Kokubo, Masatoshi

写真a

Affiliation

Faculty of Law, Department of Law ( Mita )

Position

Assistant Professor/Senior Assistant Professor

Related Websites
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Career 【 Display / hide 】

  • 2018.05
    -
    2023.03

    Keio Program for Leading Graduate School, RA

  • 2020.04
    -
    2022.03

    National Diet Library, Research and Legislative Reference Bureau, Constitution Division, Researcher

  • 2021.12
    -
    2023.03

    Keio University, Graduate School of Law, Researcher

  • 2023.04
    -
    2024.03

    Keio University, Graduate School of Law, Research Assistant

  • 2024.04
    -
    2026.03

    The University of Tokyo, Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, 助教

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Academic Background 【 Display / hide 】

  • 2014.04
    -
    2018.03

    Keio University, Faculty of Law, Department of Law

  • 2018.04
    -
    2020.03

    Keio University, Graduate School of Law, Public Law

  • 2020.04
    -
    2021.03

    Keio University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, School of Integrated Design Engineering

  • 2021.04
    -
    2024.03

    Keio University, Graduate School of Law, Public Law

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Research Areas 【 Display / hide 】

  • Humanities & Social Sciences / Public law (constitutional law)

  • Humanities & Social Sciences / New fields of law (neurolaw)

  • Life Science / Neuroscience-general (computational neuroscience)

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Research Keywords 【 Display / hide 】

  • Constitutional Law

  • neurolaw

  • computational neuroscience

  • cognitive liberty

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Books 【 Display / hide 】

  • Neurotechnology in the Age of Human Rights. Ethical Challenges and Legal Approaches

    Masatoshi Kokubo, Trivent Publishing, 2026.03,  Page： 329

    Scope: “Cognitive Liberty” from the Perspective of Japanese Constitutional Law,  Contact page： 231-251

  • インターネット・オブ・ブレインズの法 : 神経法学の基礎と事例研究 = Law of the internet-of-brains : basics and case studies in neurolaw

    IoB-S, 駒村, 圭吾, 日本評論社, 2025.07,  Page： xiii, 382p

  • Lecture Series: Opening the Future of Information Law, Volume 3: Privacy

    音無, 知展, 山本, 龍彦, 法律文化社, 2025.06,  Page： xxi, 288p

    Scope: Chapter2 "Mental Privacy" and Cognitive Liberty

  • プラットフォームとデモクラシー : the future of another monster `demos'

    駒村, 圭吾編 小久保, 智淳, 慶應義塾大学出版会, 2024.10,  Page： ix, 354p

    Scope: 第2章Ⅱ デモクラシーの「可能性」

  • 30 Lectures on Japanese Constitutional Law through Current Topics

    山元 一 (編集), 大野 悠介 (著), 小川 有希子 (著), 橋爪 英輔 (著), 堀口 悟郎 (著), 田中 美里 (著), 佐藤 みのり (著), 小西 葉子 (著), 小久保 智淳 (著), 吉原 裕樹 (著), 塚林 美弥子 (著), 鎌塚 有貴 (著), 兵田 愛子 (著), 本庄 未佳 (著), 今枝 昌浩 (著), 樋口 惟月 (著), 田中 将人 (著), 北大路書房, 2023.03,  Page： xii, 263p

    Scope: Lesson 7: Freedom of thought and conscience, Lesson8: Freedom of religion

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Papers 【 Display / hide 】

  • Ethics and Regulation of Human Brain Organoid Research: Recommendations from the Asia Pacific Neuroethics Working Group

    Shu Ishida, Brett J. Kagan, Masanori Kataoka, Julian Koplin, Sebastian Porsdam Mann, Jonathan Lewis, Heather Browning, Alexandre Erler, Faisal Feroz, Tamami Fukushi, Søren Holm, Masatoshi Kokubo, Stephen Latham, Andrea Lavazza, Ilhak Lee, Tsung-Ling Lee, David Lyreskog, Jerry Menikoff, Takuya Niikawa, Naoya Nagaishi, Eisuke Nakazawa, Serene Ong, Koji Ota, Christopher Register, Walter Veit, Ji Hyun Yang, Shang Long Yeo, Tsutomu Sawai, Julian Savulescu, Brian D. Earp

    Asian Bioethics Review (Springer Science and Business Media LLC)   2026.04

    ISSN  1793-8759

    　View Summary

    Abstract

    Human brain organoids (HBOs) are three-dimensional structures derived from human stem cells that model aspects of brain development and function, offering potentially unprecedented opportunities for studying neurological disorders and for developing treatments. This consensus paper presents recommendations from the Asia Pacific Neuroethics Working Group, developed through interdisciplinary collaboration among scientists, bioethicists, philosophers, and legal scholars who convened in Singapore in November 2024. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the ethical, legal, and sociocultural dimensions of HBO research, addressing both current realities and future possibilities. The paper examines key ethical considerations, including the potential moral status of HBOs, particularly regarding sentience and consciousness, while identifying and dispelling common misconceptions and “ethical red herrings” arising from sensationalized portrayals. We analyze consent frameworks for cell donation, privacy concerns, dual-use risks, and questions of distributive justice. Legal challenges are explored, including the categorical ambiguity of HBOs within existing regulatory frameworks, intellectual property issues, and cross-border inconsistencies in standards. Sociocultural perspectives emphasize the importance of public understanding, cross-cultural engagement, and empirical research on diverse community attitudes toward HBO research. In our recommendations, we advocate for evidence-based ethical discussions, anticipatory frameworks addressing potential future developments, contextualized analysis comparing HBOs to related experimental models, robust informed consent processes, proportionate responses to consciousness concerns, development of adaptive regulatory frameworks, responsible science communication to manage public expectations, and sustained interdisciplinary collaboration. We emphasize a balanced approach that promotes scientific innovation while maintaining rigorous ethical oversight, recognizing HBOs’ significant potential for advancing neuroscience and medicine. This represents the first comprehensive ethical framework for HBO research from the Asia Pacific region, helping to establish foundational principles for responsible development of this rapidly advancing field.

  • ブレインテック時代の「メンタル・プライバシー」 : 可視化される「無意識」と人格的自律のゆくえ

    Kokubo Masatoshi

    Nextcom (KDDI Research, Inc.)  2026 ( 65 ) 21 2026.03

    ISSN  2434-6233

  • A system of neurolaw : towards the constitutional analysis of neuroscience and technology

    小久保, 智淳

    法學政治學論究 : 法律・政治・社会 (慶應義塾大学大学院法学研究科内『法学政治学論究』刊行会)  139   133 - 176 2023.12

    Accepted,  ISSN  0916-278X

    　View Summary

    type:text
    一 序
    二 神経法学の "体系的" 俯瞰
    (一) 脳測定・脳操作の二分類
    (二) 脳測定
    (三) 脳操作
    (四) 小括
    三 神経法学 "体系" についての留意点と補正
    (一) 「神経系」全体に照準する必要性
    (二) 測定と操作の相対化
    (三) 概念のゆらぎ
    四 日本国憲法学説の可能性と限界
    (一) 内心の自由
    (二) 個人の尊重
    (三) 憲法学における情報論的転回
    (四) 身体の自由
    五 結びに代えて

  • Motor Learning and ʻObject-based Learningʼ ̶from the Perspective of Neuroscience̶ ̶

    Seitaro Iwama*, Masatoshi Kokubo*, Junichi Ushiba, (*:qually contributed)

    KeMCo Review (Keio Museum Commons)  1 ( 1 ) 35 - 42 2023.04

    Lead author, Accepted,  ISSN  27587444

    　View Summary

    This paper is an exploratory discussion of “Object-based Learning” from a neuroscience perspective. Specifically, the paper divides learning into two categories, namely, acquisition of knowledge in the form of statements (explicit memory) and motor learning, and focuses on the latter. It is known that the type of motor learning and their retention effect can change depending on the external environment experienced by the body. In a study conducted by the authors, when two different motor learning environments, a rapidly increasing force field and a gradually increasing force field, were designed, the latter showed a significant prolongation of the retention effect. Thus, neuroscience research has examined the effects of a dynamical system that is an external environment in which perturbations to the body are dynamically altered, on learning. These findings suggest the importance of including the dynamically changing external environment as one of the objects in the range and focusing on the effects of its properties on learning.

  • フルダイブのバーチャルリアリティと身体—特集 メタバースがやってくる!

    小久保 智淳

    法学セミナー 68 ( 2 ) 53 - 59 2023.02

    ISSN  0439-3295

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Papers, etc., Registered in KOARA 【 Display / hide 】

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Reviews, Commentaries, etc. 【 Display / hide 】

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Research Projects of Competitive Funds, etc. 【 Display / hide 】

  • Rethinking the Modern Image of the Human Being through Neurolaw

    2026.06
    -
    2028.03

    挑戦的研究（萌芽）, Principal investigator

  • Reframing the "Cognitive Liberty" in Neurolaw

    2026.04
    -
    2031.03

    日本学術振興会, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), No Setting

    　View Summary

    近時、「神経法学」では新規な自由概念である「認知過程の自由（cognitive liberty）」が神経科学技術の規制と促進との適切なバランスを実現することが期待されている。本研究は、現状の「認知過程の自由」論が抱える課題を克服し、それを再構築することを目的とする。そのために、「神経系に対する干渉は（憲）法学上どのように位置付けられるか」という問いについて、神経科学や認知科学の知見も参照しつつ、特に「人格（的自律）」との関係性にフォーカスした上で、一定の回答を与えることを目指す。かかる見地から、神経科学や認知科学の知見を適切に取り込んだ「認知過程の自由」論の再構築を行うことを目指す。

  • ヒトと機械のハイブリッド全体を単位とした道徳的責任の可能性

    2026.04
    -
    2031.03

    日本学術振興会, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A), No Setting

    　View Summary

    本研究は、ヒトと機械によるハイブリッド的な意思決定に焦点を合わせて、そこでの道徳的責任に関する研究を行う。とりわけ、既存研究で前提されていた想定を問い直し、ヒトと機械のハイブリッド全体が単位となって道徳的責任を負う可能性を真正面から検討する。これにあたっては、自由意志と道徳的責任をめぐる哲学的論争において独立に蓄積されてきた知見を導入することで、道徳的責任がどのような仕方でヒトと機械のハイブリッド全体に適用可能になるかを検討する。

  • An Interanational comparative study and critical review of "cognitive liberty" in neurolaw

    2024.07
    -
    2027.03

    Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Grant-in-Aid for Research Activity Start-up, No Setting

  • 身体的能力と知覚能力の拡張による身体の制約からの解放

    2020
    -
    2025

    科学技術振興機構, 戦略的な研究開発の推進 ムーンショット型研究開発事業, No Setting

    　View Summary

    人の意図が推定できれば、思い通りに操作できる究極のCAが可能になります。推定には脳活動の内部だけでなく脳表面情報や他人とのインタラクション情報も重要な手がかりになります。これらをAI技術で統合し、ブレインマシンインタフェース(BMI)機能を持つCA(BMI-CA)を倫理的課題を考慮して開発します。2050年には、人の思い通りに操作できる究極のBMI-CAを実現します。

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Awards 【 Display / hide 】

  • Ikushi Prize

    Masatoshi Kokubo, 2023.03, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, ”Cognitive Liberty -Constitutional Law and Neuroscience-”

  • 柿内賢信記念賞 奨励賞

    小久保 智淳, 2022.11, 科学技術社会論学会・公益財団法人倶進会, 「ブレインテックの社会実装を受け止める法理論の構築」

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Courses Taught 【 Display / hide 】

  • SPECIAL STUDY OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2

    2026

  • CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2(PRINCIPLES AND HUMAN RIGHTS)

    2026

  • SPECIAL LECTURE OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 2

    2026

  • SEMINAR (DEPARTMENT OF LAW) 2

    2026

  • CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 1(PRINCIPLES AND HUMAN RIGHTS)

    2026

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Courses Previously Taught 【 Display / hide 】

  • 社会情報学文献講義Ⅱ（情報法と神経法学）

    東京大学大学院情報学環・情報学府 教育部

    2025.04
    -
    2026.03

  • Japanese Constitution

    Niigata University

    2023.04
    -
    Present

  • Japanese Constitution

    Yokohama National University

    2023.04
    -
    2025.03

  • Special Lecture（common law/ Anglo-American Law）

    Niigata University

    2022.08
    -
    2022.09

  • Japanese Constitution and Life

    Toho College of Music

    2021.04
    -
    2022.03

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Committee Experiences 【 Display / hide 】

  • 2026.05
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    Present

    Expert Group for the implementation of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Neurotechnology, UNESCO, Bioethics and Ethics of Science and Technology Section Sciences Sector

  • 2025.07
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    2026.04

    Program Committee Member, International Neuroethics Society

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