Details of a Researcher - Yamaguchi, Shintaro

Papers - Yamaguchi, Shintaro

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Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a potential future treatment in ocular diseases

Lee, D., Tomita, Y., Shinojima, A., Ban, N., Yamaguchi, S., Nishioka, K., Negishi, K., Yoshino, J. and Kurihara, T.

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 262 ( 3 ) 689 - 700 2024.03

ISSN 0721832X

PURPOSE: The burden of ocular diseases has been gradually increasing worldwide. Various factors are suggested for the development and progression of ocular diseases, such as ocular inflammation, oxidative stress, and complex metabolic dysregulation. Thus, managing ocular diseases requires the modulation of pathologic signaling pathways through many mechanisms. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a bioactive molecule naturally found in life forms. NMN is a direct precursor of the important molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), an essential co-enzyme required for enormous cellular functions in most life forms. While the recent experimental evidence of NMN treatment in various metabolic diseases has been well-reviewed, NMN treatment in ocular diseases has not been comprehensively summarized yet. In this regard, we aimed to focus on the therapeutic roles of NMN treatment in various ocular diseases with recent advances. METHODS: How we came to our current opinion with a recent summary was described based on our own recent reports as well as a search of the related literature. RESULTS: We found that NMN treatment might be available for the prevention of and protection from various experimental ocular diseases, as NMN treatment modulated ocular inflammation, oxidative stress, and complex metabolic dysregulation in murine models for eye diseases such as ischemic retinopathy, corneal defect, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. CONCLUSION: Our current review suggests and discusses new modes of actions of NMN for the prevention of and protection from various ocular diseases and can urge future research to obtain more solid evidence on a potential future NMN treatment in ocular diseases at the preclinical stages.

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Association Between Renal Sinus Fat and Cardiometabolic and Renin-Angiotensin System Parameters in Primary Aldosteronism

Mitsuno, R., Kaneko, K., Nakamura, T., Kojima, D., Mizutani, Y., Azegami, T., Yamaguchi, S., Yamada, Y., Jinzaki, M., Kinouchi, K., Yoshino, J. and Hayashi, K.

J Endocr Soc (Journal of the Endocrine Society) 8 ( 1 ) bvad154 2024.01

ISSN 2472-1972

CONTEXT: Renal sinus fat (RSF) accumulation is associated with cardiometabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. However, clinical implications of RSF in primary aldosteronism (PA) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate relationships between RSF volume and key cardiometabolic and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) parameters in PA patients and clarify the differences in these relationships between unilateral and bilateral subtypes. METHODS: We analyzed data obtained from well-characterized PA patients that involved 45 unilateral (median age: 52 years; 42.2% men) and 92 bilateral patients (51 years; 42.4% men). RESULTS: RSF volume normalized by renal volume (RSF%) was greater in the unilateral group than in the bilateral group (P < .05). RSF% was greater in men than in women (P < .05). RSF% positively correlated with parameters related to cardiometabolic risk, including age, body mass index, visceral fat volume, creatinine, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, uric acid, fasting glucose, and C-reactive protein regardless of PA subtypes (all P < .05). Intriguingly, RSF% positively correlated with plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), aldosterone-to-renin ratio, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (all P < .05) in bilateral patients but did not correlate with RAS parameters and even showed an opposite trend in unilateral patients. In subgroup analyses by sex, these distinctions became more evident in women. After adjustment for potential confounders, RSF% remained positively correlated with PAC and iPTH in bilateral patients. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that RSF accumulation is involved in cardiometabolic dysfunction associated with PA. However, there were distinct correlations between RSF volume and RAS parameters according to sex and PA subtypes.

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Safety and efficacy of long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on metabolism, sleep, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis in healthy, middle-aged Japanese men

Yamaguchi, S., Irie, J., Mitsuishi, M., Uchino, Y., Nakaya, H., Takemura, R., Inagaki, E., Kosugi, S., Okano, H., Yasui, M., Tsubota, K., Hayashi, K., Yoshino, J. and Itoh, H.

Endocr J 71 ( 2 ) 153 - 169 2024

ISSN 09188959

Obesity and aging are major risk factors for several life-threatening diseases. Accumulating evidence from both rodents and humans suggests that the levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)), a regulator of many biological processes, declines in multiple organs and tissues with aging and obesity. Administration of an NAD(+) intermediate, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), replenishes intracellular NAD(+) levels and mitigates aging- and obesity-associated derangements in animal models. In this human clinical study, we aimed to investigate the safety and effects of 8-week oral administration of NMN on biochemical, metabolic, ophthalmologic, and sleep quality parameters as well as on chronological alterations in NAD(+) content in peripheral tissues. An 8-week, single-center, single-arm, open-label clinical trial was conducted. Eleven healthy, middle-aged Japanese men received two 125-mg NMN capsules once daily before breakfast. The 8-week NMN supplementation regimen was well-tolerated; NAD(+) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells increased over the course of NMN administration. In participants with insulin oversecretion after oral glucose loading, NMN modestly attenuated postprandial hyperinsulinemia, a risk factor for coronary artery disease (n = 3). In conclusion, NMN overall safely and effectively boosted NAD(+) biosynthesis in healthy, middle-aged Japanese men, showing its potential for alleviating postprandial hyperinsulinemia.

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Combining hemodialysis with peritoneal dialysis improves cognitive function: a three-case report

Maruki, T., Nakayama, T., Morimoto, K., Uchiyama, K., Washida, N., Mitsuno, R., Tonomura, S., Hama, E. Y., Kusahana, E., Yoshimoto, N., Hishikawa, A., Hagiwara, A., Azegami, T., Yoshino, J., Monkawa, T., Yoshida, T., Yamaguchi, S. and Hayashi, K.

CEN Case Rep (CEN Case Reports) 13 ( 6 ) 517 - 521 2024

ISSN 2192-4449

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with multiple complications, with recent scholarly attention underscoring cognitive impairment as a salient manifestation. Considering societal aging, preserving cognitive function has emerged as an urgent medical concern. Prolonged dialysis, encompassing hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), has been associated with a decline in cognitive function. Here, we present the cases of three patients undergoing PD who exhibited a noticeable improvement in cognitive function upon the initiation of HD. One patient had exhibited mild cognitive decline, whereas the remaining two presented more severe impairment. Apart from a mild tendency for fluid retention, none of the three patients exhibited abnormalities in physical or imaging examinations. Evaluation using the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J) yielded decreased scores across multiple domains, notably in executive and attention functions. However, after HD initiation, all patients demonstrated a marked enhancement in multiple MoCA-J parameters, accompanied by a significant improvement in subjective symptoms. Moreover, improvements in anemia and hypoalbuminemia were observed in all three patients, whereas consistent trends in other parameters were absent. These clinical observations suggest that the integration of HD into the therapeutic regimen of patients undergoing PD may enhance cognitive function, highlighting the contributory roles of hemoglobin and albumin in CKD-associated cognitive impairment.

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Hemodialysis treatment of vancomycin-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome in a patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis

Mitsuno, R., Nakayama, T., Uchiyama, K., Yoshimoto, N., Kusahana, E., Morimoto, K., Yoshino, J., Yoshida, T., Kanda, T., Yamaguchi, S. and Hayashi, K.

CEN Case Rep 13 ( 5 ) 339 - 345 2024

ISSN 2192-4449

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), also known as drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), is a severe drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction with 10% mortality. To date, there is insufficient evidence regarding the association between DRESS/DIHS and serum levels of vancomycin (VCM). Here, we report the case of a 46-year-old woman undergoing peritoneal dialysis who developed VCM-induced DRESS/DIHS. She was hospitalized for peritonitis with abdominal pain and treated with VCM. On day 10 of hospitalization, her abdominal symptoms improved; however, fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, eosinophilia, atypical lymphocytes, and liver and renal dysfunction developed. Based on the clinical course and laboratory findings, we diagnosed the patient with DRESS/DIHS due to VCM. Since her serum VCM concentration was high at 39.8 μg/mL, hemodialysis (HD) was performed to remove VCM, which caused her symptoms to improve. However, serum levels of VCM rebounded and the same symptoms recurred. Therefore, we re-performed HD; no further relapse occurred. This clinical course showed that increased serum VCM levels were associated with DRESS/DIHS onset and severity, suggesting that it is a blood level-dependent disease and that removal of VCM by HD is a potential therapeutic option.

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Effective calcineurin inhibitor treatment in adult-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with a novel splice donor site variant of TRPC6: a case report

Nagasaka, T., Uchiyama, K., Hama, E. Y., Kojima, D., Kaneko, K., Yoshimoto, N., Yasuda, I., Yamada, M., Miya, F., Suzuki, H., Tajima, T., Yamaguchi, S., Hayashi, K., Kanda, T., Hashiguchi, A., Kosaki, K. and Itoh, H.

CEN Case Rep 2024

ISSN 2192-4449

Transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) variants, which were initially detected in adult-onset familial focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), were also identified in pediatric-onset one. Here, we present a patient with adult-onset steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) who harbored a likely pathogenic TRPC6 variant and partially responded to calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). A 44-year-old woman with stable rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Sjögren's syndrome was presented with nephrotic syndrome. Her renal biopsy results showed minor glomerular abnormalities. Upon admission, she was treated with steroids for around 4 weeks, but it was ineffective. After 1-2 weeks of cyclosporine A (CyA) administration, urine output increased, renal function improved without a decrease in proteinuria, and she was discharged. Her renal function was maintained for 2 months, but after a CyA dose reduction, she was again admitted to the hospital due to relapsing edema, decreased urine output, and worsening renal function. CyA was replaced by tacrolimus (TAC). A second renal biopsy showed nearly the same findings as the first except for tubulointerstitial lesions. After 1-2 weeks of TAC administration, urine output increased, and renal function improved. However, urinary protein levels did not decrease as before. After discharge, a whole exome analysis revealed a heterozygous splice donor site variant NM_004621.6;c.2644 + 1G > A in TRPC6. Genetic testing identified a novel splice donor site variant of TRPC6 in a patient with adult-onset SRNS, which prevented unnecessary steroid continuation. The safety and efficacy of CNI in TRPC6 glomerulopathy must be evaluated in future larger studies with longer follow-up.

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The proteinuria selectivity index value predicts the remission of IgA nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study

Mitsuno, R., Nakayama, T., Ito, W., Maruki, T., Nakamichi, R., Adachi, K., Yoshimoto, N., Hishikawa, A., Hagiwara, A., Yamaguchi, S., Monkawa, T., Yoshino, J., Hashiguchi, A., Azegami, T. and Hayashi, K.

Ren Fail 46 ( 2 ) 2423839 2024

ISSN 0886022X

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and leads to end-stage kidney disease. The proteinuria selectivity index (PSI) has been used to assess the prognosis in nephrotic syndrome, but its predictive value in patients with IgAN remains unclear. This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients who diagnosed with IgAN between March 2012 and March 2020. The PSI was calculated at the time of kidney biopsy. Patients were followed up from the time of kidney biopsy to kidney replacement therapy, death, transfer to another facility, or study completion. Ninety-four patients with a median age of 51 years were enrolled and divided according to the cutoff value of PSI determined by the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis into low-PSI (PSI <0.243, n = 39) and high-PSI groups (PSI ≥0.243, n = 55). The median follow-up duration was 70 months. Rates of remission of proteinuria and survival without a two-fold increase in serum creatinine were significantly better in the low-PSI group (both p < 0.01, log-rank test). Cox regression analysis showed that a low PSI was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of remission of proteinuria and hematuria (hazard ratio [HR] 1.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-3.85 and HR 1.75; 95% CI 1.01-3.13, respectively), and a decreased risk of a two-fold increase in serum creatinine (HR 0.10; 95% CI 0.01-0.81). In conclusion, The PSI could have the potential to support the assessment of the prognosis of IgAN, in addition to established prognostic markers, by reflecting the overall glomerular permeability.

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Successful renal transplantation following hemodialysis as bridging therapy in a patient with Fechtner syndrome: a case report and literature review

Hama, Eriko Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Shintaro, Uchiyama, Kiyotaka, Kojima, Daiki, Nagasaka, Tomoki, Yoshimoto, Norifumi, Tajima, Takaya, Kanda, Takeshi, Morimoto, Kohkichi and Yoshida, Tadashi

Renal Replacement Therapy 9 ( 1 ) 50 2023.12

ISSN 2059-1381

Background: Fechtner syndrome, also referred to as nonmuscle myosin heavy chain 9-related disease (MYH9-RD), is an autosomal-dominant genetic disorder. It is caused by abnormalities in the MYH9 gene, which encodes the nonmuscle conventional (class II) myosin heavy chain A (NMMHC-IIA). Its clinical manifestations include mild macrothrombocytopenia with leukocyte inclusions, hearing loss, cataracts, and renal failure. Case presentation: We present the case of a 34-year-old female patient with Fechtner syndrome in whom end-stage renal disease (ESRD) developed. During childhood, she presented with the typical symptoms of MYH9-RD, including thrombocytopenia, leukocyte inclusion bodies, onset of nephropathy, sensorineural hearing loss, and cataracts, wherein a clinical diagnosis of Fechtner syndrome was established. Her renal function deteriorated during adolescence. Furthermore, the patient underwent renal biopsy at the age of 18 years, which revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. She was started on hemodialysis at the age of 33 years, followed by a living-donor renal transplantation after 5 months. She achieved a target platelet count of 50 × 109/L for arteriovenous fistula creation and 100 × 109/L for renal transplantation via platelet transfusions. Heparin use was avoided as an anticoagulant during hemodialysis. Since the patient expressed a desire for childbearing, genetic testing was performed, revealing an in-frame deletion of 21 nucleotides at 3195–3215 in exon 25 (A1065_A1072 del) of NMMHC-IIA, which has been reported to correlate with mild renal dysfunction. Our patient’s condition progressed into ESRD. Although genetic testing techniques have made great strides in recent years, our case clearly presents the difficulty in assuming an association between genetic abnormalities and clinical manifestations. Conclusions: Our case may provide further understanding of the management of ESRD in patients with MYH9-RD-related thrombocytopenia based on the results of genetic testing.

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Comparison of the effects of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors and thiazide diuretic/renin-angiotensin system inhibitor combination therapy in hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study

Mitsuno, R., Uchiyama, K., Nakayama, T., Takahashi, R., Yoshimoto, N., Yamaguchi, S., Washida, N., Kanda, T., Hayashi, K. and Itoh, H.

J Hum Hypertens (Journal of Human Hypertension) 37 ( 12 ) 1049 - 1055 2023.12

ISSN 09509240

Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) have been approved as antihypertensive agents in Japan, and thiazide diuretics (TZDs) are widely used concomitantly with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASIs) for hypertension. This retrospective study included patients with hypertension who switched from RASI to ARNI therapy (ARNI group) and those who were prescribed TZDs with RASIs (TZD/RASI group). Drug-related changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), blood pressure (BP), body weight (BW), serum electrolytes, uric acid (UA), and triglyceride levels were compared between the two groups. Overall, 70 participants (31 and 39 in the ARNI and TZD/RASI groups, respectively) were enrolled and observed for a median of 2 months. According to linear mixed models, compared with the TZD/RASI group, the ARNI group exhibited a significant change in mean eGFR of 3.71 mL/min/1.73 m(2) [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.57-6.84; P = 0.02] from the time of switching drug to the next outpatient visit. Further, compared with the TZD/RASI group, the ARNI group exhibited significant changes in mean serum UA (-1.27; 95% CI, -1.66 to -0.88), sodium (1.22; 95% CI, 0.12 to -2.32), chloride (2.14; 95% CI, 0.75-3.52), and triglyceride (-52.1; 95% CI, -100.9 to -3.29) levels. Conversely, serum potassium levels, BW, and systolic and diastolic BP did not differ significantly between the two groups (P = 0.69, 0.44, 0.49, and 0.66, respectively). Compared with the combination therapy of TZD and RASI, ARNI therapy causes less renal dysfunction, hyperuricemia, and hypertriglyceridemia with fewer electrolyte abnormalities and no significant difference in antihypertensive effects.

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Clinical significance of serum urea-to-creatinine ratio in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis

Tonomura, S., Uchiyama, K., Nakayama, T., Mitsuno, R., Kojima, D., Hama, E. Y., Nagasaka, T., Nishimura, E. S., Kusahana, E., Takahashi, R., Yoshimoto, N., Yamaguchi, S., Morimoto, K., Yoshida, T., Hayashi, K., Kanda, T., Washida, N. and Itoh, H.

Ther Apher Dial 27 ( 6 ) 1103 - 1112 2023.12

ISSN 1744-9979

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to determine the correlation between the serum urea-to-creatinine ratio and residual kidney function (RKF) in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), as well as its predictive value for PD-related outcomes. METHODS: This study included a cross-sectional study to assess the correlation between serum urea-to-creatinine ratio and RKF in 50 patients on PD and a retrospective cohort study to assess the association between serum urea-to-creatinine ratio and PD-related outcomes in 122 patients who initiated PD. RESULTS: Serum urea-to-creatinine ratios had significant positive correlations with renal Kt/V and creatinine clearance values (r = 0.60, p < 0.001 and r = 0.61, p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, serum urea-to-creatinine ratio was significantly associated with a lower risk of transfer to hemodialysis or PD/hemodialysis hybrid therapy (hazard ratio: 0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.75-0.95). CONCLUSION: The serum urea-to-creatinine ratio can be an indicator of RKF and a prognostic factor in patients undergoing PD.

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Adipocyte NMNAT1 expression is essential for nuclear NAD(+) biosynthesis but dispensable for regulating thermogenesis and whole-body energy metabolism

Yamaguchi, S., Kojima, D., Iqbal, T., Kosugi, S., Franczyk, M. P., Qi, N., Sasaki, Y., Yaku, K., Kaneko, K., Kinouchi, K., Itoh, H., Hayashi, K., Nakagawa, T. and Yoshino, J.

Biochem Biophys Res Commun (Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications) 674 162 - 169 2023.09

ISSN 0006291X

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) functions as an essential cofactor regulating a variety of biological processes. The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of nuclear NAD(+) biosynthesis, mediated by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 1 (NMNAT1), in thermogenesis and whole-body energy metabolism. We first evaluated the relationship between NMNAT1 expression and thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue (BAT), a key organ for non-shivering thermogenesis. We found that reduced BAT NMNAT1expression was associated with inactivation of thermogenic gene program induced by obesity and thermoneutrality. Next, we generated and characterized adiponectin-Cre-driven adipocyte-specific Nmnat1 knockout (ANMT1KO) mice. Loss of NMNAT1 markedly reduced nuclear NAD(+) concentration by approximately 70% in BAT. Nonetheless, adipocyte-specific Nmnat1 deletion had no impact on thermogenic (rectal temperature, BAT temperature and whole-body oxygen consumption) responses to β-adrenergic ligand norepinephrine administration and acute cold exposure, adrenergic-mediated lipolytic activity, and metabolic responses to obesogenic high-fat diet feeding. In addition, loss of NMNAT1 did not affect nuclear lysine acetylation or thermogenic gene program in BAT. These results demonstrate that adipocyte NMNAT1 expression is required for maintaining nuclear NAD(+) concentration, but not for regulating BAT thermogenesis or whole-body energy homeostasis.

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Interactions between Intestinal Homeostasis and NAD(+) Biology in Regulating Incretin Production and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism

Nagahisa, T., Kosugi, S. and Yamaguchi, S.

Nutrients 15 ( 6 ) 2023.03

ISSN 2072-6643

The intestine has garnered attention as a target organ for developing new therapies for impaired glucose tolerance. The intestine, which produces incretin hormones, is the central regulator of glucose metabolism. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production, which determines postprandial glucose levels, is regulated by intestinal homeostasis. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) biosynthesis in major metabolic organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in obesity- and aging-associated organ derangements. Furthermore, NAMPT-mediated NAD(+) biosynthesis in the intestines and its upstream and downstream mediators, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase sirtuins (SIRTs), respectively, are critical for intestinal homeostasis, including gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolism, and GLP-1 production. Thus, boosting the intestinal AMPK-NAMPT-NAD(+)-SIRT pathway to improve intestinal homeostasis, GLP-1 production, and postprandial glucose metabolism has gained significant attention as a novel strategy to improve impaired glucose tolerance. Herein, we aimed to review in detail the regulatory mechanisms and importance of intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD(+) biosynthesis in regulating intestinal homeostasis and GLP-1 secretion in obesity and aging. Furthermore, dietary and molecular factors regulating intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD(+) biosynthesis were critically explored to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies for postprandial glucose dysregulation.

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Case report: Importance of early and continuous tocilizumab therapy in nephrotic syndrome associated with idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease: A case series

Kojima D., Yamaguchi S., Hashiguchi A., Hayashi K., Uchiyama K., Yoshimoto N., Adachi K., Nakayama T., Nishioka K., Tajima T., Morimoto K., Yoshino J., Yoshida T., Monkawa T., Kanda T., Itoh H.

Frontiers in Medicine (Frontiers in Medicine) 9 2023.01

Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) is a systemic and polyclonal lymphoproliferative disease involving multiple organs, including the kidneys, due to the overproduction of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Recently, several reports have suggested that excessive IL-6 actions in iMCD could have a causal relationship with the development of diverse histopathological renal manifestations that cause nephrotic syndrome. However, the treatment for such cases remains unclear. We report a series of three cases of nephrotic syndrome due to iMCD that helps to delineate the importance of early and continuous therapy with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab. First, treatment was suspended for infectious control, and the patient presented with nephrotic syndrome due to diffuse mesangial and endocapillary hypercellularity without immune deposits complicating acute kidney injury. Second, iMCD was treated with prednisolone alone. The patient suddenly developed nephrotic syndrome due to immune-complex glomerulonephritis, not otherwise specified, complicated with acute kidney injury. In the third case, nephrotic syndrome secondary to membranous glomerulonephritis was diagnosed, with a skin rash and IgE antibodies to tocilizumab, and was therefore treated with prednisolone alone. In contrast to the first two cases, the third progressed to end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Taken together, this series suggests that clinicians should maintain clinical vigilance for iMCD as a possible underlying component of nephrotic syndrome, since iMCD presents with a variety of renal pathologies. Prompt initiation and continuous administration of tocilizumab are likely key determinants of renal outcomes in such cases. In particular, when tocilizumab is suspended due to infection or in the perioperative period, consideration of its expeditious resumption should be made, taking into account both the withdrawal period and systemic conditions.

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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis predominantly manifesting tubulointerstitial nephritis: A case report

Nishioka, K., Yamaguchi, S., Hashiguchi, A., Yoshimoto, N., Tajima, T., Yasuda, I., Uchiyama, K., Kaneko, K., Aso, M., Yoshino, J., Monkawa, T., Kanda, T., Hayashi, K. and Itoh, H.

SAGE Open Med Case Rep (SAGE Open Medical Case Reports) 11 2050313X231197324 2023.01

ISSN 2050-313X

The common histopathology of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis comprises pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis with concomitant tubulointerstitial nephritis. Tubulointerstitial nephritis in the absence of glomerular involvement in patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis is uncommon. We report a case of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis-associated acute kidney injury manifesting as tubulointerstitial nephritis without glomerulonephritis. A 75-year-old woman with fever, cough, and myalgia developed kidney dysfunction with inflammatory reactions and tubular-type proteinuria, without glomerular hematuria. A kidney biopsy revealed tubulointerstitial nephritis with arteritis. We ruled out important underlying etiologies of tubulointerstitial nephritis, including infection, drug reactions, and autoimmune diseases. Since chest high-resolution computed tomography demonstrated mild interstitial pneumonia in bilateral lower lung fields, myeloperoxidase antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was measured and found to be positive. Therefore, we diagnosed the patient with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis-associated tubulointerstitial nephritis but not glomerulonephritis, and interstitial pneumonia. The patient's kidney function and symptoms markedly improved with prednisolone treatment. Clinicians should maintain high-level vigilance for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis as a possible underlying component of tubulointerstitial nephritis, particularly when kidney function deteriorates with tubulointerstitial injuries without glomerular features.

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Prevention of hypoglycemia by intermittent-scanning continuous glucose monitoring device combined with structured education in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, crossover trial

Diabetes Res Clin Pract 195 110147 2023.01

ISSN 0168-8227

AIMS: We conducted a randomized, crossover trial to compare intermittent-scanning continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) device with structured education (Intervention) to self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) (Control) in the reduction of time below range. METHODS: This crossover trial involved 104 adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) using multiple daily injections. Participants were randomly allocated to either sequence Intervention/Control or sequence Control/Intervention. During the Intervention period which lasted 84 days, participants used the first-generation FreeStyle Libre (Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA, USA) and received structured education on how to prevent hypoglycemia based on the trend arrow and by frequent sensor scanning (≥10 times a day). Confirmatory SMBG was conducted before dosing insulin. The Control period lasted 84 days. The primary endpoint was the decrease in the time below range (TBR; <70 mg/dL). RESULTS: The time below range was significantly reduced in the Intervention arm compared to the Control arm (2.42 ± 1.68 h/day [10.1 %±7.0 %] vs 3.10 ± 2.28 h/day [12.9 %±9.5 %], P = 0.012). The ratio of high-risk participants with low blood glucose index >5 was significantly reduced (8.6 % vs 23.7 %, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of isCGM combined with structured education significantly reduced the time below range in patients with T1DM.

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Compared effectiveness of sodium zirconium cyclosilicate and calcium polystyrene sulfonate on hyperkalemia in patients with chronic kidney disease

Nakayama T., Yamaguchi S., Hayashi K., Uchiyama K., Tajima T., Azegami T., Morimoto K., Yoshida T., Yoshino J., Monkawa T., Kanda T., Itoh H.

Frontiers in Medicine (Frontiers in Medicine) 10 2023

Hyperkalemia is a well-recognized electrolyte abnormality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Potassium binders are often used to prevent and treat hyperkalemia. However, few studies have evaluated the difference in serum potassium (K+) level-lowering effect during the post-acute phase between the novel potassium binder, sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (ZSC), and conventional agents. This retrospective study included patients who received potassium binders (either ZSC or calcium polystyrene sulfonate [CPS]) in our hospital between May 2020 and July 2022. The patients were divided into the ZSC and CPS groups. After propensity score matching, we compared changes from baseline to the first follow-up point, at least 4 weeks after initiating potassium binders, in electrolytes including K+ level between the two groups. Of the 132 patients, ZSC and CPS were administered in 48 and 84 patients, respectively. After matching, 38 patients were allocated to each group. The ZSC group showed greater reduction in K+ levels than did the CPS group (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase in serum sodium minus chloride levels, a surrogate marker for metabolic acidosis, was observed in the ZSC group (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrated that ZSC could potentially improve hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis in patients with CKD.

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Hydrogen gas and preservation of intestinal stem cells in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion

Yamamoto, R., Suzuki, S., Homma, K., Yamaguchi, S., Sujino, T. and Sasaki, J.

World J Gastrointest Surg 14 ( 12 ) 1329 - 1339 2022.12

ISSN 1948-9366

BACKGROUND: Patients with mesenteric ischemia frequently suffer from bowel necrosis even after revascularization. Hydrogen gas has showed promising effects for ischemia-reperfusion injury by reducing reactive oxygen species in various animal and clinical studies. We examined intestinal tissue injury by ischemia and reperfusion under continuous initiation of 3% hydrogen gas. AIM: To clarify the treatment effects and target cells of hydrogen gas for mesenteric ischemia. METHODS: Three rat groups underwent 60-min mesenteric artery occlusion (ischemia), 60-min reperfusion following 60-min occlusion (reperfusion), or ischemia-reperfusion with the same duration under continuous 3% hydrogen gas inhalation (hydrogen). The distal ileum was harvested. Immunofluorescence staining with caspase-3 and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled 5 (LGR5), a specific marker of intestinal stem cell, was conducted to evaluate the injury location and cell types protected by hydrogen. mRNA expressions of LGR5, olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4), hairy and enhancer of split 1, Jagged 2, and Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Tissue oxidative stress was analyzed with immunostaining for 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Systemic oxidative stress was evaluated by plasma 8-OHdG. RESULTS: Ischemia damaged the epithelial layer at the tip of the villi, whereas reperfusion induced extensive apoptosis of the cells at the crypt base, which were identified as intestinal stem cells with double immunofluorescence stain. Hydrogen mitigated such apoptosis at the crypt base, and the LGR5 expression of the tissues was higher in the hydrogen group than in the reperfusion group. OLFM4 was also relatively higher in the hydrogen group, whereas other measured RNAs were comparable between the groups. 8-OHdG concentration was high in the reperfusion group, which was reduced by hydrogen, particularly at the crypt base. Serum 8-OHdG concentrations were relatively higher in both reperfusion and hydrogen groups without significance. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that hydrogen gas inhalation preserves intestinal stem cells and mitigates oxidative stress caused by mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion.

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Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Protects against Retinal Dysfunction in a Murine Model of Carotid Artery Occlusion

Lee, D., Tomita, Y., Miwa, Y., Jeong, H., Shinojima, A., Ban, N., Yamaguchi, S., Nishioka, K., Negishi, K., Yoshino, J. and Kurihara, T.

Int J Mol Sci 23 ( 23 ) 2022.12

ISSN 16616596

Cardiovascular abnormality-mediated retinal ischemia causes severe visual impairment. Retinal ischemia is involved in enormous pathological processes including oxidative stress, reactive gliosis, and retinal functional deficits. Thus, maintaining retinal function by modulating those pathological processes may prevent or protect against vision loss. Over the decades, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a crucial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) intermediate, has been nominated as a promising therapeutic target in retinal diseases. Nonetheless, a protective effect of NMN has not been examined in cardiovascular diseases-induced retinal ischemia. In our study, we aimed to investigate its promising effect of NMN in the ischemic retina of a murine model of carotid artery occlusion. After surgical unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO) in adult male C57BL/6 mice, NMN (500 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally injected to mice every day until the end of experiments. Electroretinography and biomolecular assays were utilized to measure ocular functional and further molecular alterations in the retina. We found that UCCAO-induced retinal dysfunction was suppressed, pathological gliosis was reduced, retinal NAD(+) levels were preserved, and the expression of an antioxidant molecule (nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2; Nrf2) was upregulated by consecutive administration of NMN. Our present outcomes first suggest a promising NMN therapy for the suppression of cardiovascular diseases-mediated retinal ischemic dysfunction.

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Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Prevents Retinal Dysfunction in a Mouse Model of Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Lee, D., Tomita, Y., Miwa, Y., Shinojima, A., Ban, N., Yamaguchi, S., Nishioka, K., Negishi, K., Yoshino, J. and Kurihara, T.

Int J Mol Sci 23 ( 19 ) 2022.10

ISSN 16616596

Retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury can cause severe vision impairment. Retinal I/R injury is associated with pathological increases in reactive oxygen species and inflammation, resulting in retinal neuronal cell death. To date, effective therapies have not been developed. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a key nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) intermediate, has been shown to exert neuroprotection for retinal diseases. However, it remains unclear whether NMN can prevent retinal I/R injury. Thus, we aimed to determine whether NMN therapy is useful for retinal I/R injury-induced retinal degeneration. One day after NMN intraperitoneal (IP) injection, adult mice were subjected to retinal I/R injury. Then, the mice were injected with NMN once every day for three days. Electroretinography and immunohistochemistry were used to measure retinal functional alterations and retinal inflammation, respectively. The protective effect of NMN administration was further examined using a retinal cell line, 661W, under CoCl(2)-induced oxidative stress conditions. NMN IP injection significantly suppressed retinal functional damage, as well as inflammation. NMN treatment showed protective effects against oxidative stress-induced cell death. The antioxidant pathway (Nrf2 and Hmox-1) was activated by NMN treatment. In conclusion, NMN could be a promising preventive neuroprotective drug for ischemic retinopathy.

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Late Dialysis Modality Education Could Negatively Predict Peritoneal Dialysis Selection

Nakayama, T., Nishioka, K., Uchiyama, K., Morimoto, K., Kusahana, E., Washida, N., Yamaguchi, S., Azegami, T., Yoshida, T. and Itoh, H.

J Clin Med 11 ( 14 ) 2022.07

ISSN 2077-0383

Patients with end-stage renal disease are less likely to choose peritoneal dialysis (PD) as renal replacement therapy (RRT). The reasons for this biased selection are still poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the timing of RRT education on PD selection. This single-center retrospective observational study included patients who initiated maintenance dialysis at our hospital between April 2014 and July 2021. A logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association of RRT education timing with PD selection. Among the 355 participants (median age [IQR] 70 (59−79) years; 28.7% female), 53 patients (14.9%) and 302 patients (85.1%) selected PD and hemodialysis, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high estimated glomerular filtration (eGFR) at RRT education positively predicted PD selection (p < 0.05), whereas old age (p < 0.01) and high Charlson comorbidity index (p < 0.05) were negative predictors of PD selection. Female sex (p = 0.44), welfare public assistance (p = 0.78), living alone (p = 0.25), high geriatric nutritional risk index (p = 0.10) and high eGFR at first visit to the nephrology department (p = 0.83) were not significantly associated with PD selection. Late RRT education could increase the biased selection of dialysis modality.

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