Papers - ENDOH Masahiro

Japan’s Policy Choices for Managing Import Shocks on Jobs and Wages

Masahiro Endoh

The International Economy (The Japan Society of International Economics)  28 2026

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted,  ISSN  2186-6074

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Impact of Inbound Tourism on Regional Economic Development: Evidence from Japanese commuting zone-level data

T Matsuura, M Endoh, H Saito

Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) Discussion papers  2026

An Empirical Investigation on International Trade using Japan’s Customs Data

Keiko Ito, Masahiro Endoh, Toshihiro Okubo, Akira Sasahara, Naoto Jinji, Toshiyuki Matsuura

Financial Review  ( 160 ) 5 - 36 2025.06

Margins, Concentration, and the Performance of Firms in International Trade: Evidence from Japanese Customs Data

Keiko Ito, Masahiro Endoh, Naoto Jinji, Toshiyuki Matsuura, Toshihiro Okubo, Akira Sasahara

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies (Elsevier BV)  75   101340 2025.03

Accepted,  ISSN  0889-1583

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Inbound Tourism and Tourists’ Preferences for Accommodation Quality

H Saito, T Matsuura, M Endoh

Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) Discussion papers  2025

The Impact of Inbound Tourism on Regional Economic Development: Evidence from Japanese commuting zone-level data (Japanese)

T Matsuura, M Endoh, H Saito

Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI) Discussion Papers …  2025

Intrafirm carry-along trade

M Endoh, U Yoshimoto, K Itō

Research Department, Policy Research Institute, MOF  2025

The Effect of Regional Import Shocks on Job Flows in Japanese Manufacturing Establishments

Masahiro Endoh

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies (Elsevier BV)  74   101337 2024.12

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted,  ISSN  0889-1583

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Using a dataset of all Japanese manufacturing establishments in 2006 and 2016 and industry- and region-level import shocks, this study examined the impact of the China Shock on the job flows of establishments. Regression analyses found that the industry-level import shock increased the probability of exiting in only a few groups. Interestingly, small establishments in single-unit firms located in non-agglomerated regions adopted a hibernation strategy to cope with the region-level import shock. Furthermore, surviving establishments in this category accelerated both job creation and destruction in response to these two import shocks, thereby amplifying the overall magnitude of job flows. These results became observable owing to the use of establishment-level observations and a detailed classification of job flows.

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Comments by Masahiro Endoh, on Change from the COVID-19 Pandemic to a New Normal: Documenting Consumption Behavior of Two Years with Big Data

M Endoh

Asian Economic Papers 23 (1), 173-174  2024

The China Shock and Job Reallocation in Japan

Masahiro Endoh

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 68   101257 2023.06

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted

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An Empirical Investigation on International Trade Using Japan’s Customs Data

K Ito, M Endoh, T Okubo, A Sasahara, N Jinji, T Matsuura

PRI Discussion Paper Series  2023

The China shock and supply chains: when rising imports raise exports

J Choi, M Endoh, A Sasahara

Unpublished manuscript, University of Hawai ‘i at Manoa and Keio University  2023

The Impact of Firms’ International Trade on Domestic Suppliers: The Case of Japan

Masahiro Endoh

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies (Elsevier BV)  63   101188 2022.03

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted,  ISSN  0889-1583

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This study revisits the propagation of trade effects through inter-firm transactions with upstream domestic firms on five types of business indices. It uses Japanese buyer–seller relationship data constructed by applying more suitable criteria for sampling firms. The results show that upstream manufacturing firms lower the probability of closing by selling their products to downstream manufacturing firms which increase their exports or imports. Interestingly, few unfavorable outcomes of indirect trade shocks were observed. These findings suggest that the economic impact of firms’ international trade on upstream suppliers is more nuanced than just a substitute or complement between international and domestic trade.

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The China Shock and Local Job Reallocation in Japan

M Endoh

Available at SSRN 4192484  2022

Lead author, Corresponding author

The Effect of Import Competition on Labor Income Inequality Through Firm and Worker Heterogeneity in the Japanese Manufacturing Sector

Masahiro Endoh

Japan and the World Economy 59   101076 2021.09

Single Work, Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted,  ISSN  09221425

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This study estimates the effects of import competition from Asia on the labor income inequality of Japanese manufacturing workers, considering firm and worker heterogeneity. Parameters are obtained from regression results of annual salary by using constructed worker–establishment panel data. The estimated salary change is positively and negatively larger for higher- and lower-paid workers, respectively, implying that labor income inequality among industry–size–skill–gender groups has increased due to imports from Asia. However, the actual evolution of income inequality during 1998–2014 is not successfully explained by Asian imports: other shocks overshadow import competition to determine actual income inequality.

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Offshoring and Working Hours Adjustments in a Within-firm Labor Market

Masahiro Endoh

Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 60   101132 2021.06

Single Work, Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted,  ISSN  08891583

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Although a growing body of literature identifies the within-firm redistribution effects of trade, research on the adjustment processes in within-firm labor markets remains scarce. This study analyzes the within-firm adjustment of working hours and wages by considering workers’ educational background and gender in response to a change in offshoring. Matched worker–firm panel data in the Japanese manufacturing sector covering 1998 to 2014 are used. The analysis leads to the following three observations. First, offshoring does not significantly alter the skill premium and gender gap in terms of scheduled monthly salaries and scheduled hourly wages. Second, offshoring decreases skill premium in annual hourly wages, whereas it increases gender gap in annual salaries. Third, this uneven impact on annual variables arises from the different changes in overtime working hours: college graduates work longer with a lower overtime premium, whereas female workers do not increase overtime work.

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Trade Effects on Wage Inequality through Worker and Firm Heterogeneity in Japan

M Endoh

Keio-IES Discussion Paper Series  2020

Lead author, Corresponding author

The Effect of Import Competition on Wages in the Japanese Manufacturing Sector

Masahiro Endoh

Asian Economic Papers (MIT Press - Journals)  17 ( 1 ) 46 - 67 2018.02

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted,  ISSN  15353516

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This study estimates the effect of import competition in the final goods market on workers’ wages in the Japanese manufacturing sector by constructing a panel of matched worker–firm data for 1998–2013 wages. The baseline results show that import competition does not decrease unskilled workers’ wages and increases the skill premia of workers with college degrees or those in managerial and professional positions. Large firms and firms with low productivity also increased their wage premia through import competition, but the degree of increase due to firm-level factors is much smaller than that due to factors related to workers’ skill.

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The Effect of Intermediate and Final Goods Trade on Labor Demand in Japanese Firms

Sachiko Kazekami and Masahiro Endoh

Globalism and Regional Economy (Routledge Studies in the Modern World Economy; 118) (Routledge)     19 - 37 2013

Joint Work, Accepted

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Pareto-Efficient Trade and Domestic Policies under International Lobbying Activities

ENDOH MASAHIRO

The International Economy (Japan Society of International Economics ; 2006-)  16 ( 16 ) 79 - 94 2013

Single Work, Accepted,  ISSN  2186-6074

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Can a Regional Trade Agreement Benefit a Nonmember Country without Compensating It?

Masahiro Endoh, Koichi Hamada, Koji Shimomura

Review of International Economics 21 ( 5 ) 912 - 922 2013

Joint Work, Accepted,  ISSN  0965-7576

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Cross-Border Political Donations and Pareto-Efficient Tariffs

ENDOH MASAHIRO

Journal of International Trade and Economic Development 21 ( 4 ) 493 - 512 2012

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted,  ISSN  0963-8199

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Income Transfers and Regional Balance of Payments

ENDOH MASAHIRO

Mita Business Review (慶應義塾大学出版会)  53 ( 1 ) 1-37 - 37 2010

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work,  ISSN  0544-571X

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論文本論では，日本の都道府県経済とその対外関係を分析するにあたって有用と思われる分析視角として，財政を通じた都道府県間の所得再分配の指標としての移転収支，国際収支表に準じた域際収支表の作成，域際収支の決定要因を，北海道を例にとって紹介した。移転収支は経常移転と資本移転から構成され，都道府県間の所得再分配を包括的に把握できる。域際収支表は域外との取引を国際収支表に準じて記録するもので，域外との貿易，投資，所得移転の全体像を捉えるのに有用である。域際収支の決定要因については，域際収支表の各項目を政策などによって変化する外生的なものとそれを受けて変化する内生的なものとに分類し，簡単なマクロモデルを基に分析した。このような分析を通じて，域際収支の議論に散見される誤解をいくつか指摘することも行った。北海道を例にとると，北海道の財貨・サービス収支が赤字であるからといって，北海道の対外債務残高が増加しているわけではない。また，北海道は財貨・サービス収支の赤字を埋めるために財政を通じて所得再分配を受けているのではなく，むしろ所得再分配を受けることによって財貨・サービス収支の赤字は拡大している。さらに，北海道の財貨・サービス収支が赤字であるから道民１人当り所得が低くなるのではなく，所得の上昇のために財貨・サービス収支の改善を政策目標にするのは誤りである。This paper presents three viewpoints for regional economy, with an emphasis on current and capital transfers. First, income transfers offer us a good measure to gauge the amount of income redistribution through governments. Second, a regional balance of payments enables us to grasp the value of economic transactions between one region and the other.Third, on considering the determination of regional balance of payments, in order to understand the effect of fiscal policy on net exports of goods and services and financial account, it is essential to treat current and capital transfers as exogenous variables reflecting fiscal policy.

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A Free Trade Area and its Neighbor’s Welfare: A Revealed Preference Approach

Masahiro Endoh, Koichi Hamada, and Koji Shimomura

Globalization and Emerging Issues in Trade Theory and Policy (Frontiers of Economics and Globalization, Volume. 5) (Emerald Group Publishing Limited)  5   87 - 99 2008

Joint Work, Accepted,  ISSN  1574-8715

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Rates of Return on Managerial Resources: The Case of OECD Countries

ENDOH MASAHIRO

Mita Business Review (慶應義塾大学出版会)  50 ( 5 ) 85-98 - 98 2007

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work,  ISSN  0544-571X

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商学部創立50周年記念 = Commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of the faculty50周年記念論文本論では，OECD 諸国間の2001年から2003年の直接・間接投資のデータを用いて，直接投資を通じて各国の持つ経営資源が外国に移された場合，どの程度投資国に収益をもたらすかを推計した。直接投資からの収益率を決める要素として，投資情報分析能力，基準利益率，経営資源優位性，そして配当変動率を考え，それぞれが投資収益率に与える効果を計算することで経営資源の収益率を抽出した。その結果，経営資源優位性については各国の値にかなり差があり，日本については2001年と2002年には分析対象国平均に近い値を記録しているが，2003年には急低下していることがわかった。

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Quality of Governance and the Formation of Preferential Trade Agreements

ENDOH MASAHIRO

Review of International Economics 14 ( 5 ) 758 - 772 2006.11

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted

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地域貿易協定の締結が域外国の厚生に与える影響

ENDOH MASAHIRO

三田商学研究 (慶應義塾大学出版会)  49 ( 2 ) 141-146 - 146 2006

Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution), Single Work,  ISSN  0544-571X

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唐木圀和教授退任記念号 中国経済特集地域貿易協定の締結による域内関税の特恵的引き下げが域外国に与える厚生効果を分析する。域内国の貿易代替・関税収入効果と世界全体の貿易代替・所得効果に比例的な関係があれば，地域貿易協定の締結によって域外国の対地域貿易協定交易条件は悪化し，域外国はマイナスの厚生効果を被る。

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On the Conditions that Preclude the Existence of the Lerner Paradox and the Metzler Paradox

ENDOH MASAHIRO HAMADA KOICHI

Keio Economic Studies (Keio Economic Society, Keio University)  42 ( 1-2 ) 39 - 50 2006

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work,  ISSN  0022-9709

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Special issue in honor of Prpfessor Michihiro OhyamaThe Lerner paradox is the possibility that a tariff on an import good might worsen a country's terms of trade, and the Metzler paradox is the possibility that a tariff on an import good might reduce a country's import price. In a general equilibrium framework with multiple goods, this paper shows that the combination of the invertibility of the Slutsky matrix for the world economy and its similarity across countries will preclude both of the paradoxes. Also the combination of the gross-substitutes assumption for the world demand and a similarity assumption on the demand of an import country to the world will preclude the Lerner paradox. A modified similarity condition for the Slutsky matrix combined with the gross substitute for the world demand will preclude the Metzler paradox. A concept of non-surpassed diagonal is introduced to derive the result.

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Characteristics of Commodities and International Trade: Two Hypotheses

ENDOH MASAHIRO

Keio Business Review (Society of Business and Commerce, Keio University)  43   23-41 - 41 2006

Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution), Single Work,  ISSN  0453-4557

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There exists a hypothesis that proximity and common language/colonial ties are more important for differentiated products than for homogeneous products in forming price information and matching international buyers and sellers.The gravitymodel analysis, however, is not able to show strong evidence to support this hypothesis. In this paper, the author presents the result that machinery, transport equipment and miscellaneous manufactured articles,which are classified into differentiated products, have lost price information effect, which causes the hypothesis lack of empirical support.The degree of price information effect on trade of commodities depends not on their differentiation, but on their industrial origin.

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The Effects of the GSTP on Trade Flow: Mission Accomplished?

Masahiro Endoh

Applied Economics 37 ( 5 ) 487-496 - 496 2005.04

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted

地域貿易協定の締結パターン

ENDOH MASAHIRO

進化経済学のフロンティア (日本評論社)     183-204 - 204 2004

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work

Country Size, Geographical Closeness and the Choice of Partner Countries in Forming Preferential Trade Agreements

ENDOH MASAHIRO

Keio Business Review (Keio University)  41 ( 1 ) 1 - 21 2003

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work,  ISSN  0453-4557

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This paper investigates the choice of partner countries in forming PreferentialTrade Agreements (PTAs), analyzes two "syndromes"of regionalism, and shows theresults of multi-country computer simulation. The following main conclusions areobtained. First, countries that are geographically close are likely to form PTAs.Secondly, the greater the economic size of the home country, the stronger its"syndromes"are and the smaller the geographical size of the PTA is. Thirdly, largecountries prefer forming PTAs,while small countries prefer worldwide free trade,thatmeans PTAs have a malign impact on multilateral trade negotiations.

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日本の通商政策のオプションの経済的評価と採用可能性

Robert M Stern, Masahiro Endoh

エコノミックス (東洋経済新報社)  6 ( 7 ) 169-185 - 185 2002.05

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted

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Is APEC a Building Block or Stumbling Block towards Trade Liberalization?

Masahiro Endoh

Issues and Options for U.S.-Japan Trade Policies    273-297 - 297 2002

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted

The Formation of Customs Unions and the Effect on Government Policy Objectives

Masahiro Endoh

Economia Internazionale 53 ( 3 ) 299-320 - 320 2000.08

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted

The Transition of Postwar Asia-Pacific Trade Relations

Masahiro Endoh

Jornal of Asian Economics (Elsevier)  10 ( 4 ) 571-589 - 589 2000.07

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted,  ISSN  1049-0078

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A Note on Energy Supply and Economic Growth: in Cases of Depletable Energy and Expendable Energy

Masahiro Endoh

Keio Business Review (Keio University)  38   17-25 - 25 2000

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work,  ISSN  0453-4557

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This paper shows that the use of expendable energy does not induce endogenous economic growth any more than the use of depletable energy. This result comes mainly from two assumptions: (1) that knowledge and equipment for producing expendable energy are accumulated by investment, and (2) that labour moves smoothly between two sectors reacting to the difference in wages. Policy implications obtained from this analysis are: (1) that the use of expendable energy cannot attain endogenous growth since the decrease of marginal productivity of energy will appear as a constraint, and (2) that social policy is indispensable to attain steady state.

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Trade Creation and Trade Diversion in the EEC, the LAFTA and the CMEA: 1960-1994

Masahiro Endoh

Applied Economics (Routledge)  31 ( 2 ) 207-216 - 216 1999.02

Research paper (scientific journal), Single Work, Accepted,  ISSN  0003-6846

アジア太平洋地域における貿易関係の返遷

遠藤 正寛

国際経済 (The Japan Society of International Economics)  1999 ( 50 ) 87 - 88 1999

ISSN  0387-3943

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The Forming of Customs Unions and the Effect on Government Policy Objectives

Masahiro Endo

Mita Business Review 38 ( 4 ) 113 - 132 1995

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted

Intra-industry Trade and Intra-industry Specialization in the Automobile Industry in EC

Masahiro Endo

Mita Business Review (Keio University)  37 ( 6 ) 37 - 62 1995

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted,  ISSN  0544-571X

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産業内貿易の発生要因は,理論的には4つに分類できる。すなわち,メーカーの特質を生かして他社の製品との差別化を図る製品差別化型,メーカーの市場毎の寡占的競争による企業戦略型,同一産業内における個々の製品項目毎に国際分業が進展する製品特化型,そして細分化された生産工程が国境を越えて展開する生産工程分業型である。ここで産業内分業と呼べるのは製品特化型と生産工程分業型だけであり,産業内貿易と産業内分業は異なる概念である。現在,産業内貿易は広範な地域で活発に展開されているが,EC自動車産業の産業内貿易も1980年代を通じて増加しており,この傾向は為替レートの影響を取り除き,数量だけで測っても見出せる。そして,この増加はEC自動車産業における産業内分業によるものではなく,製品差別化型あるいは企業戦略型の産業内貿易の発生によることが,各種データから示される。

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Export Competition and Economic Integration

Masahiro Endo

Mita Business Review 36 ( 5 ) 71 - 90 1993

Lead author, Corresponding author, Accepted