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Papers - Kono, Reiko

Division display 1 - 20 of about 39 ／ All the affair displays >>

3D Digital reconstruction, preliminary morphometric analysis, and facial approximation of Shiraho 4 skull

河野礼子, 岡崎健治, 仲座久宜, 徳嶺里江, 片桐千亜紀, 土肥直美

Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) 126 15 - 36 2018.04

Research paper (scientific journal), Joint Work, Accepted

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Various examples of 3D printer usage in natural sciences

河野　礼子

The Hiyoshi review of natural science 2018

Single Work

A mandible from the Middle Pleistocene Hexian site and its significance in relation to the variability of Asian Homo erectus

Liu W., Martinón-Torres M., Kaifu Y., Wu X., Kono R., Chang C., Wei P., Xing S., Huang W., Bermúdez de Castro J.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology (American Journal of Physical Anthropology) 162 ( 4 ) 715 - 731 2017.04

ISSN 00029483

© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Objectives: This study presents the first detailed morphological description and comparison of a Middle Pleistocene hominin mandibular fragment (PA 831) and associated teeth from the Hexian site in Eastern China. We aim to investigate where the Hexian mandible fits within the genus Homo variability in the light of an increased and better characterized Asian fossils record. Methods: Comparative samples include Pleistocene Homo mandibles and teeth from Africa, Asia, and Europe, as well as earlier African hominins (Australopithecus and early Homo) and Holocene recent humans. Both conventional morphological description and metric analysis were used. In addition, virtual reconstructions of the enamel dentine junction (EDJ) surface, pulp cavity, and roots with micro-CT were used to the mandible and teeth. Results: The Hexian mandible is characterized by a plesiomorphic structural pattern for the Homo clade, with strong corpus robustness and a subparallel and low-positioned mylohyoid line that differentiates the swollen subalveolar planum from the shallow subalveolar fossa. Features that are derived compared to early Homo include a moderately curved dental arcade, a well-developed lateral prominence placed at the M2-M3 level, and multiple mental foramina. The Hexian mandible's complex enamel surface and strong, stout root structure are primitive traits for the Homo clade. Finally, the highly crenulated “dendrite-like” EDJ found in the molars may represent a dental feature specific to the continental Asian Homo erectus, but more data is needed to confirm this. Conclusions: Mandibular and dental features indicate that the Hexian mandible and teeth differ from northern Chinese H. erectus and European Middle Pleistocene hominins, but show some affinities with the Early Pleistocene specimens from Africa (Homo ergaster) and Java (H. erectus), as well as the Middle-Late Pleistocene mandible from Penghu, Taiwan. Compared to contemporaneous continental Asian hominin populations, the Hexian fossils may represent the survival of a primitive hominin, with more primitive morphologies than other contemporaneous or some chronologically older Asian hominin specimens.

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Early Jomon and Yayoi human skeletal remains from Shimomotoyama Rock Shelter, Sasebo, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan

海部陽介, 坂上和弘, 河野礼子

Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) 2017

Joint Work, Accepted

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Initial and Early Jomon human skeletal remains from Iwashita Doketsu, Sasebo, Nagasaki prefecture, Japan: Were Initial Jomon people ephemeral?

海部陽介, 坂上和弘, 河野礼子

Anthropological Science (Japanese Series) 2017

Joint Work, Accepted

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Homo floresiensis-like fossils from the early Middle Pleistocene of Flores.

Van Den Bergh G., Kaifu Y., Kurniawan I., Kono R., Brumm A., Setiyabudi E., Aziz F., Morwood M.

Nature (Nature) 534 ( 7606 ) 245 - 248 2016.06

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 00280836

© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. The evolutionary origin of Homo floresiensis, a diminutive hominin species previously known only by skeletal remains from Liang Bua in western Flores, Indonesia, has been intensively debated. It is a matter of controversy whether this primitive form, dated to the Late Pleistocene, evolved from early Asian Homo erectus and represents a unique and striking case of evolutionary reversal in hominin body and brain size within an insular environment. The alternative hypothesis is that H. floresiensis derived from an older, smaller-brained member of our genus, such as Homo habilis, or perhaps even late Australopithecus, signalling a hitherto undocumented dispersal of hominins from Africa into eastern Asia by two million years ago (2 Ma). Here we describe hominin fossils excavated in 2014 from an early Middle Pleistocene site (Mata Menge) in the So'a Basin of central Flores. These specimens comprise a mandible fragment and six isolated teeth belonging to at least three small-jawed and small-toothed individuals. Dating to ∼0.7 Ma, these fossils now constitute the oldest hominin remains from Flores. The Mata Menge mandible and teeth are similar in dimensions and morphological characteristics to those of H. floresiensis from Liang Bua. The exception is the mandibular first molar, which retains a more primitive condition. Notably, the Mata Menge mandible and molar are even smaller in size than those of the two existing H. floresiensis individuals from Liang Bua. The Mata Menge fossils are derived compared with Australopithecus and H. habilis, and so tend to support the view that H. floresiensis is a dwarfed descendent of early Asian H. erectus. Our findings suggest that hominins on Flores had acquired extremely small body size and other morphological traits specific to H. floresiensis at an unexpectedly early time.

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A fourth mandible and associated dental remains of Gigantopithecus blacki from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Guangxi, South China

Zhang Y., Jin C., Kono R., Harrison T., Wang W.

Historical Biology (Historical Biology) 28 ( 1-2 ) 95 - 104 2016.02

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 08912963

© 2016, © 2015 Taylor & Francis. Dentognathic remains of Gigantopithecus blacki from the newly discovered Early Pleistocene locality of Yanliang Cave, Guangxi, South China are described. These include an incomplete mandible, only the fourth discovered and the first known from a site other than Liucheng, as well as 25 isolated teeth. Comparisons of the Yanliang mandible show that the best preserved part of the right corpus is morphologically similar to the left side of the Liucheng Mandible III. In addition, the Yanliang mandible and the Liucheng Mandible III share a similar degree and pattern of wear on the premolars and molars. The partially resorbed alveolus for the right M<inf>2</inf> in the Yanliang mandible indicates antemortem tooth loss, which is the first record of its kind for Gigantopithecus blacki. Comparisons of the enamel–dentine junction morphology show that the isolated upper premolars from Yanliang are similar to those of Gigantopithecus blacki from Early Pleistocene sites, and differ from the more specialised form from the Middle Pleistocene Hejiang Cave. This supports the biochronological evidence that Yanliang Cave is Early Pleistocene in age.

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Unique dental morphology of Homo floresiensis and its evolutionary implications

Kaifu Y., Kono R., Sutikna T., Saptomo E., Jatmiko, Awe R.

PLoS ONE (PLoS ONE) 10 ( 11 ) e0141614 2015.11

© 2015 Kaifu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Homo floresiensis is an extinct, diminutive hominin species discovered in the Late Pleistocene deposits of Liang Bua cave, Flores, eastern Indonesia. The nature and evolutionary origins of H. floresiensis' unique physical characters have been intensively debated. Based on extensive comparisons using linear metric analyses, crown contour analyses, and other trait-by-trait morphological comparisons, we report here that the dental remains from multiple individuals indicate that H. floresiensis had primitive canine-premolar and advanced molar morphologies, a combination of dental traits unknown in any other hominin species. The primitive aspects are comparable to H. erectus from the Early Pleistocene, whereas some of the molar morphologies are more progressive even compared to those of modern humans. This evidence contradicts the earlier claim of an entirely modern human-like dental morphology of H. floresiensis, while at the same time does not support the hypothesis that H. floresiensis originated from a much older H. habilis or Australopithecus-like small-brained hominin species currently unknown in the Asian fossil record. These results are however consistent with the alternative hypothesis that H. floresiensis derived from an earlier Asian Homo erectus population and experienced substantial body and brain size dwarfism in an isolated insular setting. The dentition of H. floresiensis is not a simple, scaled-down version of earlier hominins.

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Descriptions of the dental remains of Homo floresiensis

Kaifu Y., Kono R., Sutikna T., Saptomo E., Jatmiko, Awe R., Baba H.

Anthropological Science (Anthropological Science) 123 ( 2 ) 129 - 145 2015.08

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 09187960

© 2015 The Anthropological Society of Nippon. Dental remains of Homo floresiensis excavated during 2002–2004 at Liang Bua, Flores, Indonesia, consist of one partial maxillary dentition, two nearly complete mandibular dentitions, and four isolated teeth. We present here morphological descriptions of all these specimens and report aspects of their dentition, occlusion, and oral health condition. This dental assemblage represents probably five but possibly four or six individuals. These different individuals share similar dental characteristics, supporting the view that the Liang Bua H. floresiensis assemblage represents a single population. We also reassess the previous claims for primitive and modern aspects of the H. floresiensis teeth. The previous studies reached conflicting conclusions: some researchers claim that these teeth are fully modern, whereas others highlight premolar and other morphologies that suggest their direct evolutionary link with the African earliest form of Homo or Australopithecus rather than with H. erectus. Neither of these views are supported. The H. floresiensis teeth exhibit a mosaic of primitive, derived, and unique characters, with the reported primitive aspects broadly comparable to the morphologies observed in H. erectus sensu lato. Although a more comprehensive comparative analysis is needed to fully illustrate dental morphological affinities of this dwarfed hominin species, we find no grounds for the hypothesis that H. floresiensis originated from the small-bodied, primitive hominins such as H. habilis sensu lato.

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Evolutionary trend in dental size in Gigantopithecus blacki revisited

Zhang Y., Kono R., Wang W., Harrison T., Takai M., Ciochon R., Jin C.

Journal of Human Evolution (Journal of Human Evolution) 83 91 - 100 2015.06

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 00472484

© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. Previous analyses of dental size in Gigantopithecus blacki indicated marked sexual dimorphism and a trend towards increasing size through time. These studies were based on a sample of over 700 teeth from five localities excavated prior to 1990. Since then, 12 additional cave sites have been discovered in southern China, yielding hundreds of isolated teeth of G. blacki. Most of these sites are well dated by a combination of biochronology and absolute dating methods, so we now have a much better understanding of the chronology of G. blacki. Here, we reexamine the degree of sexual dimorphism and the question of dental size increase through time in G. blacki based on the expanded collections now available. Our results show that sexual dimorphism is not as marked as indicated in previous studies and confirm earlier analyses suggesting that the postcanine teeth of G.blacki tend to become larger through time from the beginning of the Early Pleistocene to the Middle Pleistocene.

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The first archaic Homo from Taiwan

Chang C., Kaifu Y., Takai M., Kono R., Grün R., Matsu'Ura S., Kinsley L., Lin L.

Nature Communications (Nature Communications) 6 6037 2015.02

Single Work, Accepted

© 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Recent studies of an increasing number of hominin fossils highlight regional and chronological diversities of archaic Homo in the Pleistocene of eastern Asia. However, such a realization is still based on limited geographical occurrences mainly from Indonesia, China and Russian Altai. Here we describe a newly discovered archaic Homo mandible from Taiwan (Penghu 1), which further increases the diversity of Pleistocene Asian hominins. Penghu 1 revealed an unexpectedly late survival (younger than 450 but most likely 190-10 thousand years ago) of robust, apparently primitive dentognathic morphology in the periphery of the continent, which is unknown among the penecontemporaneous fossil records from other regions of Asia except for the mid-Middle Pleistocene Homo from Hexian, Eastern China. Such patterns of geographic trait distribution cannot be simply explained by clinal geographic variation of Homo erectus between northern China and Java, and suggests survival of multiple evolutionary lineages among archaic hominins before the arrival of modern humans in the region.

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A 3-dimensional assessment of molar enamel thickness and distribution pattern in Gigantopithecus blacki

Kono R., Zhang Y., Jin C., Takai M., Suwa G.

Quaternary International (Quaternary International) 354 46 - 51 2014.12

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 10406182

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. In order to investigate molar enamel thickness and distribution in Gigantopithecus blacki, two maxillary and three mandibular molars were micro-CT scanned, and the 3-dimensional (3D) shape of the enamel crown cap was digitally reconstructed. Results show that G.blacki molars have very thick enamel, over 6mm in places. 3D average thickness of the entire crown relative to crown size was shown to be comparable to that of modern Homo sapiens, and thinner than in the very thick enameled robust Australopithecus condition. Durability of the tooth, calculated as the enamel volume relative to maximum horizontal area of the crown, was shown to be comparable to that of fossil hominids, including Australopithecus robustus. The thick occlusal enamel of G.blacki molars was found to be accompanied by a buccolingual gradient in which thicker enamel occurs on the cusps of the "functional" side. This is associated with higher crown height on the "functional" side of the crown, and implies an adaptation to differential buccolingual wear. These results indicate that G.blacki molars were adapted to heavy wear, but probably in a manner that was different from Pliocene and Pleistocene hominids.

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Changes in the composition of the Pleistocene primate fauna in southern China

Takai M., Zhang Y., Kono R., Jin C.

Quaternary International (Quaternary International) 354 75 - 85 2014.12

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 10406182

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. In this paper we examine the change in the composition of the Pleistocene primate fauna in southern China based on about 3600 fossil teeth collected from 14 cave sites in Chongzuo area, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Although it is often difficult to identify the taxonomic position of isolated Pleistocene primate teeth, nine genera were provisionally identified: Homo, Gigantopithecus, Pongo and Nomascus (Hominoidea), Procynocephalus, Macaca, Rhinopithecus, Pygathrix, and Trachypithecus (Cercopithecoidea). Among these genera, all but Gigantopithecus and Procynocephalus are extant, some of which are not presently distributed in Chongzuo and its neighboring area. More than half of the primate specimens belong to Macaca, which probably includes three to five species, while other genera likely consist of single species. There is a possibility that some of the early macaque species may have been replaced by later members of the genus.All primate genera make their first appearance in the Early Pleistocene, seven of which likely survived until the Holocene in Chongzuo. The extinctions of Procynocephalus and Gigantopithecus are probably due to different factors. The former was likely adapted to cooler and drier environments, and distributed mainly in the area of relatively high latitude. The Early Pleistocene fossil record at Chongzuo is its southernmost occurrence and it may be the youngest record in eastern Eurasia. The latter was a common taxon during the Early Pleistocene, but it disappeared in the early Late Pleistocene. This was probably due to vegetational change, including the loss of their preferred diet, such as bamboo.

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New 400–320 ka Gigantopithecus blacki remains from Hejiang Cave, Chongzuo City, Guangxi, South China

Zhang Y., Jin C., Cai Y., Kono R., Wang W., Wang Y., Zhu M., Yan Y.

Quaternary International (Quaternary International) 354 35 - 45 2014.12

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 10406182

© 2013 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. Gigantopithecus blacki is a typical member of the Stegodon-Ailuropoda faunal complex (sensu lato) that inhabited southern China or, more broadly, mainland Southeast Asia during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. Current evidence indicates that the giant ape became extinct during the Middle Pleistocene. Recently, new remains of Gblacki and associated mammalian fossils have been unearthed from a karst cave site, Hejiang Cave, in Chongzuo City, Guangxi, South China. The age of the Gigantopithecus-bearing depositional unit is estimated to be 400-320ka using 230Th-234U disequilibrium U-series dating of flowstone samples bracketing the deposits. These finds document the latest occurrence of Gigantopithecus and provide potential insights regarding its extinction. Comparisons of dental dimensions between the Hejiang G. blacki remains, more than four hundred isolated teeth from Early Pleistocene localities, and over ninety isolated teeth from local drugstores show that the Hejiang teeth are slightly larger in their buccolingual dimensions. In addition, the crowns of the three unerupted upper premolars differ from those of all of the other Gigantopithecus material in having more complex crenulations. The differences in dental dimensions and morphology are possibly reflective of dietary responses to environmental changes that eventually led to the extinction of Gigantopithecus.

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Possible change in dental morphology in Gigantopithecus blacki just prior to its extinction: Evidence from the upper premolar enamel-dentine junction

Zhang Y., Kono R., Jin C., Wang W., Harrison T.

Journal of Human Evolution (Journal of Human Evolution) 75 166 - 171 2014.10

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 00472484

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Brain size of Homo floresiensis and its evolutionary implications

Kubo D., Kono R., Kaifu Y.

Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences (Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences) 280 ( 1760 ) 20130338 2013.06

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 09628452

The extremely small endocranial volume (ECV) of LB1, the type specimen of Homo floresiensis, poses a challenge in our understanding of human brain evolution. Some researchers hypothesize dramatic dwarfing of relative brain size from Homo erectus presumably without significant decrease in intellectual function, whereas others expect a lesser degree of brain diminution from a more primitive, small-brained form of hominin currently undocumented in eastern Asia. However, inconsistency in the published ECVs for LB1 (380-430 cc), unclear human intraspecific brain-body size scaling and other uncertainties have hampered elaborative modeling of its brain size reduction. In this study, we accurately determine the ECV of LB1 using high-resolution micro-CT scan. The ECV of LB1 thus measured, 426 cc, is larger than the commonly cited figure in previous studies (400 cc). Coupled with brain-body size correlation in Homo sapiens calculated based on a sample from 20 worldwide modern human populations, we construct new models of the brain size reduction in the evolution of H. floresiensis. The results show a more significant contribution of scaling effect than previously claimed. © 2013 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

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Endocranial proportions and postorbital morphology of the Minatogawa I and IV Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens crania from Okinawa Island, Japan

Kubo D., Kono R., Suwa G.

Anthropological Science (Anthropological Science) 120 ( 2 ) 179 - 194 2012.10

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 09187960

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the endocranial and postorbital morphologies of the terminal Pleistocene Minatogawa people, and obtain insights into their evolutionary background and genealogical relationships. The Minatogawa I and IV crania were compared with 83 Homo sapiens specimens (including 19 prehistoric Jomon). Metric comparative analyses and observational evaluations revealed that the two Minatogawa endocrania are characterized by a common suite of features (or tendency), including a small endocranial volume, relatively low endocranial shape, distinctly broad temporal region (qualitatively associated with the strong temporal bulge), weak parietal boss, and weakly swollen frontal bulge. Postorbital constriction was confirmed to be strong, relative to both upper facial breadth and maximum cranial breadth. Partial correlation analysis and bivariate comparisons were performed to examine the possible associations of Minatogawa's strong postorbital constriction. The results suggest that constriction relative to the face is predominantly due to a large facial breadth (frontal endocranium not so narrow in Minatogawa I), and also in part to strong neuro-orbital disjunction, while constriction relative to the posterior cranium is largely attributable to endocranial shape. Comparisons with modern/recent H. sapiens materials and limited but informative outgroup specimens (Skhul V, and an example of Homo erectus, Daka) suggests that some of the features characteristic of Minatogawa are possibly ancestral retentions of early H. sapiens (e.g. strong temporal bulge, marked postorbital constriction relative to the face), while others are probably derived population features (e.g. a small endocranial volume, weakly swollen frontal bulge, marked postorbital constriction relative to the posterior cranium). In overall endocranial proportions, the Jomon tend to lie closer to Minatogawa than does the modern Japanese, but such morphologies were also found in individuals of other populations, and thus the similarity does not necessarily support the hypothesis of Minatogawa-Jomon genealogical closeness. © 2012 The Anthropological Society of Nippon.

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A micro-CT based study of the endocranial morphology of the Minatogawa I cranium

Kubo D., Kono R., Suwa G.

Anthropological Science (Anthropological Science) 119 ( 2 ) 123 - 135 2011.10

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 09187960

The Late Pleistocene fossil human remains (individuals I-IV) of Minatogawa, Okinawa Island are important in addressing the population history of the Japanese archipelago and in understanding evolution of Homo sapiens in eastern Asia. This study is the first on Minatogawa I's endocranial morphology, based on micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). We digitally reconstructed the Minatogawa I endocast, and created its physical model using a three-dimensional printer system. We compared the Minatogawa I endocast with available H. sapiens and archaic Homo endocasts. We found that Minatogawa I exhibits key derived endocranial features of H. sapiens, such as a highly elevated parietal, endocranial widening confined to a relatively anterior position, and a narrow internal occipital crest. The short, wide, and low proportioned Minatogawa I endocranium lies metrically at the margins of the modern human ranges of variation of this study. The Minatogawa I endocast exhibits a slightly underdeveloped frontal region with marked parasagittal ridges, a weak endocranial parietal boss, and a strong temporal bulge. It differs from Liujiang in the strong expression of these features as well as in overall metric proportions. A weak endocranial parietal boss and a strong temporal bulge are shared by Skhul V and Qafzeh 9, and may represent a primitive condition for H. sapiens in general. © 2010 The Anthropological Society of Nippon.

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Endocranial restoration and volume estimation of the Minatogawa IV cranium using micro-CT and 3D printer systems

Kubo D., Kono R.

Anthropological Science (Anthropological Science) 119 ( 2 ) 203 - 209 2011.10

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 09187960

The Minatogawa IV cranium is one of three well-preserved Late Pleistocene Homo sapiens crania from the Minatogawa fissure site, Okinawa Island. This cranium is more damaged than Minatogawa I and exhibits some clear post-mortem distortion. We reconstructed the endocranium of this specimen after correcting the distortion and breakage by combining digital and manual restoration procedures, and established a reliable estimate for its endocranial volume (ECV) to be around 1170 cc. As with the case of Minatogawa I, this result confirmed the suggestion of previous work that the Minatogawa series has small ECVs compared with modern Japanese and Jomon populations. Some dental and osteological conditions, such as heavy tooth wear as well as Harris's lines of the long bones, suggest a possibility that the small ECV of the Minatogawa people as well as their short stature might have been caused in part by a stunting of growth due to undernutrition and possibly a microevolutionary adaptation to the food-limited insular environments. © 2011 The Anthropological Society of Nippon.

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Late Pleistocene modern human mandibles from the Minatogawa Fissure site, Okinawa, Japan: morphological affinities and implications for modern human dispersals in East Asia

Kaifu Y., Fujita M., Kono R., Baba H.

Anthropological Science (Anthropological Science) 119 ( 2 ) 137 - 157 2011.10

Single Work, Accepted, ISSN 09187960

The Late Pleistocene modern human skeletal remains from the Minatogawa Fissure site, Okinawa, are important because of their exceptional completeness. This paper presents the first detailed morphological description of the five mandibular specimens from Minatogawa, which probably belong to two male and two female individuals (two of the five specimens likely belong to the same male individual). Intensive metric and non-metric comparisons with the mandibles of the Jomon Holocene hunter-gatherers from mainland Japan indicate that the Minatogawa mandibles are different from the Jomon condition in many respects: a tendency toward alveolar prognathism, relatively rounded chin morphology, low anterior corpus heights, a large mental foramen, a small ramus, etc. The Jomon mandibles show chronological and geographic variations in some of these traits, but the morphology of Minatogawa is distinct even if such variations are taken into consideration. These observations caution against uncritical acceptance of the traditional view that supposes genealogical relationships between Minatogawa and Jomon. Some characteristics of the Minatogawa mandibles (e.g. alveolar prognathism and relatively small ramus) are shared with Australo-Melanesians, among other modern human populations. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the Minatogawa people were derived from prehistoric Southeast Asian populations with Australo-Melanesian affinities. © 2009 The Anthropological Society of Nippon.

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