodes and the products of CO2 reduction. We prepared five kinds of BDD electrodes with various boron contents (0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%). The highest faradaic efficiency for producing formic acid was achieved by using a BDD electrode with the boron content of 0.1%, and the faradaic efficiency for hydrogen evolution increased with increasing boron content due to narrower potential window of BDD with higher boron content. On the other hand, the faradaic efficiency for producing CO, which was a side product, slightly increased with increasing boron content. This trend suggested that the adsorbability of CO2 and its intermediates could be altered by controlling boron content. The research opens new insights for design and control of boron-doped diamond for the electrochemical reduction of CO2.

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Electrochemical measurement of lamotrigine using boron-doped diamond electrodes

Hanawa Ai, Asai Kai, Ogata Genki, Hibino Hiroshi, Einaga Yasuaki

Electrochimica Acta (Electrochimica Acta) 271 35 - 40 2018.05

ISSN 0013-4686

In this paper we report on a study of the electrochemical behavior of lamotrigine (LTG) using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry of LTG in a phosphate buffer solution exhibited an oxidation signal at ca. +1.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A reduction signal at −0.5 to −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) was observed only after oxidation of LTG. The oxidation signal was due to polymerization of LTG adsorbed on the BDD electrode, while the reduction signal was a consequence of a process involving the reduction of the azo group in the LTG-oxidized product. Continuous measurements of LTG aiming at in vivo monitoring were successfully investigated and an optimized chronoamperometry technique, in which the BDD microelectrode was clamped to the LTG oxidation potential (+1.4 V) for 2 s, then to the LTG reduction potential (−0.6 V) for 2 s, was implemented. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were estimated to be 29 nM and 130 nM for the oxidation and reduction of LTG, respectively. The use of this chronoamperometry technique enables a high temporal resolution of 4 s for LTG measurements. BDD microelectrodes, therefore, are the ideal electrodes for performing continuous in vivo measurements of LTG.

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Controlled decoration of boron-doped diamond electrodes by electrochemical click reaction (e−CLICK)

Yamamoto Takashi, Akahori Miku, Natsui Keisuke, Saitoh Tsuyoshi, Einaga Yasuaki

Carbon (Carbon) 130 350 - 354 2018.04

ISSN 0008-6223

Controlled surface functionalization of electrode materials is an important technique in various fields such as analytical chemistry, molecular electronics, and molecular recognition in biological systems. In this work, we report the control decoration of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes by electrochemically driven copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of alkyne and azide (e−CLICK) in which the catalyst is produced by electroreduction of copper(II) species. As the e−CLICK strategy enabled to tune the produced amount of the copper(I) catalyst electrochemically, the alkyne-terminated BDD electrodes were decorated with azide-terminated ferrocene in a controlled manner.

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Molecular engineering of Rashba spin-charge converter

Nakayama Hiroyasu, Yamamoto Takashi, An Hongyu, Tsuda Kento, Einaga Yasuaki, Ando Kazuya

Science Advances (Science Advances) 4 ( 3 ) 2018.03

In heterostructures with broken inversion symmetry, the electrons' motion is coupled to their spin through interface-driven spin-orbit coupling: the Rashba effect. The Rashba effect enables the interconversion between spin and charge currents, offering a variety of novel spintronic phenomena and functionalities. However, despite the significant progress in Rashba physics, controlling the spin-charge conversion in metallic heterostructures remains a major challenge. We show that molecular self-assembly provides a way to engineer the Rashba spin-charge converters. We demonstrate that magnetoresistance and voltage generation originating from the spin-charge conversion in metallic heterostructures can be manipulated by decorating the surface with selfassembled organic monolayers through the cooperative molecular field effect. We also demonstrate reversible phototuning of the spin-charge conversion through light-driven molecular transformations using a molecule that can photoisomerize between the trans and cis states. These findings, with the almost-infinite chemical tunability of organic monolayers, pave the way toward molecular engineering of spin-orbit devices.

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The electrochemical production of C₂/C₃ species from carbon dioxide on copper-modified boron-doped diamond electrodes

Jiwanti Prastika K., Natsui Keisuke, Nakata Kazuya, Einaga Yasuaki

Electrochimica Acta (Electrochimica Acta) 266 414 - 419 2018.03

ISSN 0013-4686

We report on the first observation of the production of C₂/C₃ species from the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ at the surfaces of copper-modified boron-doped diamond (Cu-BDD) electrodes in aqueous media at room temperature and ambient pressure. The product distribution is dependent on the amount of deposited Cu and the applied potential. At low potential, −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), ethanol was observed as the main product with acetaldehyde and acetone as side products. The highest faradaic efficiencies obtained for ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetone were 42.4%, 13.7% and 7%, respectively. The Cu particles on the surfaces of the BDD electrodes remained stable, showing insignificant differences after the CO₂ electroreduction process under these particular conditions. The efficiency dropped with increasing Cu deposition time and at high reduction potentials. Moreover, we present comparisons with a Cu plate and Cu-modified glassy carbon as working electrodes under the same conditions, which explains the specific behavior of the CO₂ reduction process on the Cu-BDD electrode.

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Contribution of Coulomb Interactions to a Two-Step Crystal Structure Phase Transformation Coupled with a Significant Change in Spin Crossover Behavior for a Series of Charged Fe^II Complexes from 2,6-Bis(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)pyridine

Takahashi Kazuyuki, Okai Mitsunobu, Mochida Tomoyuki, Sakurai Takahiro, Ohta Hitoshi, Yamamoto Takashi, Einaga Yasuaki, Shiota Yoshihito, Yoshizawa Kazunari, Konaka Hisashi, Sasaki Akito

Inorganic Chemistry (Inorganic Chemistry) 57 ( 3 ) 1277 - 1287 2018.02

ISSN 0020-1669

A series of [Fe^II(L)₂](BF₄)₂ compounds were structurally and physically characterized (L = 2,6-bis(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)pyridine). A crystal structure phase transformation from dihydrate compound 1 to anhydrous compound 3 through partially hydrated compounds 2 and 2′ upon dehydration was found. Compounds 1 and 3 exhibited a gradual spin crossover (SCO) conversion, whereas compounds 2 and 2′ demonstrated two-step and one-step abrupt SCO transitions, respectively. An X-ray single-crystal structural analysis revealed that one-dimensional and two-dimensional Fe cation networks linked by π stacking and sulfur-sulfur interactions were formed in 1 and 3, respectively. A thermodynamic analysis of the magnetic susceptibility for 1, 2′, and 3 suggests that the enthalpy differences may govern SCO transition behaviors in the polymorphic compounds 2′ and 3. A structural comparison between 1 and 3 indicates that the SCO behavior variations and crystal structure transformation in the present [Fe^II(L)₂](BF₄)₂ compounds can be interpreted by the relationship between the lattice enthalpies mainly arising from Coulomb interactions between the Fe cations and BF₄ anions as in typical ionic crystals.

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Stable and Highly Efficient Electrochemical Production of Formic Acid from Carbon Dioxide Using Diamond Electrodes

Natsui Keisuke, Iwakawa Hitomi, Ikemiya Norihito, Nakata Kazuya, Einaga Yasuaki

Angewandte Chemie - International Edition (Angewandte Chemie - International Edition) 57 ( 10 ) 2639 - 2643 2018.01

ISSN 1433-7851

High faradaic efficiencies can be achieved in the production of formic acid (HCOOH) by metal electrodes, such as Sn or Pb, in the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂). However, the stability and environmental load in using them are problematic. The electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to HCOOH was investigated in a flow cell using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. BDD electrodes have superior electrochemical properties to metal electrodes, and, moreover, are highly durable. The faradaic efficiency for the production of HCOOH was as high as 94.7%. Furthermore, the selectivity for the production of HCOOH was more than 99%. The rate of the production was increased to 473μmolm^-2s^-1 at a current density of 15mAcm^-2 with a faradaic efficiency of 61%. The faradaic efficiency and the production rate are almost the same as or larger than those achieved using Sn and Pb electrodes. Furthermore, the stability of the BDD electrodes was confirmed by 24h operation.

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A solvent-directed stereoselective and electrocatalytic synthesis of diisoeugenol

Yamamoto Takashi, Riehl Barbara, Naba Keisuke, Nakahara Kenshin, Wiebe Anton, Saitoh Tsuyoshi, Waldvogel Siegfried R., Einaga Yasuaki

Chemical Communications (Chemical Communications) 54 ( 22 ) 2771 - 2773 2018.01

ISSN 1359-7345

A stereoselective and electrocatalytic coupling reaction of isoeugenol has been reported for the first time in a 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP)/boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode system. This particular C-C bond formation and diastereoselectivity is driven by a solvate interaction between the radical species and another isoeugenol molecule. Due to an electrocatalytic cycle, only understoichiometric amounts of charge are necessary. Since electric current is directly employed as the oxidant, the reaction is metal and reagent-free. In addition, the electrolysis can be conducted in a very simple undivided beaker-type cell under constant current conditions. Therefore, the protocol is easy to use, suitable for scale-up, and inherently safe.

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Development of electrochemical applications of boron-doped diamond electrodes

Einaga Y.

Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan (Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan) 91 ( 12 ) 1752 - 1762 2018

ISSN 00092673

© 2018 The Chemical Society of Japan It is well known that “diamond” has ultra-high hardness and low electrical conductivity. However, introducing dopants such as boron into the diamond lattice during growth can increase its conductivity. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) with high conductivity is attracting increasing attention as one of the next-generation of superior electrode materials. In particular, it is expected that BDD electrodes can help solve some of our environmental problems and also improve our quality of life through their use in biomedical devices. Here, in this article, recent developments in the electrochemical applications of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes are introduced.

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Improvement of microtas for directed evolution of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases

Goto H., Kanai Y., Yotsui A., Shimokihara S., Shitara S., Einaga Y., Matsumoto Y., Miki N., Fujiwara K., Doi N.

22nd International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, MicroTAS 2018 (22nd International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, MicroTAS 2018) 4 2247 - 2249 2018

ISSN 9781510897571

Copyright © (2018) by Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society. All rights reserved. Here we report an improved μTAS based on electrochemical measurements and microbeads sorting for screening of NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases. By using this system, we measured the activity of model enzymes immobilized on microbeads by detection of NADH with a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode in each compartment (∼30 nL) of the microfluidic system. Then, we recovered the magnetic microbeads or the droplets containing genes of enzymes with higher activity by magnetophoretic or dielectrophoretic sorting, respectively. Our μTAS should be useful for directed evolution of various NAD(P)-dependent oxidoreductases with high activity and stability in the future.

Bimetallic Pt–Au nanocatalysts electrochemically deposited on boron-doped diamond electrodes for nonenzymatic glucose detection

Nantaphol Siriwan, Watanabe Takeshi, Nomura Naohiro, Siangproh Weena, Chailapakul Orawon, Einaga Yasuaki

Biosensors and Bioelectronics 98 76 - 82 2017.12

ISSN 0956-5663

The enormous demand for medical diagnostics has encouraged the fabrication of high- performance sensing platforms for the detection of glucose. Nonenzymatic glucose sensors are coming ever closer to being used in practical applications. Bimetallic catalysts have been shown to be superior to single metal catalysts in that they have greater activity and selectivity. Here, we demonstrate the preparation, characterization, and electrocatalytic characteristics of a new bimetallic Pt/Au nanocatalyst. This nanocatalyst can easily be synthesized by electrodeposition by sequentially depositing Au and Pt on the surface of a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. We characterized the nanocatalyst by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and voltammetry. The morphology and composition of the nanocatalyst can be easily controlled by adjusting the electrodeposition process and the molar ratio between the Pt and Au precursors. The electrocatalytic characteristics of a Pt/Au/BDD electrode for the nonenzymatic oxidation of glucose were systematically investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The electrode exhibits higher catalytic activity for glucose oxidation than Pt/BDD and Au/BDD electrodes. The best catalytic activity and stability was obtained with a Pt:Au molar ratio of 50:50. Moreover, the presence of Au can significantly enhance the long-term stability and poisoning tolerance during the electro-oxidation of glucose. Measurements of glucose using the Pt/Au/BDD electrode were linear in the range from 0.01 to 7.5 mM, with a detection limit of 0.0077 mM glucose. The proposed electrode performs selective electrochemical analysis of glucose in the presence of common interfering species (e.g., acetaminophen, uric and ascorbic acids), avoiding the generation of overlapping signals from such species.

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